[libgdx游戏开发教程]使用Libgdx进行游戏开发(8)-粒子系统

没有美工的程序员，能够依赖的还有粒子系统。

这一章我们将使用libGDX的粒子系统线性插值以及其他的方法来增加一些特效。

你也可以使用自己编辑的粒子效果，比如这个粒子文件dust：http://files.cnblogs.com/mignet/particles.zip

这个灰尘的特效用在兔子头在地面跑的时候，啪啪的一溜烟。

线性插值可以让我们的摄像机在移动的时候更平滑。

当然，之前提到的背景上的山要实现视差移动效果也要实现。

白云会用随机的速度从右向左飘。

GUI的部分也要增加些效果比如掉了命，得了分等。

粒子系统通常用来模拟复杂的特效：比如fire, smoke, explosions等等.

ParticleEffect简介：

• start(): This starts the animation of the particle effect
• reset(): This resets and restarts the animation of the particle effect
• update(): This must be called to let the particle effect act in accordance to time
• draw(): This renders the particle effect at its current position
• allowCompletion(): This allows emitters to stop smoothly even if particle effects are set to play continuously
• setDuration(): This sets the overall duration the particle effect will run
• setPosition(): This sets the position to where it will be drawn
• setFlip(): This sets horizontal and vertical flip modes
• save(): This saves a particle effect with all its settings to a file
• load(): This loads a particle effect with all its settings from a saved file
• dispose(): This frees all resources allocated by the particle effect

粒子效果通常需要一个粒子发射器ParticleEmitter：

ParticleEffect effect = new ParticleEffect();
ParticleEmitter emitter = new ParticleEmitter();
effect.getEmitters().add(emitter);
emitter.setAdditive(true);
emitter.getDelay().setActive(true);
emitter.getDelay().setLow(0.5f);
// ... more code for emitter initialization ...

当然，不建议在代码里初始化例子发射器。因为发射器有20多个属性，要是在代码里初始化会很杂乱并且不容易维护。我们使用Libgdx的编辑器来编辑想要的粒子。

https://github.com/libgdx/libgdx/wiki/Particle-editor

我们来调个灰尘特效吧：

保存文件到CanyonBunny-android/assets/particles/dust.pfx

虽然并没有规定粒子文件要用什么文件后缀，但是我们统一叫pfx。记得把图片https://github.com/libgdx/libgdx/blob/master/extensions/gdx-tools/assets/particle.png

也保存到相同的文件夹。

首先在兔子头BunnyHead里添加代码：

public ParticleEffect dustParticles = new ParticleEffect();

public void init () {
...
// Power-ups
hasFeatherPowerup = false;
timeLeftFeatherPowerup = 0;
// Particles
dustParticles.load(Gdx.files.internal("particles/dust.pfx"),
Gdx.files.internal("particles"));
}
@Override
public void update (float deltaTime) {
    super.update(deltaTime);
    ...
    dustParticles.update(deltaTime);
}
@Override
public void render (SpriteBatch batch) {
    TextureRegion reg = null;
    // Draw Particles
    dustParticles.draw(batch);
    // Apply Skin Color
    ...
}

 让灰尘跟着兔子：

    protected void updateMotionY(float deltaTime) {
        switch (jumpState) {
        case GROUNDED:
            jumpState = JUMP_STATE.FALLING;
            if (velocity.x != 0) {
                dustParticles.setPosition(position.x + dimension.x / 2,
                        position.y);
                dustParticles.start();
            }
            break;
。。。
    if (jumpState != JUMP_STATE.GROUNDED){
            dustParticles.allowCompletion();
            super.updateMotionY(deltaTime);
        }
    }
｝

ok，跑起..

接下来，让云飘起来：

private Cloud spawnCloud() {
        Cloud cloud = new Cloud();
        cloud.dimension.set(dimension);
        // select random cloud image
        cloud.setRegion(regClouds.random());
        // position
        Vector2 pos = new Vector2();
        pos.x = length + 10; // position after end of level
        pos.y += 1.75; // base position
        // random additional position
        pos.y += MathUtils.random(0.0f, 0.2f)
                * (MathUtils.randomBoolean() ? 1 : -1);
        cloud.position.set(pos);
        // speed
        Vector2 speed = new Vector2();
        speed.x += 0.5f; // base speed
        // random additional speed
        speed.x += MathUtils.random(0.0f, 0.75f);
        cloud.terminalVelocity.set(speed);
        speed.x *= -1; // move left
        cloud.velocity.set(speed);
        return cloud;
    }

    @Override
    public void update(float deltaTime) {
        for (int i = clouds.size - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            Cloud cloud = clouds.get(i);
            cloud.update(deltaTime);
            if (cloud.position.x < -10) {
                // cloud moved outside of world.
                // destroy and spawn new cloud at end of level.
                clouds.removeIndex(i);
                clouds.add(spawnCloud());
            }
        }
    }

线性插值，让摄像机平滑移动到跟随的目标（Libgdx已经实现了lerp）CameraHelper：

    private final float FOLLOW_SPEED = 4.0f;
    
    public void update(float deltaTime) {
        if (!hasTarget())
            return;
        position.lerp(target.position, FOLLOW_SPEED * deltaTime);
        // Prevent camera from moving down too far
        position.y = Math.max(-1f, position.y);
    }

让岩石浮在水面上Rocks：

    private final float FLOAT_CYCLE_TIME = 2.0f;
    private final float FLOAT_AMPLITUDE = 0.25f;
    private float floatCycleTimeLeft;
    private boolean floatingDownwards;
    private Vector2 floatTargetPosition;

    private void init() {
        dimension.set(1, 1.5f);
        regEdge = Assets.instance.rock.edge;
        regMiddle = Assets.instance.rock.middle;
        // Start length of this rock
        setLength(1);

        floatingDownwards = false;
        floatCycleTimeLeft = MathUtils.random(0, FLOAT_CYCLE_TIME / 2);
        floatTargetPosition = null;
    }

    @Override
    public void update(float deltaTime) {
        super.update(deltaTime);
        floatCycleTimeLeft -= deltaTime;
        if (floatTargetPosition == null)
            floatTargetPosition = new Vector2(position);
        if (floatCycleTimeLeft <= 0) {
            floatCycleTimeLeft = FLOAT_CYCLE_TIME;
            floatingDownwards = !floatingDownwards;
            floatTargetPosition.y += FLOAT_AMPLITUDE
                    * (floatingDownwards ? -1 : 1);
        }
        position.lerp(floatTargetPosition, deltaTime);
    }

让山随着兔子视差Mountains：

public void updateScrollPosition(Vector2 camPosition) {
        position.set(camPosition.x, position.y);
    }

    private void drawMountain(SpriteBatch batch, float offsetX, float offsetY,
            float tintColor, float parallaxSpeedX) {
        TextureRegion reg = null;
        batch.setColor(tintColor, tintColor, tintColor, 1);
        float xRel = dimension.x * offsetX;
        float yRel = dimension.y * offsetY;
        // mountains span the whole level
        int mountainLength = 0;
        mountainLength += MathUtils.ceil(length / (2 * dimension.x)
                * (1 - parallaxSpeedX));
        mountainLength += MathUtils.ceil(0.5f + offsetX);
        for (int i = 0; i < mountainLength; i++) {
            // mountain left
            reg = regMountainLeft;
            batch.draw(reg.getTexture(), origin.x + xRel + position.x
                    * parallaxSpeedX, origin.y + yRel + position.y, origin.x,
                    origin.y, dimension.x, dimension.y, scale.x, scale.y,
                    rotation, reg.getRegionX(), reg.getRegionY(),
                    reg.getRegionWidth(), reg.getRegionHeight(), false, false);
            xRel += dimension.x;
            // mountain right
            reg = regMountainRight;
            batch.draw(reg.getTexture(), origin.x + xRel + position.x
                    * parallaxSpeedX, origin.y + yRel + position.y, origin.x,
                    origin.y, dimension.x, dimension.y, scale.x, scale.y,
                    rotation, reg.getRegionX(), reg.getRegionY(),
                    reg.getRegionWidth(), reg.getRegionHeight(), false, false);
            xRel += dimension.x;
        }
        // reset color to white
        batch.setColor(1, 1, 1, 1);
    }

    @Override
    public void render(SpriteBatch batch) {
        // 80% distant mountains (dark gray)
        drawMountain(batch, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.8f);
        // 50% distant mountains (gray)
        drawMountain(batch, 0.25f, 0.25f, 0.7f, 0.5f);
        // 30% distant mountains (light gray)
        drawMountain(batch, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.9f, 0.3f);
    }

把这个加到worldcontroller里：

public void update(float deltaTime) {
        handleDebugInput(deltaTime);
        if (isGameOver()) {
            timeLeftGameOverDelay -= deltaTime;
            if (timeLeftGameOverDelay < 0)
                backToMenu();
        } else {
            handleInputGame(deltaTime);
        }
        level.update(deltaTime);
        testCollisions();
        cameraHelper.update(deltaTime);
        if (!isGameOver() && isPlayerInWater()) {
            lives--;
            if (isGameOver())
                timeLeftGameOverDelay = Constants.TIME_DELAY_GAME_OVER;
            else
                initLevel();
        }
        level.mountains.updateScrollPosition(cameraHelper.getPosition());
    }

现在，增加GUI的特效。

首先是掉了命：

在worldcontroller里加public float livesVisual;

private void init() {
        Gdx.input.setInputProcessor(this);
        cameraHelper = new CameraHelper();
        lives = Constants.LIVES_START;
        livesVisual = lives;
        timeLeftGameOverDelay = 0;
        initLevel();
    }

    public void update(float deltaTime) {
        handleDebugInput(deltaTime);
        if (isGameOver()) {
            timeLeftGameOverDelay -= deltaTime;
            if (timeLeftGameOverDelay < 0)
                backToMenu();
        } else {
            handleInputGame(deltaTime);
        }
        level.update(deltaTime);
        testCollisions();
        cameraHelper.update(deltaTime);
        if (!isGameOver() && isPlayerInWater()) {
            lives--;
            if (isGameOver())
                timeLeftGameOverDelay = Constants.TIME_DELAY_GAME_OVER;
            else
                initLevel();
        }
        level.mountains.updateScrollPosition(cameraHelper.getPosition());
        if (livesVisual > lives)
            livesVisual = Math.max(lives, livesVisual - 1 * deltaTime);
    }

同时，在WorldRenderer里相应的修改：

private void renderGuiExtraLive(SpriteBatch batch) {
        float x = cameraGUI.viewportWidth - 50 - Constants.LIVES_START * 50;
        float y = -15;
        for (int i = 0; i < Constants.LIVES_START; i++) {
            if (worldController.lives <= i)
                batch.setColor(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.5f);
            batch.draw(Assets.instance.bunny.head, x + i * 50, y, 50, 50, 120,
                    100, 0.35f, -0.35f, 0);
            batch.setColor(1, 1, 1, 1);
        }
        if (worldController.lives >= 0
                && worldController.livesVisual > worldController.lives) {
            int i = worldController.lives;
            float alphaColor = Math.max(0, worldController.livesVisual
                    - worldController.lives - 0.5f);
            float alphaScale = 0.35f * (2 + worldController.lives - worldController.livesVisual) * 2;
            float alphaRotate = -45 * alphaColor;
            batch.setColor(1.0f, 0.7f, 0.7f, alphaColor);
            batch.draw(Assets.instance.bunny.head, x + i * 50, y, 50, 50, 120,
                    100, alphaScale, -alphaScale, alphaRotate);
            batch.setColor(1, 1, 1, 1);
        }
    }

数字增涨效果：

WorldController增加：public float scoreVisual;在initLevel中添加scoreVisual = score;

在update的最后增加

if (scoreVisual < score)
scoreVisual = Math.min(score, scoreVisual+ 250 * deltaTime);

在WorldRenderer里修改：

private void renderGuiScore(SpriteBatch batch) {
        float x = -15;
        float y = -15;
        float offsetX = 50;
        float offsetY = 50;
        if (worldController.scoreVisual < worldController.score) {
            long shakeAlpha = System.currentTimeMillis() % 360;
            float shakeDist = 1.5f;
            offsetX += MathUtils.sinDeg(shakeAlpha * 2.2f) * shakeDist;
            offsetY += MathUtils.sinDeg(shakeAlpha * 2.9f) * shakeDist;
        }
        batch.draw(Assets.instance.goldCoin.goldCoin, x, y, offsetX, offsetY,
                100, 100, 0.35f, -0.35f, 0);
        Assets.instance.fonts.defaultBig.draw(batch, ""
                + (int) worldController.scoreVisual, x + 75, y + 37);
    }

在下一章，我们将使用转场动画来平滑的过渡场景