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  • shell编程——if语句【转载】

    (2)shell编程——if语句_macg_新浪博客
    http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_6151984a0100ekl6.html

    shell编程——if语句转载

    if 语句格式
    if 条件
    then
    Command
    else
    Command
    fi 别忘了这个结尾
    If语句忘了结尾fi
    test.sh: line 14: syntax error: unexpected end of fi


    if 的三种条件表达式
    if
    command
    then

    if
    函数
    then
    命令执行成功,等于返回0 (比如grep ,找到匹配)
    执行失败,返回非0 (grep,没找到匹配)
    if [ expression_r_r_r ]
    then
    表达式结果为真,则返回0,if把0值引向then
    if test expression_r_r_r
    then
    表达式结果为假,则返回非0,if把非0值引向then

    [ ] && ——快捷if
    [ -f "/etc/shadow" ] && echo "This computer uses shadow passwors"
    && 可以理解为then
    如果左边的表达式为真则执行右边的语句

    shell的if与c语言if的功能上的区别
    shell if c语言if
    0为真,走then
    正好相反,非0走then
    不支持整数变量直接if
    必须:if [ i –ne 0 ]

    但支持字符串变量直接if
    if [ str ] 如果字符串非0
    支持变量直接if
    if (i )

    =================================以command作为if 条件===================================

    以多条command或者函数作为if 条件
    echo –n “input:”
    read user

    if
    多条指令,这些命令之间相当于“and”(与)
    grep $user /etc/passwd >/tmp/null
    who -u | grep $user
    then 上边的指令都执行成功,返回值$?为0,0为真,运行then
    echo "$user has logged"
    else 指令执行失败,$?为1,运行else
    echo "$user has not logged"
    fi
    # sh test.sh
    input : macg
    macg pts/0 May 15 15:55 . 2075 (192.168.1.100)
    macg has logged

    # sh test.sh
    input : ddd
    ddd has not logged


    以函数作为if条件 (函数就相当于command,函数的优点是其return值可以自定义)
    if
    以函数作为if条件,
    getyn
    then 函数reture值0为真,走then
    echo " your answer is yes"
    else 函数return值非0为假,走else
    echo "your anser is no"
    fi


    if command 等价于 command+if $?
    $ vi testsh.sh
    #!/bin/sh

    if
    cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1
    then
    echo found
    else
    echo "no found"
    fi
    $ vi testsh.sh
    #!/bin/sh

    cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1

    if [ $? -eq 0 ]
    then
    echo $?
    echo found
    else
    echo $?
    echo "no found"
    fi
    $ sh testsh.sh
    no found
    $ sh testsh.sh
    1
    no found
    $ vi 111-tmp.txt
    that is 222file
    thisting1 is 111file

    $ sh testsh.sh
    thisting1 is 111file
    found
    $ vi 111-tmp.txt
    that is 222file
    thisting1 is 111file

    $ sh testsh.sh
    thisting1 is 111file
    0
    found

    ========================================以条件表达式作为 if条件=============================

    传统if 从句子——以条件表达式作为 if条件
    if [ 条件表达式 ]
    then
    command
    command
    command
    else
    command
    command
    fi

    条件表达式
    文件表达式
    if [ -f file ] 如果文件存在
    if [ -d ... ] 如果目录存在
    if [ -s file ] 如果文件存在且非空
    if [ -r file ] 如果文件存在且可读
    if [ -w file ] 如果文件存在且可写
    if [ -x file ] 如果文件存在且可执行
    整数变量表达式
    if [ int1 -eq int2 ] 如果int1等于int2
    if [ int1 -ne int2 ] 如果不等于
    if [ int1 -ge int2 ] 如果>=
    if [ int1 -gt int2 ] 如果>
    if [ int1 -le int2 ] 如果<=
    if [ int1 -lt int2 ] 如果<

    字符串变量表达式
    If [ $a = $b ] 如果string1等于string2
    字符串允许使用赋值号做等号
    if [ $string1 != $string2 ] 如果string1不等于string2
    if [ -n $string ] 如果string 非空(非0),返回0(true)
    if [ -z $string ] 如果string 为空
    if [ $sting ] 如果string 非空,返回0 (和-n类似)


    条件表达式引用变量要带$
    if [ a = b ] ;then
    echo equal
    else
    echo no equal
    fi
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input a:
    5
    input b:
    5
    no equal (等于表达式没比较$a和$b,而是比较和a和b,自然a!=b)
    改正:
    if [ $a = $b ] ;then
    echo equal
    else
    echo no equal
    fi
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input a:
    5
    input b:
    5
    equal

    -eq -ne -lt -nt只能用于整数,不适用于字符串,字符串等于用赋值号=
    [macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
    echo -n "input your choice:"
    read var
    if [ $var -eq "yes" ]
    then
    echo $var
    fi
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh -x test.sh
    input your choice:
    y
    test.sh: line 3: test: y: integer expression_r_r_r expected
    期望整数形式,即-eq不支持字符串


    =放在别的地方是赋值,放在if [ ] 里就是字符串等于,shell里面没有==的,那是c语言的等于


    无空格的字符串,可以加" ",也可以不加
    [macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh
    echo "input a:"
    read a
    echo "input is $a"
    if [ $a = 123 ] ; then
    echo equal123
    fi
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input a:
    123
    input is 123
    equal123


    = 作为等于时,其两边都必须加空格,否则失效
    等号也是操作符,必须和其他变量,关键字,用空格格开 (等号做赋值号时正好相反,两边不能有空格)
    [macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

    echo "input your choice:"
    read var
    if [ $var="yes" ]
    then
    echo $var
    echo "input is correct"
    else
    echo $var
    echo "input error"
    fi
    [macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

    echo "input your choice:"
    read var
    if [ $var = "yes" ] 在等号两边加空格
    then
    echo $var
    echo "input is correct"
    else
    echo $var
    echo "input error"
    fi
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice:
    y
    y
    input is correct
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice:
    n
    n
    input is correct
    输错了也走then,都走then,为什么?
    因为if把$var="yes"连读成一个变量,而此变量为空,返回1,则走else [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice:
    y
    y
    input error
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice:
    no
    no
    input error
    一切正常


    If [ $ANS ] 等价于 if [ -n $ANS ]
    如果字符串变量非空(then) , 空(else)
    echo "input your choice:"
    read ANS

    if [ $ANS ]
    then
    echo no empty
    else
    echo empth
    fi
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice: 回车

    empth 说明“回车”就是空串
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice:
    34
    no empty


    整数条件表达式,大于,小于,shell里没有> 和< ,会被当作尖括号,只有-ge,-gt,-le,lt
    [macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

    echo "input a:"
    read a
    if [ $a -ge 100 ] ; then
    echo 3bit
    else
    echo 2bit
    fi
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input a:
    123
    3bit
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input a:
    20
    2bit


    整数操作符号-ge,-gt,-le,-lt, 别忘了加-
    if test $a ge 100 ; then

    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    test.sh: line 4: test: ge: binary operator expected
    if test $a -ge 100 ; then

    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input a:
    123
    3bit


    ============================逻辑表达式=========================================

    逻辑非 ! 条件表达式的相反
    if [ ! 表达式 ]
    if [ ! -d $num ] 如果不存在目录$num


    逻辑与 –a 条件表达式的并列
    if [ 表达式1 –a 表达式2 ]


    逻辑或 -o 条件表达式的或
    if [ 表达式1 –o 表达式2 ]


    逻辑表达式
    表达式与前面的= != -d –f –x -ne -eq -lt等合用
    逻辑符号就正常的接其他表达式,没有任何括号( ),就是并列
    if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ]
    注意逻辑与-a与逻辑或-o很容易和其他字符串或文件的运算符号搞混了


    最常见的赋值形式,赋值前对=两边的变量都进行评测
    左边测变量是否为空,右边测目录(值)是否存在(值是否有效)

    [macg@mac-home ~]$ vi test.sh
    :
    echo "input the num:"
    read num
    echo "input is $num"

    if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ] 如果变量$JHHOME为空,且$HOME/$num目录存在
    then
    JHHOME=$HOME/$num 则赋值
    fi

    echo "JHHOME is $JHHOME"
    -----------------------
    [macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
    input the num:
    ppp
    input is ppp
    JHHOME is

    目录-d $HOME/$num 不存在,所以$JHHOME没被then赋值
    [macg@mac-home ~]$ mkdir ppp
    [macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.sh
    input the num:
    ppp
    input is ppp
    JHHOME is /home/macg/ppp

    一个-o的例子,其中却揭示了”=”必须两边留空格的问题
    echo "input your choice:"
    read ANS

    if [ $ANS="Yes" -o $ANS="yes" -o $ANS="y" -o $ANS="Y" ]
    then
    ANS="y"
    else
    ANS="n"
    fi

    echo $ANS
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice:
    n
    y
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice:
    no
    y
    为什么输入不是yes,结果仍是y(走then)
    因为=被连读了,成了变量$ANS="Yes",而变量又为空,所以走else了
    [macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh

    echo "input your choice:"
    read ANS echo "input your choice:"
    read ANS

    if [ $ANS = "Yes" -o $ANS = "yes" -o $ANS = "y" -o $ANS = "Y" ]
    then
    ANS="y"
    else
    ANS="n"
    fi

    echo $ANS
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice:
    no
    n
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice:
    yes
    y
    [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.sh
    input your choice:
    y
    y


    ===================以 test 条件表达式 作为if条件===================================

    if test $num -eq 0 等价于 if [ $num –eq 0 ]

    test 表达式,没有 [ ]
    if test $num -eq 0
    then
    echo "try again"
    else
    echo "good"
    fi

    man test
    [macg@machome ~]$ man test
    [(1) User Commands [(1)

    SYNOPSIS
    test EXPRESSION
    [ EXPRESSION ]


    [-n] STRING
    the length of STRING is nonzero -n和直接$str都是非0条件

    -z STRING
    the length of STRING is zero

    STRING1 = STRING2
    the strings are equal

    STRING1 != STRING2
    the strings are not equal

    INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2
    INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2

    INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2
    INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2

    INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2
    INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2

    INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2
    INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2

    INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2
    INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2

    INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2
    INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2

    FILE1 -nt FILE2
    FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2

    FILE1 -ot FILE2
    FILE1 is older than FILE2

    -b FILE
    FILE exists and is block special

    -c FILE
    FILE exists and is character special

    -d FILE
    FILE exists and is a directory

    -e FILE
    FILE exists 文件存在

    -f FILE
    FILE exists and is a regular file 文件存在且是普通文件

    -h FILE
    FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L)

    -L FILE
    FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h)

    -G FILE
    FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID

    -O FILE
    FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID

    -p FILE
    FILE exists and is a named pipe


    -s FILE
    FILE exists and has a size greater than zero

    -S FILE
    FILE exists and is a socket

    -w FILE
    FILE exists and is writable

    -x FILE
    FILE exists and is executable


    ======================if简化语句=================================

    最常用的简化if语句
    && 如果是“前面”,则“后面”
    [ -f /var/run/dhcpd.pid ] && rm /var/run/dhcpd.pid 检查 文件是否存在,如果存在就删掉
    || 如果不是“前面”,则后面
    [ -f /usr/sbin/dhcpd ] || exit 0 检验文件是否存在,如果存在就退出

    用简化 if 和$1,$2,$3来检测参数,不合理就调用help
    [ -z "$1" ] && help 如果第一个参数不存在(-z 字符串长度为0 )
    [ "$1" = "-h" ] && help 如果第一个参数是-h,就显示help


    例子
    #!/bin/sh

    [ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
    cp ifcfg-eth0.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

    [ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
    cp ifcfg-eth1.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1

    [ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/paul8339/p/5349894.html
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