Docker笔记6：Docker 常见命令及镜像管理

 目  录

• 一、Docker 常用命令
• docker version 命令
• docker info 命令
• 二、Docker 镜像管理
• 搜索镜像：docker search 镜像名
• 获取镜像：docker pull 镜像名
• 查看镜像列表：docker images 或 docker image ls
• 查看镜像的详细属性：docker image inspect 镜像名
• 删除镜像：docker rmi 或 docker image rm
• 导出镜像：docker save
• 导入镜像：docker load
• 给镜像打标签：docker tag

一、Docker 常用命令

docker version 命令

[root@docker ~]# docker version

Client: Docker Engine - Community
 Version:           19.03.4
 API version:       1.40
 Go version:        go1.12.10
 Git commit:        9013bf583a
 Built:             Fri Oct 18 15:52:22 2019
 OS/Arch:           linux/amd64
 Experimental:      false
Cannot connect to the Docker daemon at unix:///var/run/docker.sock. Is the docker daemon running?

      可以看到 此处只有 Docker Client 的版本信息，同时显示  Cannot connect to the Docker daemon（Docker Server端）

      那么将 Docker 服务启动起来，再次查看 Docker 版本：

[root@docker ~]# systemctl start docker

      将 Docker 服务设置为开机自启动：

[root@docker ~]# systemctl enable docker
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/docker.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/docker.service.

      查看 Docker 版本：

[root@docker ~]# docker version
Client: Docker Engine - Community
 Version:           19.03.4
 API version:       1.40
 Go version:        go1.12.10
 Git commit:        9013bf583a
 Built:             Fri Oct 18 15:52:22 2019
 OS/Arch:           linux/amd64
 Experimental:      false

Server: Docker Engine - Community
 Engine:
  Version:          19.03.4
  API version:      1.40 (minimum version 1.12)
  Go version:       go1.12.10
  Git commit:       9013bf583a
  Built:            Fri Oct 18 15:50:54 2019
  OS/Arch:          linux/amd64
  Experimental:     false
 containerd:
  Version:          1.2.10
  GitCommit:        b34a5c8af56e510852c35414db4c1f4fa6172339
 runc:
  Version:          1.0.0-rc8+dev
  GitCommit:        3e425f80a8c931f88e6d94a8c831b9d5aa481657
 docker-init:
  Version:          0.18.0
  GitCommit:        fec3683

docker info 命令

[root@docker ~]# docker info
Client:
 Debug Mode: false

Server:
 Containers: 0
  Running: 0
  Paused: 0
  Stopped: 0
 Images: 0
 Server Version: 19.03.4
 Storage Driver: overlay2
  Backing Filesystem: xfs
  Supports d_type: true
  Native Overlay Diff: true
 Logging Driver: json-file
 Cgroup Driver: cgroupfs
 Plugins:
  Volume: local
  Network: bridge host ipvlan macvlan null overlay
  Log: awslogs fluentd gcplogs gelf journald json-file local logentries splunk syslog
 Swarm: inactive
 Runtimes: runc
 Default Runtime: runc
 Init Binary: docker-init
 containerd version: b34a5c8af56e510852c35414db4c1f4fa6172339
 runc version: 3e425f80a8c931f88e6d94a8c831b9d5aa481657
 init version: fec3683
 Security Options:
  seccomp
   Profile: default
 Kernel Version: 3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64
 Operating System: CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
 OSType: linux
 Architecture: x86_64
 CPUs: 2
 Total Memory: 1.777GiB
 Name: docker01
 ID: IEX4:P4JT:FBHF:D3WZ:SY2U:SRHT:MXBN:U2RA:YFGI:V6U4:NJO6:KFFX
 Docker Root Dir: /var/lib/docker
 Debug Mode: false
 Registry: https://index.docker.io/v1/
 Labels:
 Experimental: false
 Insecure Registries:
  127.0.0.0/8
 Live Restore Enabled: false

二、Docker 镜像管理

[root@docker ~]# docker image  ( image 后加一个空格，再按2次 Tab键）
build     history     import    inspect     load      ls       
prune     pull        push      rm          save      tag 

 搜索镜像： docker search 镜像名

[root@docker ~]# docker search nginx
NAME                            DESCRIPTION                                     STARS     OFFICIAL    AUTOMATED
nginx                           Official build of Nginx.                        12128     [OK]        
jwilder/nginx-proxy             Automated Nginx reverse proxy for docker con…   1679                  [OK]
richarvey/nginx-php-fpm         Container running Nginx + PHP-FPM capable of…   744                   [OK]
linuxserver/nginx               An Nginx container, brought to you by LinuxS…   79                        
bitnami/nginx                   Bitnami nginx Docker Image                      72                    [OK]
tiangolo/nginx-rtmp             Docker image with Nginx using the nginx-rtmp…   58                    [OK]
nginxdemos/hello                NGINX webserver that serves a simple page co…   31                    [OK]
jlesage/nginx-proxy-manager     Docker container for Nginx Proxy Manager        27                    [OK]
jc21/nginx-proxy-manager        Docker container for managing Nginx proxy ho…   26                    
nginx/nginx-ingress             NGINX Ingress Controller for Kubernetes         22                    
privatebin/nginx-fpm-alpine     PrivateBin running on an Nginx, php-fpm & Al…   18                    [OK]
schmunk42/nginx-redirect        A very simple container to redirect HTTP tra…   17                    [OK]
crunchgeek/nginx-pagespeed      Nginx with PageSpeed + GEO IP + VTS + more_s…   14                                  
blacklabelops/nginx             Dockerized Nginx Reverse Proxy Server.          12                    [OK]

选镜像的建议：
      1. 优先考虑官方
      2. stars 数量多

获取镜像：docker pull 镜像名

      镜像加速器：阿里云加速器，daocloud加速器，中科大加速器，Docker中国官方镜像加速（https://registry.docker-cn.com）

      docker pull centos:6.8 （没有指定版本，默认会下载最新版）
      docker pull daocloud.io/huangzhichong/alpine-cn:latest

[root@docker ~]# docker pull nginx:1.16.0
1.16.0: Pulling from library/nginx
9fc222b64b0a: Pull complete 
30e9fc7d9c5b: Pull complete 
4b3a8aeaa40e: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:3e373fd5b8d41baeddc24be311c5c6929425c04cabf893b874ac09b72a798010
Status: Downloaded newer image for nginx:1.16.0
docker.io/library/nginx:1.16.0

[root@docker ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY               TAG            IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
nginx                    1.16.0         ae893c58d83f        2 months ago        109MB

查看镜像列表：docker images  或 docker image ls

      查看已拉取下来的 Docker 镜像，有两种方法：

[root@docker ~]# docker image ls
REPOSITORY              TAG           IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
nginx                   1.16.0        ae893c58d83f        2 months ago        109MB

[root@docker ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY              TAG           IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
nginx                   1.16.0        ae893c58d83f        2 months ago        109MB

查看镜像的详细属性：docker image inspect 镜像名

[root@docker ~]# docker image inspect nginx:latest
[
    {
        "Id": "sha256:540a289bab6cb1bf880086a9b803cf0c4cefe38cbb5cdefa199b69614525199f",
        "RepoTags": [
            "nginx:latest"
        ],
        "RepoDigests": [
            "nginx@sha256:922c815aa4df050d4df476e92daed4231f466acc8ee90e0e774951b0fd7195a4"
        ],
        "Parent": "",
        "Comment": "",
        "Created": "2019-10-23T00:26:03.830480202Z",
        "Container": "77b8bfc5e16274066a5d4c14915ea5e7387c062f8540cd970c54e9b6e38b1011",
        "ContainerConfig": {
            "Hostname": "77b8bfc5e162",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "ExposedPorts": {
                "80/tcp": {}
            },
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
                "NGINX_VERSION=1.17.5",
                "NJS_VERSION=0.3.6",
                "PKG_RELEASE=1~buster"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "/bin/sh",
                "-c",
                "#(nop) ",
                "CMD ["nginx" "-g" "daemon off;"]"
            ],
            "ArgsEscaped": true,
            "Image": "sha256:2e2fa75c52fdfe182fb66455d6db04849c683ef01d14a526211ba37831c66791",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "maintainer": "NGINX Docker Maintainers <docker-maint@nginx.com>"
            },
            "StopSignal": "SIGTERM"
        },
        "DockerVersion": "18.06.1-ce",
        "Author": "",
        "Config": {
            "Hostname": "",
            "Domainname": "",
            "User": "",
            "AttachStdin": false,
            "AttachStdout": false,
            "AttachStderr": false,
            "ExposedPorts": {
                "80/tcp": {}
            },
            "Tty": false,
            "OpenStdin": false,
            "StdinOnce": false,
            "Env": [
                "PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
                "NGINX_VERSION=1.17.5",
                "NJS_VERSION=0.3.6",
                "PKG_RELEASE=1~buster"
            ],
            "Cmd": [
                "nginx",
                "-g",
                "daemon off;"
            ],
            "ArgsEscaped": true,
            "Image": "sha256:2e2fa75c52fdfe182fb66455d6db04849c683ef01d14a526211ba37831c66791",
            "Volumes": null,
            "WorkingDir": "",
            "Entrypoint": null,
            "OnBuild": null,
            "Labels": {
                "maintainer": "NGINX Docker Maintainers <docker-maint@nginx.com>"
            },
            "StopSignal": "SIGTERM"
        },
        "Architecture": "amd64",
        "Os": "linux",
        "Size": 126215561,
        "VirtualSize": 126215561,
        "GraphDriver": {
            "Data": {
                "LowerDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/b866a45f1e1d110b17bbc0387832373b8605e9e171a583ea35f6f3c8e5440a9f/diff:/var/lib/docker/overlay2/0e300469a4c4e8faaca819a513171cb6ad27318c36f716b92ff1974bea68387c/diff",
                "MergedDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/58d7b5c004af4f43a39914ca892293b441b2395305034408743a5e368826e9fc/merged",
                "UpperDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/58d7b5c004af4f43a39914ca892293b441b2395305034408743a5e368826e9fc/diff",
                "WorkDir": "/var/lib/docker/overlay2/58d7b5c004af4f43a39914ca892293b441b2395305034408743a5e368826e9fc/work"
            },
            "Name": "overlay2"
        },
        "RootFS": {
            "Type": "layers",
            "Layers": [
                "sha256:b67d19e65ef653823ed62a5835399c610a40e8205c16f839c5cc567954fcf594",
                "sha256:6eaad811af0237b78ba8b44a282d1564259d90007d628a032c5df7e3e2bbb613",
                "sha256:a89b8f05da3a2cbe459ef3fecfec8076fd0a7568db81f9164147b6f642e2dadf"
            ]
        },
        "Metadata": {
            "LastTagTime": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z"
        }
    }
]

删除镜像：docker rmi  或  docker image rm

      例如：docker image rm centos:latest

[root@docker ~]# docker rmi nginx:1.16.0
Untagged: nginx:1.16.0
Untagged: nginx@sha256:3e373fd5b8d41baeddc24be311c5c6929425c04cabf893b874ac09b72a798010
Deleted: sha256:ae893c58d83fe2bd391fbec97f5576c9a34fea55b4ee9daf15feb9620b14b226
Deleted: sha256:9987b8be475d96bc466b978b64b54af9e556884e78007caa19c065c6723f40e4
Deleted: sha256:5d7e4cc1668a0ce9764e7dad91cfbe594eea3a5b3ac6f4ec229d549cac20fff0
Deleted: sha256:8fa655db5360a336ddd0256f573e27975628668063732ef91f820d4770db737c

或者

[root@docker ~]# docker image rm nginx:1.16.0
Untagged: nginx:1.16.0
Untagged: nginx@sha256:3e373fd5b8d41baeddc24be311c5c6929425c04cabf893b874ac09b72a798010
Deleted: sha256:ae893c58d83fe2bd391fbec97f5576c9a34fea55b4ee9daf15feb9620b14b226
Deleted: sha256:9987b8be475d96bc466b978b64b54af9e556884e78007caa19c065c6723f40e4
Deleted: sha256:5d7e4cc1668a0ce9764e7dad91cfbe594eea3a5b3ac6f4ec229d549cac20fff0
Deleted: sha256:8fa655db5360a336ddd0256f573e27975628668063732ef91f820d4770db737c

备注：docker ps -a 查看容器，删除镜像前应先删除掉容器 docker rm CONTAINS_ID

导出镜像：docker save

[root@docker ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY                            TAG        IMAGE ID        CREATED          SIZE
nginx                                 latest     540a289bab6c    7 days ago       126MB
nginx                                 1.16.0     ae893c58d83f    2 months ago     109MB
daocloud.io/huangzhichong/alpine-cn   latest     e8289dcc1d4b    2 years ago      3.98MB
[root@docker ~]# docker save daocloud.io/huangzhichong/alpine-cn:latest > docker_alpine-cn.tar.gz
[root@docker ~]# ll
total 132652
-rw-------. 1 root root      1549 Jan 10  2019 anaconda-ks.cfg
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   4241408 Oct 29 23:39 docker_alpine-cn.tar.gz

导入镜像：docker load

[root@docker ~]# docker load -i docker_alpine-cn.tar.gz 
60ab55d3379d: Loading layer [===========================================>]  4.226MB/4.226MB
78cd8c87ab42: Loading layer [===========================================>]  3.072kB/3.072kB
Loaded image: daocloud.io/huangzhichong/alpine-cn:latest

[root@docker ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY                            TAG         IMAGE ID        CREATED         SIZE
nginx                                 latest      540a289bab6c    7 days ago      126MB
nginx                                 1.16.0      ae893c58d83f    2 months ago    109MB
daocloud.io/huangzhichong/alpine-cn   latest      e8289dcc1d4b    2 years ago     3.98MB

给镜像打标签：docker tag

    docker tag 命令：标记本地镜像，将其归入某一仓库。

语法：

docker tag [OPTIONS] IMAGE[:TAG] [REGISTRYHOST/][USERNAME/]NAME[:TAG]

实例：

例如，Docker本地有一个 nginx 镜像：

[root@docker ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY              TAG         IMAGE ID          CREATED         SIZE
nginx                   latest      540a289bab6c      8 days ago      126MB

我们对 本地nginx镜像进行开发，开发了第一个版本，然后对该版本打标签，打完标签后会生成新的镜像：
    （也有人称之为 “硬链接”）

[root@docker ~]# docker tag nginx nginx:v1
[root@docker ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY              TAG         IMAGE ID          CREATED         SIZE
nginx                   latest      540a289bab6c      8 days ago      126MB
nginx                   v1          540a289bab6c      8 days ago      126MB

我们继续对 本地nginx进项进行开发，开发了第二个版本，继续打标签

[root@docker ~]# docker tag nginx nginx:v2
[root@docker ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY              TAG         IMAGE ID          CREATED         SIZE
nginx                   latest      540a289bab6c      8 days ago      126MB
nginx                   v1          540a289bab6c      8 days ago      126MB
nginx                   v2          540a289bab6c      8 days ago      126MB

以此类推，每开发一个版本打一个标签，如果以后想回滚版本，就可以使用指定标签的镜像来创建容器：

[root@docker ~]# docker run -itd nginx:v1