谈起Ajax做过web开发的都非常熟悉,就是通过xmlhttp request与服务器端通信而避免页面刷新。关于Ajax是如何运作的,网上有很多帖子解释其各js文件的作用及调用xmlhttp的原理。但Ajax到底是怎么调用服务器端的C#代码的呢?怎么让后台的方法运行并将结果反馈给xmlhttp的呢?曾经有个同事问起我这个问题,我还真懵了!本以为象.Net 1.1下通过form传递必要的EventName及EventPara等参数传给服务器端继而解析后执行对应的事件一样来调用C#代码的(.net调用事件机制也不全是这么回事,待探讨),但通过仔细研究,发现原来远不是这么回事,而网上更深入的文章却少之又少。
我们由浅到深吧,先看看相对表象的东西,即前台Ajax相关的JavaScript代码部分。之所以说相对肤浅和表象,是因为这些资料很多网友已经撰文解读过。
凡要使用AjaxPro,我们大致要做以下工作:
1) 在项目中引用AjaxPro.dll(我用的是AjaxPro.2.dll,版本6.6.13.2),并在web.config中httpHandlers配置节添加:
<add verb="POST,GET" path="ajaxpro/*.ashx" type="AjaxPro.AjaxHandlerFactory, AjaxPro.2"/>
2) 在要使用Ajax功能的页面.cs文件上注册Ajax,例如:
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
// 注册Ajax
AjaxPro.Utility.RegisterTypeForAjax(typeof(Default));
}
3) 在.cs文件中声明可以被Ajax调用的函数(或属性),如:
[AjaxPro.AjaxMethod]
public string GetChild(string parentId)
{
return "return value from .cs file";
}
4) 在.aspx文件中用JavaScript调用Ajax,如:
<script language="javascript">
var items = DynLoadTree.Default.GetChild( "aa" ).value; // 通过Ajax调用后台代码
alert(items);
</script>
做好以上四步,我们就基本实现了Ajax页面不刷新的功能了。那么它是怎样通过xmlhttp与服务器通讯的呢?运行后我们可以看到HTML文件的源代码多了几行.ashx文件的引用:
<script type="text/javascript" src="/ajaxpro/prototype.ashx"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/ajaxpro/core.ashx"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/ajaxpro/converter.ashx"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="/ajaxpro/DynLoadTree.Default,DynLoadTree.ashx"></script>
实际上这些.ashx就是在上面第2步AjaxPro.Utility.RegisterTypeForAjax注册Ajax时自动将这些引用添加到Html文档输出的。那这些文件是什么文件呢?再看第1步中在web.config中添加到httpHandlers节中的配置,它告诉系统凡是收到ajaxpro路径下已经ashx为后缀的请求就全部交给AjaxPro.AjaxHandlerFactory这个类来处理,而这些ashx经过处理后返回的就是一些JavaScript文件,和普通的js引用没有实质区别。
我们首先看看“DynLoadTree.Default,DynLoadTree.ashx”的内容:
if(typeof DynLoadTree == "undefined") DynLoadTree={};
DynLoadTree.Default_class = function() {};
Object.extend(DynLoadTree.Default_class.prototype, Object.extend(new AjaxPro.AjaxClass(), { GetChild: function(parentId) {
return this.invoke("GetChild", {"parentId":parentId}, this.GetChild.getArguments().slice(1));
},url: '/ajaxpro/DynLoadTree.Default,DynLoadTree.ashx'}));
DynLoadTree.Default = new DynLoadTree.Default_class();
原来我们DynLoadTree.Default是在这里定义的,而这个GetChild方法最终是调用“this.invoke("GetChild", {"parentId":parentId}, this.GetChild.getArguments().slice(1));”的,而invoke方法是在“core.ashx”中定义的。在core.ashx中定义了很多Ajax核心的js方法,例如Object.extand实现简单的继承(或阅扩展)。在invoke方法里,首先是new了一个XmlHttp对象,然后重点做了几件事:
this.xmlHttp.open("POST", this.url, async);
this.xmlHttp.setRequestHeader("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
this.xmlHttp.setRequestHeader("X-" + AjaxPro.ID + "-Method", method);
this.xmlHttp.send(json);
xmlHttp.open说明了是向哪个服务器url发送请求,是同步请求还是异步请求。接下来就设置Content-Type的http header,然后再将method设置到http header中,以让服务器端知道要调用什么方法,最后send出去,同时参数json包含了调用这个方法所需的参数。至此,利用xmlhttp已经将请求发送给服务器了,接下来就等待服务器的反馈结果了(对于同步和异步不同的调用方式,对结果的处理是有区别的)。
但是,为什么这样一个请求给服务器后,服务器就自动调用制定的method呢?如果仔细一点,你可以发现xmlHttp.open里的this.url到底是什么?是要调用的页面的地址么?实际不是,这个this.url的值是“/ajaxpro/DynLoadTree.Default,DynLoadTree.ashx”。第一次看到这里的时候,我很诧异,怎么这个xmlhttp请求也发给一个ashx文件了呢?难道ashx文件不仅仅是用来动态生成js文件的么?同上,在web.config中已经配置了凡是ashx文件都交由类AjaxPro.AjaxHandlerFactory来处理,要想明白其中的奥秘,还得看看AjaxHandlerFactory里到底都干了些什么。为此,我用Reflector对AjaxPro.2.dll文件进行反编译(我的资源里提供下载),看了AjaxHandlerFactory的代码才大彻大悟!
原来,在AjaxHandlerFactory的GetHandler方法里是这么写的:
public IHttpHandler GetHandler(HttpContext context, string requestType, string url, string pathTranslated)
{
……
string str2 = requestType;
if (str2 != null)
{
if (!(str2 == "GET"))
{
if (str2 == "POST")
{
if (!(!Utility.Settings.OnlyAllowTypesInList || flag))
{
return null;
}
IAjaxProcessor[] processorArray = new IAjaxProcessor[] { new XmlHttpRequestProcessor(context, type), new IFrameProcessor(context, type) };
for (int i = 0; i < processorArray.Length; i++)
{
if (processorArray[i].CanHandleRequest)
{
if (exception != null)
{
processorArray[i].SerializeObject(new NotSupportedException("This method is either not marked with an AjaxMethod or is not available."));
return null;
}
AjaxMethodAttribute[] customAttributes = (AjaxMethodAttribute[]) processorArray[i].AjaxMethod.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(AjaxMethodAttribute), true);
bool useAsyncProcessing = false;
HttpSessionStateRequirement readWrite = HttpSessionStateRequirement.ReadWrite;
if (Utility.Settings.OldStyle.Contains("sessionStateDefaultNone"))
{
readWrite = HttpSessionStateRequirement.None;
}
if (customAttributes.Length > 0)
{
useAsyncProcessing = customAttributes[0].UseAsyncProcessing;
if (customAttributes[0].RequireSessionState != HttpSessionStateRequirement.UseDefault)
{
readWrite = customAttributes[0].RequireSessionState;
}
}
switch (readWrite)
{
case HttpSessionStateRequirement.ReadWrite:
if (useAsyncProcessing)
{
return new AjaxAsyncHttpHandlerSession(processorArray[i]);
}
return new AjaxSyncHttpHandlerSession(processorArray[i]);
case HttpSessionStateRequirement.Read:
if (useAsyncProcessing)
{
return new AjaxAsyncHttpHandlerSessionReadOnly(processorArray[i]);
}
return new AjaxSyncHttpHandlerSessionReadOnly(processorArray[i]);
case HttpSessionStateRequirement.None:
if (useAsyncProcessing)
{
return new AjaxAsyncHttpHandler(processorArray[i]);
}
return new AjaxSyncHttpHandler(processorArray[i]);
}
if (!useAsyncProcessing)
{
return new AjaxSyncHttpHandlerSession(processorArray[i]);
}
return new AjaxAsyncHttpHandlerSession(processorArray[i]);
}
}
}
}
else
{
switch (fileNameWithoutExtension.ToLower())
{
case "prototype":
return new EmbeddedJavaScriptHandler("prototype");
case "core":
return new EmbeddedJavaScriptHandler("core");
……
default:
return new TypeJavaScriptHandler(type);
}
}
}
return null;
}
它首先对requestType进行判断,如果是“GET”请求,则说明是html里对被引用的ashx文件的下载请求,则调用相应的Handler去生成对应的JavaScript内容输出到客户端;如果是“POST”请求,则说明是通过XMLHTTP发送过来的,是请求调用服务器端方法的,则返回相应的Handler利用反射机制调用请求的方法。
首先看看“GET”请求,对“GET”请求的处理很简单,根据不同的文件名返回不同的Handler,对于“core”及“prototype”则返回EmbeddedJavaScriptHandler,对于“DynLoadTree.Default,DynLoadTree.ashx”则返回TypeJavaScriptHandler。在EmbeddedJavaScriptHandler中,构造函数的参数表示要请求的是哪个文件,然后在ProcessRequest函数中提取指定的文件内容并输出到客户端,其实这些文件内容都是固定的,且已经放在资源里的:
internal class EmbeddedJavaScriptHandler : IHttpHandler
{
// Fields
private string fileName;
internal EmbeddedJavaScriptHandler(string fileName)
{
this.fileName = fileName;
}
{
……
string[] strArray = this.fileName.Split(new char[] { ',' });
Assembly executingAssembly = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly();
for (int i = 0; i < strArray.Length; i++)
{
Stream manifestResourceStream = executingAssembly.GetManifestResourceStream("AjaxPro.2." + strArray[i] + ".js");
if (manifestResourceStream != null)
{
StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(manifestResourceStream);
context.Response.Write(reader.ReadToEnd());
context.Response.Write("\r\n");
reader.Close();
{
context.Response.Write("\r\nObject.prototype.extend = function(o, override) {\r\n\treturn Object.extend.apply(this, [this, o, override != false]);\r\n}\r\n");
}
}
}
………
}
……
}
对于“DynLoadTree.Default,DynLoadTree.ashx”的请求,则交给TypeJavaScriptHandler处理:
internal class TypeJavaScriptHandler : IHttpHandler, IReadOnlySessionState, IRequiresSessionState
{
// Fields
// Methods
internal TypeJavaScriptHandler(Type type);
public void ProcessRequest(HttpContext context);
// Properties
public bool IsReusable { get; }
}
ProcessRequest会根据Type动态生成JavaScript内容并输出到客户端。
{
// Fields
private IAjaxProcessor p;
internal AjaxSyncHttpHandler(IAjaxProcessor p)
{
this.p = p;
}
{
new AjaxProcHelper(this.p).Run();
}
public bool IsReusable
{
get
{
return false;
}
}
}
{
……
this.p.Context.Response.Expires = 0;
this.p.Context.Response.Cache.SetCacheability(HttpCacheability.NoCache);
this.p.Context.Response.ContentType = this.p.ContentType;
this.p.Context.Response.ContentEncoding = Encoding.UTF8;
……
object[] args = null;
object o = null;
args = this.p.RetreiveParameters();
string key = string.Concat(new object[] { this.p.Type.FullName, "|", this.p.GetType().Name, "|", this.p.AjaxMethod.Name, "|", this.p.GetHashCode() });
if (this.p.Context.Cache[key] != null)
{
this.p.Context.Response.AddHeader("X-AjaxPro-Cache", "server");
this.p.Context.Response.Write(this.p.Context.Cache[key]);
}
else
{
……
if (this.p.AjaxMethod.IsStatic)
{
o = this.p.Type.InvokeMember(this.p.AjaxMethod.Name, BindingFlags.InvokeMethod | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Static | BindingFlags.IgnoreCase, null, null, args);
}
else
{
……
object obj3 = Activator.CreateInstance(this.p.Type, new object[0]);
o = this.p.AjaxMethod.Invoke(obj3, args);
}
……
if ((o != null) && (o.GetType() == typeof(XmlDocument)))
{
this.p.Context.Response.ContentType = "text/xml";
((XmlDocument) o).Save(this.p.Context.Response.OutputStream);
}
……
}
}
可以清晰的看到,Run中是通过反射机制调用相应的方法,再将结果写入context输出到客户端的。
另外,我们也可以清晰的看到Utility中对RegisterTypeForAjax的几个重载及实现方式:
public static void RegisterTypeForAjax(Type type);
public static void RegisterTypeForAjax(Type type, Page page);
public class AjaxMethodAttribute : Attribute
{
// Fields
private HttpSessionStateRequirement requireSessionState;
private bool useAsyncProcessing;
public AjaxMethodAttribute();
public AjaxMethodAttribute(HttpSessionStateRequirement requireSessionState);
[Obsolete("The use of this argument is currently in beta state, please report any problems to bug@schwarz-interactive.de.")]
public AjaxMethodAttribute(bool useAsyncProcessing);
[Obsolete("The recommended alternative is AjaxPro.AjaxServerCacheAttribute.", true)]
public AjaxMethodAttribute(int cacheSeconds);
public AjaxMethodAttribute(string methodName);
[Obsolete("The use of this argument is currently in beta state, please report any problems to bug@schwarz-interactive.de.")]
public AjaxMethodAttribute(HttpSessionStateRequirement requireSessionState, bool useAsyncProcessing);
[Obsolete("The recommended alternative is AjaxPro.AjaxServerCacheAttribute.", true)]
public AjaxMethodAttribute(int cacheSeconds, HttpSessionStateRequirement requireSessionState);
[Obsolete("The recommended alternative for methodName is AjaxPro.AjaxNamespaceAttribute.", true)]
public AjaxMethodAttribute(string methodName, HttpSessionStateRequirement requireSessionState);
[Obsolete("The recommended alternative for methodName is AjaxPro.AjaxNamespaceAttribute.", true)]
public AjaxMethodAttribute(string methodName, int cacheSeconds);
public AjaxMethodAttribute(string methodName, int cacheSeconds, HttpSessionStateRequirement requireSessionState);
internal HttpSessionStateRequirement RequireSessionState { get; }
internal bool UseAsyncProcessing { get; }
}