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  • java源码分析:Arrays.sort

      1   2 
      3 仔细分析java的Arrays.sort(version 1.71, 04/21/06)后发现,java对primitive(int,float等原型数据)数组采用快速排序,对Object对象数组采用归并排序。
      4   对这一区别,sun在<<The Java Tutorial>>中做出的解释是:
      5   The sort operation uses a slightly optimized merge sort algorithm that is fast and stable:
      6    * Fast: It is guaranteed to run in n log(n) time and runs substantially faster on nearly sorted lists. Empirical tests showed it to be as fast as a highly optimized quicksort. A quicksort is generally considered to be faster than a merge sort but isn't stable and doesn't guarantee n log(n) performance.
      7   * Stable: It doesn't reorder equal elements. This is important if you sort the same list repeatedly on different attributes. If a user of a mail program sorts the inbox by mailing date and then sorts it by sender, the user naturally expects that the now-contiguous list of messages from a given sender will (still) be sorted by mailing date. This is guaranteed only if the second sort was stable.
      8   也就是说,优化的归并排序既快速(nlog(n))又稳定。
      9   对于对象的排序,稳定性很重要。比如成绩单,一开始可能是按人员的学号顺序排好了的,现在让我们用成绩排,那么你应该保证,本来张三在李四前面,即使他们成绩相同,张三不能跑到李四的后面去。
     10   而快速排序是不稳定的,而且最坏情况下的时间复杂度是O(n^2)。
     11   另外,对象数组中保存的只是对象的引用,这样多次移位并不会造成额外的开销,但是,对象数组对比较次数一般比较敏感,有可能对象的比较比单纯数的比较开销大很多。归并排序在这方面比快速排序做得更好,这也是选择它作为对象排序的一个重要原因之一。
     12   排序优化:实现中快排和归并都采用递归方式,而在递归的底层,也就是待排序的数组长度小于7时, 直接使用冒泡排序,而不再递归下去。
     13   分析:长度为6的数组冒泡排序总比较次数最多也就1+2+3+4+5+6=21次,最好情况下只有6次比较。而快排或归并涉及到递归调用等的开销,其时间效率在n较小时劣势就凸显了,因此这里采用了冒泡排序,这也是对快速排序极重要的优化。
     14   /*快速排序*/
     15   private static void sort1(int x[], int off, int len) {
     16   // Insertion sort on smallest arrays
     17     if (len < 7) {
     18       for (int i=off; i<len+off; i++)
     19       for (int j=i; j>off && x[j-1]>x[j]; j--)
     20           swap(x, j, j-1);
     21           return;
     22     }
     23   // Choose a partition element, v
     24   int m = off + (len >> 1); // Small arrays, middle element
     25   if (len > 7) {
     26   int l = off;
     27   int n = off + len - 1;
     28   if (len > 40) { // Big arrays, pseudomedian of 9
     29   int s = len/8;
     30   l = med3(x, l, l+s, l+2*s);//取后三个参数中的中间值
     31   m = med3(x, m-s, m, m+s);
     32   n = med3(x, n-2*s, n-s, n);
     33   }
     34   m = med3(x, l, m, n); // Mid-size, med of 3
     35   }
     36   int v = x[m];
     37   // Establish Invariant: v* (<v)* (>v)* v*
     38   int a = off, b = a, c = off + len - 1, d = c;
     39   while(true) {
     40   while (b <= c && x[b] <= v) {
     41   if (x[b] == v)
     42   swap(x, a++, b);
     43   b++;
     44   }
     45   while (c >= b && x[c] >= v) {
     46   if (x[c] == v)
     47   swap(x, c, d--);
     48   c--;
     49   }
     50   if (b > c)
     51   break;
     52   swap(x, b++, c--);
     53   }
     54   // Swap partition elements back to middle
     55   int s, n = off + len;
     56   s = Math.min(a-off, b-a ); vecswap(x, off, b-s, s);
     57   s = Math.min(d-c, n-d-1); vecswap(x, b, n-s, s);
     58   // Recursively sort non-partition-elements
     59   if ((s = b-a) > 1)
     60   sort1(x, off, s);
     61   if ((s = d-c) > 1)
     62   sort1(x, n-s, s);
     63   }
     64   /*归并排序*/
     65   private static void mergeSort(Object[] src,
     66   Object[] dest,
     67   int low,
     68   int high,
     69   int off) {
     70   int length = high - low;
     71   // Insertion sort on smallest arrays
     72   if (length < INSERTIONSORT_THRESHOLD) {
     73   for (int i=low; i<high; i++)
     74   for (int j=i; j>low &&
     75   ((Comparable) dest[j-1]).compareTo(dest[j])>0; j--)
     76   swap(dest, j, j-1);
     77   return;
     78   }
     79   // Recursively sort halves of dest into src
     80   int destLow = low;
     81   int destHigh = high;
     82   low += off;
     83   high += off;
     84   int mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
     85   mergeSort(dest, src, low, mid, -off);
     86   mergeSort(dest, src, mid, high, -off);
     87   // If list is already sorted, just copy from src to dest. This is an
     88   // optimization that results in faster sorts for nearly ordered lists.
     89   if (((Comparable)src[mid-1]).compareTo(src[mid]) <= 0) {
     90   System.arraycopy(src, low, dest, destLow, length);
     91   return;
     92   }
     93   // Merge sorted halves (now in src) into dest
     94   for(int i = destLow, p = low, q = mid; i < destHigh; i++) {
     95   if (q >= high || p < mid && ((Comparable)src[p]).compareTo(src[q])<=0)
     96   dest[i] = src[p++];
     97   else
     98   dest[i] = src[q++];
     99   }
    100   }
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/printN/p/6194935.html
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