Django URL (路由系统)

URL配置(URLconf)就像Django 所支撑网站的目录。它的本质是URL模式以及要为该URL模式调用的视图函数之间的映射表；你就是以这种方式告诉Django，对于这个URL调用这段代码，对于那个URL调用那段代码

urlpatterns = [
    url(正则表达式, views视图函数，参数，别名),
]

参数说明：

• 一个正则表达式字符串
• 一个可调用对象，通常为一个视图函数或一个指定视图函数路径的字符串
• 可选的要传递给视图函数的默认参数（字典形式）
• 一个可选的name参数

5.1 Here’s a sample URLconf:

from django.conf.urls import url
from django.contrib import admin

from app01 import views

urlpatterns = [

    url(r'^articles/2003/$', views.special_case_2003),

    #url(r'^articles/[0-9]{4}/$', views.year_archive),

    url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/$', views.year_archive),  #no_named group

    url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/$', views.month_archive),

    url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/([0-9]+)/$', views.article_detail),

]

Note:

#1   There’s no need to add a leading slash, because every URL has that. For
#    example, it’s ^articles, not ^/articles.

#2   A request to /articles/2005/03/ would match the third entry in the list.
#    Django would call the function views.month_archive(request, '2005', '03').

#3   /articles/2005/3/ would not match any URL patterns

#4   /articles/2003/ would match the first pattern in the list, not the second one

#5   /articles/2003/03/03/ would match the final pattern. Django would call the
#    functionviews.article_detail(request, '2003', '03', '03').

5.2 Named groups

      The above example used simple, non-named regular-expression groups (via parenthesis) to capture bits of the URL and pass them as positional arguments to a view. In more advanced usage, it’s possible to use named regular-expression groups to capture URL bits and pass them as keyword arguments to a view.

       In Python regular expressions, the syntax for named regular-expression groups is (?P<name>pattern), where name is the name of the group and pattern is some pattern to match.

Here’s the above example URLconf, rewritten to use named groups:

import re

ret=re.search('(?P<id>d{3})/(?P<name>w{3})','weeew34ttt123/ooo')

print(ret.group())
print(ret.group('id'))
print(ret.group('name'))

from django.conf.urls import url
  
from . import views
  
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^articles/2003/$', views.special_case_2003),
    url(r'^articles/(?P<year>[0-9]{4})/$', views.year_archive),
    url(r'^articles/(?P<year>[0-9]{4})/(?P<month>[0-9]{2})/$', views.month_archive),
    url(r'^articles/(?P<year>[0-9]{4})/(?P<month>[0-9]{2})/(?P<day>[0-9]{2})/$', views.article_detail),
]

      This accomplishes exactly the same thing as the previous example, with one subtle difference: The captured values are passed to view functions as keyword arguments rather than positional arguments.

5.3  Passing extra options to view functions

       URLconfs have a hook that lets you pass extra arguments to your view functions, as a Python dictionary.

The django.conf.urls.url() function can take an optional third argument which should be a dictionary of extra keyword arguments to pass to the view function.

For example:

from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views
  
urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^blog/(?P<year>[0-9]{4})/$', views.year_archive, {'foo': 'bar'}),
]

       In this example, for a request to /blog/2005/, Django will call views.year_archive(request, year='2005',foo='bar').

This technique is used in the syndication framework to pass metadata and options to views.

Dealing with conflicts

       It’s possible to have a URL pattern which captures named keyword arguments, and also passes arguments with the same names in its dictionary of extra arguments. When this happens, the arguments in the dictionary will be used instead of the arguments captured in the URL.

5.4 name param

urlpatterns = [
    url(r'^index',views.index,name='bieming'),
    url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
    # url(r'^articles/2003/$', views.special_case_2003),
    url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/$', views.year_archive),
    # url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/$', views.month_archive),
    # url(r'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/([0-9]+)/$', views.article_detail),

]
###################

def index(req):
    if req.method=='POST':
        username=req.POST.get('username')
        password=req.POST.get('password')
        if username=='alex' and password=='123':
            return HttpResponse("登陆成功")



    return render(req,'index.html')

#####################

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
{#     <form action="/index/" method="post">#}
     <form action="{% url 'bieming' %}" method="post">
         用户名:<input type="text" name="username">
         密码:<input type="password" name="password">
         <input type="submit" value="submit">
     </form>
</body>
</html>

5.5 Including other URLconfs

#At any point, your urlpatterns can “include” other URLconf modules. This
#essentially “roots” a set of URLs below other ones.

#For example, here’s an excerpt of the URLconf for the Django website itself.
#It includes a number of other URLconfs:


from django.conf.urls import include, url

urlpatterns = [
   url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
   url(r'^blog/', include('blog.urls')),
]