Extreme Programming
作者 不详 来源 http://www.cutter.com/审校 BigMac[AKA]译者 march-bird lucian yjf taopin wl jazz韩伟 nullgate Simon[AKA]
As we have explored in several issues of eAD, the two most pressing issues in information technology today are:
正如我们在eAD的若干期中探究的那样，当今信息技术中最迫切的两个问题是:
How do we deliver functionality to business clients quickly?
如何能快速地向商业用户交付功能？
How do we keep up with near-continuous change?
如何才能跟上近乎连续的变化?
Change is changing. Not only does the pace of change continue to accelerate, but, as the September issue of eAD pointed out, organizations are having to deal with different types of change -- disruptive change and punctuated equilibrium. Disruptive technologies, like personal computers in the early 1980s, impact an industry (in the case of PCs, several related industries), while a punctuated equilibrium - a massive intervention into an ecosystem or an economy -- impacts a very large number of species, or companies. The Internet, which has become the backbone for e-commerce and e-business, has disrupted a wide range of industries -- more a punctuated equilibrium than a disruption.
变化本身也在不断地变化中。不仅仅是变化的速度在不断地提高，而且，如eAD的10月中所指出的， 组织正在不得不应付各种类型的变化-- 剧变与不断被打破的平衡。 产生剧变的技术，象在80年代早期的个人计算机，冲击了一个工业(PC机以及若干相关的工业)而不时打断的平衡--一个对生态系统或者对整个经济产生巨大影响的介入--则 影响了无数的物种，或者说，公司。已经成为电子商务支柱的Internet, 就已使大范围的行业产生剧变--更多的是打断的平衡而不仅仅是一次剧变。
When whole business models are changing, when time-to-market becomes the mantra of companies, when flexibility and interconnectedness are demanded from even the most staid organization, it is then that we must examine every aspect of how business is managed, customers are delighted, and products are developed.
当整个商业模式正在发生变化，当"时间意味着市场"正成为公司的咒语，当适应性与互连性正在成为甚至是最呆板的组织的需要的时候，我们将有必要检查以下的每一个方面:商业是如何管理的，客户为什么而感到高兴，以及产品是如何开发的。
The Extreme Programming movement has been a subset of the object-oriented (OO) programming community for several years, but has recently attracted more attention, especially with the recent release of Kent Beck's new book Extreme Programming Explained: Embrace Change. Don't be put off by the somewhat "in-your- face" moniker of Extreme Programming (XP to practitioners). Although Beck doesn't claim that practices such as pair programming and incremental planning originated with XP, there are some very interesting, and I think important, concepts articulated by XP. There's a lot of talk today about change, but XP has some pretty good ideas about how to actually do it. Hence the subtitle, Embrace Change.
终极编程(Extreme Programming )运动成为面向对象编程这个团体的一部分已经有数年了， 但是直到最近才引起了越来越多的注意，特别是最近Kent Beck的《终极编程 释义:拥抱变化》(Extreme Programming Explained: Embrace Change)一书的出版。千万不要因为终极编程(业内人简称为XP)这一称呼而对它产生反感。 尽管Beck没有说象配对编程(pair programming)，增量式计划(incremental planning)之类的来源 于XP,但是仍然有一些非常有趣的，我认为也是很重要的概念可以借用XP来表达。现有有许多关于变化的讨论， 但是XP却有许多如何实际去做的非常好的想法。也就是这个副标题:拥抱变化。
There is a tendency, particularly by rigorous methodologists, to dismiss anything less ponderous than the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) or maybe the International Organization for Standardization's standards, as hacking. The connotation: hacking promotes doing rather than thinking and therefore results in low quality. This is an easy way to dismiss practices that conflict with one's own assumptions about the world.
有一种趋势，特别在那些严格的方法论者中，希望剔除那些与"能力 成熟度模型"(Capability Maturity Model CMM)或者是国际标准化组织的标准相比不那么笨重的方法，比如象hacking.注释: hacking推崇行动而不是思考从而导致了较低的质量。 剔除与某人关于这个世界的假设相冲突的实践，这倒不失为一种简单的方法。
Looked at another way, XP may be a potential piece of a puzzle I've been writing about over the past 18 months. Turbulent times give rise to new problems that, in turn, give rise to new practices -- new practices that often fly in the face of conventional wisdom but survive because they are better adapted to the new reality. There are at least four practices I would assign to this category:
从另一个角度来看XP，它倒可能是一个难题的某个潜在的部分，这个一个我在过去18个月中一直都在写的内容。混乱 的时期产生新的问题，而后者又导致了新的实践--新的实践公然违抗 传统的知识，但却得以幸存下来是因为它们能更好地适应这个新的现实世界。至少有四种实践方式我觉得是属于这个范畴的:XP -- the focus of this issue of eADXP -- eAD本期的焦点Lean development -- discussed in the November 1998 issue of eAD轻量级的开发(Lean development)--已经在eAD 1998 11月中讨论Crystal Light methods -- mentioned in the November 1999 issue of eAD and further discussed in this issue轻量级的Crystal方法(Crystal Light methods)--曾在eAD 1999年11月提到，在本期中将做进一步的讨论Adaptive software development -- described in the August 1998 issue of eAD (then called Application Development Strategies -- ADS)自适应软件开发(Adaptive software development)--在eAD1998年8月中描述过(当时叫做应用开发策略Application Development Strategies -- ADS)Although there are differences in each of these practices,
there are also similarities: they each describe variations from the conventional wisdom about how to approach software development. Whereas lean and adaptive development practices target strategic and project management, XP brings its differing world view to the realm of the developer and tester.
尽管这些实践中存在着差异，但是它们中也有相似的地方:它们都描述了与传统软件开发不同的方法。 虽然轻量级的开发与自适应开发针对的是战略与项目管理的，但是XP却用不同的视角将开发方法带入了程序员与测试员的领域。
Much of XP is derived from good practices that have been around for a long time. "None of the ideas in XP are new. Most are as old as programming," Beck offers to readers in the preface to his book. I might differ with Beck in one respect: although the practices XP uses aren't new, the conceptual foundation and how they are melded together greatly enhance these "older" practices. I think there are four critical ideas to take away from XP (in addition to a number of other good ideas):
XP中许多部分其实都来自于业已存在的那些优秀的开发实践。"XP中没有一个想法是全新的。大多数想法产生的时间实际上和编程一样古老"Beck在他书中的前言中这样说道。但是我在某一个方面考虑的也许与Beck有所不同： 尽管XP所用的实践方式不是全新的，但是概念的建立以及它们如何融合在一起极大地增强了 这些"老"的实践。我想(除了许多其它的好思想外，还)可以从XP中提炼出四个关键的思想:The cost of change变化的成本Refactoring重构Collaboration协作Simplicity简单化But first, I discuss some XP basics: the dozen practices that define XP. 但是首先，我们来讨论XP的基础:那十二个用于XP的实践方式。