代码演示C#各版本新功能
C# 发展历史
C#
各版本新功能其实都能在官网搜到,但很少有人整理在一起,并通过非常简短的代码将每个新特性演示出来。
-
代码演示C#各版本新功能
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C# 2.0版 - 2005
-
泛型
-
分部类型
-
匿名方法
-
可以为null的值类型
-
迭代器
-
协变和逆变
-
C# 3.0版 - 2007
-
自动实现的属性
-
匿名类型
-
查询表达式(LINQ)
-
Lambda表达式
-
表达式树
-
扩展方法
-
var
-
分部方法
-
对象和集合初始值设定项
-
C# 4.0版 - 2010
-
dynamic
-
命名参数/可选参数
-
泛型中的协变和逆变
-
类型等效、内置互操作类型
-
C# 5.0版 - 2012
-
async/await
-
调用方信息
-
C# 6.0版 - 2015
-
静态导入
-
异常筛选器
-
自动初始化表达式
-
Expression-bodied 函数成员
-
Null传播器
-
字符串内插
-
nameof
表达式 -
索引初始值设定项
-
C# 7.0版本 - 2017
-
out变量
-
元组和析构函数
-
模式匹配
-
本地函数
-
更多的expression-bodied成员
-
Ref 局部变量和返回结果
-
弃元
-
二进制文本和数字分隔符
-
throw表达式
-
C# 8.0 版 - 2019
-
Readonly 成员
-
默认接口方法
-
模式匹配增强
-
属性模式
-
Tuple模式
-
位置模式
-
switch表达式
-
using声明
-
静态本地函数
-
异步流
-
索引和范围
-
Null合并赋值
-
非托管构造类型
-
嵌套表达式中的 stackalloc
-
附录/总结
C# 2.0版 - 2005
泛型
Java
中的泛型不支持值类型,且会运行时类型擦除,这一点 .NET
更优秀。
-
// Declare the generic class.
-
public class GenericList<T>
-
{
-
public void Add(T input) { }
-
}
-
class TestGenericList
-
{
-
private class ExampleClass { }
-
static void Main()
-
{
-
// Declare a list of type int.
-
GenericList<int> list1 = new GenericList<int>();
-
list1.Add(1);
-
-
// Declare a list of type string.
-
GenericList<string> list2 = new GenericList<string>();
-
list2.Add("");
-
-
// Declare a list of type ExampleClass.
-
GenericList<ExampleClass> list3 = new GenericList<ExampleClass>();
-
list3.Add(new ExampleClass());
-
}
-
}
分部类型
拆分一个类、一个结构、一个接口或一个方法的定义到两个或更多的文件中是可能的。每个源文件包含类型或方法定义的一部分,编译应用程序时将把所有部分组合起来。
-
public partial class Employee
-
{
-
public void DoWork()
-
{
-
}
-
}
-
-
public partial class Employee
-
{
-
public void GoToLunch()
-
{
-
}
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}
匿名方法
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Func<int, int, int> sum = delegate (int a, int b) { return a + b; };
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Console.WriteLine(sum(3, 4)); // output: 7
可以为null的值类型
-
double? pi = 3.14;
-
char? letter = 'a';
-
-
int m2 = 10;
-
int? m = m2;
-
-
bool? flag = null;
-
-
// An array of a nullable type:
-
int?[] arr = new int?[10];
迭代器
-
static void Main()
-
{
-
foreach (int number in SomeNumbers())
-
{
-
Console.Write(number.ToString() + " ");
-
}
-
// Output: 3 5 8
-
Console.ReadKey();
-
}
-
-
public static System.Collections.IEnumerable SomeNumbers()
-
{
-
yield return 3;
-
yield return 5;
-
yield return 8;
-
}
协变和逆变
在 C# 中,协变和逆变能够实现数组类型、委托类型和泛型类型参数的隐式引用转换。协变保留分配兼容性,逆变则与之相反。
-
// Assignment compatibility.
-
string str = "test";
-
// An object of a more derived type is assigned to an object of a less derived type.
-
object obj = str;
-
-
// Covariance.
-
IEnumerable<string> strings = new List<string>();
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// An object that is instantiated with a more derived type argument
-
// is assigned to an object instantiated with a less derived type argument.
-
// Assignment compatibility is preserved.
-
IEnumerable<object> objects = strings;
-
-
// Contravariance.
-
// Assume that the following method is in the class:
-
// static void SetObject(object o) { }
-
Action<object> actObject = SetObject;
-
// An object that is instantiated with a less derived type argument
-
// is assigned to an object instantiated with a more derived type argument.
-
// Assignment compatibility is reversed.
-
Action<string> actString = actObject;
C# 3.0版 - 2007
自动实现的属性
-
// This class is mutable. Its data can be modified from
-
// outside the class.
-
class Customer
-
{
-
// Auto-implemented properties for trivial get and set
-
public double TotalPurchases { get; set; }
-
public string Name { get; set; }
-
public int CustomerID { get; set; }
-
-
// Constructor
-
public Customer(double purchases, string name, int ID)
-
{
-
TotalPurchases = purchases;
-
Name = name;
-
CustomerID = ID;
-
}
-
-
// Methods
-
public string GetContactInfo() { return "ContactInfo"; }
-
public string GetTransactionHistory() { return "History"; }
-
-
// .. Additional methods, events, etc.
-
}
-
-
class Program
-
{
-
static void Main()
-
{
-
// Intialize a new object.
-
Customer cust1 = new Customer(4987.63, "Northwind", 90108);
-
-
// Modify a property.
-
cust1.TotalPurchases += 499.99;
-
}
-
}
匿名类型
-
var v = new { Amount = 108, Message = "Hello" };
-
-
// Rest the mouse pointer over v.Amount and v.Message in the following
-
// statement to verify that their inferred types are int and n .
-
Console.WriteLine(v.Amount + v.Message);
查询表达式(LINQ)
LINQ
允许你可以像写 SQL
一样写 C#
代码,像这样:
-
from p in persons
-
where p.Age > 18 && p.IsBeatiful
-
select new
-
{
-
p.WeChatId,
-
p.PhoneNumber
-
}
LINQ
的意义在于让 C#
做出了重大调整,本章中说到的 lambda
表达式、扩展方法、表达式树、匿名类型、自动属性等,都是 LINQ
的必要组成部分。
由于用扩展方法的形式也能得到一致的结果,而且还能让代码风格更加一致,所以我平时用 LINQ
语法较少:
-
// 与上文代码相同,但改成了扩展方法风格:
-
persons
-
.Where(x => x.Age > 18 && x.IsBeatiful)
-
.Select(x => new
-
{
-
x.WeChatId,
-
x.PhoneNumber,
-
});
Lambda表达式
-
Func<int, int> square = x => x * x;
-
Console.WriteLine(square(5));
-
// Output:
-
// 25
表达式树
这个是 LINQ
的基础之一,它的作用是将代码像数据一样,保存在内存中;然后稍后对这些“代码数据”进行重新解释/执行。
EntityFramework
就是一个经典场景,它先将表达式树保存起来,然后执行时,将其翻译为 SQL
发给数据库执行。
注意:表达式树并不能表示所有的代码,
C# 3.0
之后的语法,包含??
、?.
、asyncawait
、可选参数等,都无法放到表达式树中。据说官方准备更新它,但迟迟没有进展。
扩展方法
扩展方法使你能够向现有类型“添加”方法,而无需创建新的派生类型、重新编译或以其他方式修改原始类型。
-
static void Main()
-
{
-
Console.WriteLine ("Perth".IsCapitalized());
-
// Equivalent to:
-
Console.WriteLine (StringHelper.IsCapitalized ("Perth"));
-
-
// Interfaces can be extended, too:
-
Console.WriteLine ("Seattle".First()); // S
-
}
-
-
public static class StringHelper
-
{
-
public static bool IsCapitalized (this string s)
-
{
-
if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(s)) return false;
-
return char.IsUpper (s[0]);
-
}
-
-
public static T First<T> (this IEnumerable<T> sequence)
-
{
-
foreach (T element in sequence)
-
return element;
-
-
throw new InvalidOperationException ("No elements!");
-
}
-
}
var
-
var i = 10; // Implicitly typed.
-
int i = 10; // Explicitly typed.
分部方法
-
namespace PM
-
{
-
partial class A
-
{
-
partial void OnSomethingHappened(string s);
-
}
-
-
// This part can be in a separate file.
-
partial class A
-
{
-
// Comment out this method and the program
-
// will still compile.
-
partial void OnSomethingHappened(String s)
-
{
-
Console.WriteLine("Something happened: {0}", s);
-
}
-
}
-
}
对象和集合初始值设定项
-
public class Cat
-
{
-
// Auto-implemented properties.
-
public int Age { get; set; }
-
public string Name { get; set; }
-
-
public Cat()
-
{
-
}
-
-
public Cat(string name)
-
{
-
this.Name = name;
-
}
-
}
C# 4.0版 - 2010
dynamic
这个是特性使得 CLR
不得不进行一次修改。有了这个, C#
也能像 js
、 php
、 python
等弱类型语言一样写代码了。
-
dynamic a = 3;
-
a = 3.14;
-
a = "Hello World";
-
a = new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
-
a = new Func<int>(() => 3);
-
a = new StringBuilder();
-
Console.WriteLine(a.GetType().Name); // StringBuilder
注意 dynamic
可以表示任何东西,包含数组、委托等等。滥用 dynamic
容易让程序变得很难维护。
命名参数/可选参数
-
PrintOrderDetails(productName: "Red Mug", sellerName: "Gift Shop", orderNum: 31);
-
public void ExampleMethod(int required, string optionalstr = "default string",
-
int optionalint = 10)
泛型中的协变和逆变
-
IEnumerable<Derived> d = new List<Derived>();
-
IEnumerable<Base> b = d;
-
Action<Base> b = (target) => { Console.WriteLine(target.GetType().Name); };
-
Action<Derived> d = b;
-
d(new Derived());
类型等效、内置互操作类型
这个主要是为了和 COM
进行交互。之前需要引用一些 COM
类型相关的程序集,现在可以直接引用 COM
。具体可以参见:https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/dotnet/framework/interop/type-equivalence-and-embedded-interop-types
C# 5.0版 - 2012
async/await
-
private DamageResult CalculateDamageDone()
-
{
-
// Code omitted:
-
//
-
// Does an expensive calculation and returns
-
// the result of that calculation.
-
}
-
-
calculateButton.Clicked += async (o, e) =>
-
{
-
// This line will yield control to the UI while CalculateDamageDone()
-
// performs its work. The UI thread is free to perform other work.
-
var damageResult = await Task.Run(() => CalculateDamageDone());
-
DisplayDamage(damageResult);
-
};
async
/ await
的本质是状态机,像 IEnumerable<T>
一样。以前游戏引擎 Unity
只支持 C# 3.0
,因此当时它用状态机发 Http
请求是用的 IEnumerable<T>
。
async
/ await
有两个好处,一是可以避免 UI
线程卡顿,二是提高系统吞吐率,最终提高性能。
调用方信息
-
public void DoProcessing()
-
{
-
TraceMessage("Something happened.");
-
}
-
-
public void TraceMessage(string message,
-
[CallerMemberName] string memberName = "",
-
[CallerFilePath] string sourceFilePath = "",
-
[CallerLineNumber] int sourceLineNumber = 0)
-
{
-
System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine("message: " + message);
-
System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine("member name: " + memberName);
-
System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine("source file path: " + sourceFilePath);
-
System.Diagnostics.Trace.WriteLine("source line number: " + sourceLineNumber);
-
}
-
-
// Sample Output:
-
// message: Something happened.
-
// member name: DoProcessing
-
// source file path: c:Visual Studio ProjectsCallerInfoCSCallerInfoCSForm1.cs
-
// source line number: 31
注意这个是编译期生成的,因此比 StackTrace
更能保证性能。
C# 6.0版 - 2015
静态导入
终于可以不用写静态类名了。
-
using static System.Math;
-
using static System.Console;
-
-
WriteLine(Sin(3.14)); // 0.00159265291648683
异常筛选器
在 try-catch
时,可以按指定的条件进行 catch
,其它条件不 catch
。
-
public static async Task<string> MakeRequest()
-
{
-
WebRequestHandler webRequestHandler = new WebRequestHandler();
-
webRequestHandler.AllowAutoRedirect = false;
-
using (HttpClient client = new HttpClient(webRequestHandler))
-
{
-
var stringTask = client.GetStringAsync("https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/about/");
-
try
-
{
-
var responseText = await stringTask;
-
return responseText;
-
}
-
catch (System.Net.Http.HttpRequestException e) when (e.Message.Contains("301"))
-
{
-
return "Site Moved";
-
}
-
}
-
}
自动初始化表达式
-
public ICollection<double> Grades { get; } = new List<double>();
Expression-bodied 函数成员
-
public override string ToString() => $"{LastName}, {FirstName}";
Null传播器
-
var first = person?.FirstName;
字符串内插
-
public string GetGradePointPercentage() =>
-
$"Name: {LastName}, {FirstName}. G.P.A: {Grades.Average():F2}";
nameof
表达式
有时字符串值和某个变量名称一致,尤其是在做参数验证时。这里 nameof
就能在编译期,自动从变量名生成一个字符串。
-
if (IsNullOrWhiteSpace(lastName))
-
throw new ArgumentException(message: "Cannot be blank", paramName: nameof(lastName));
索引初始值设定项
使集合初始化更容易的另一个功能是对 Add 方法使用扩展方法 。添加此功能的目的是进行 Visual Basic 的奇偶校验。如果自定义集合类的方法具有通过语义方式添加新项的名称,则此功能非常有用。
C# 7.0版本 - 2017
out变量
-
if (int.TryParse(input, out int result))
-
Console.WriteLine(result);
-
else
-
Console.WriteLine("Could not parse input");
元组和解构函数
-
(string Alpha, string Beta) namedLetters = ("a", "b");
-
Console.WriteLine($"{namedLetters.Alpha}, {namedLetters.Beta}");
解构是将元组转换为变量。//忽略…构函数应该类似C++中的析构函数,在实例回收时执行?
模式匹配
现在可以在匹配一个类型时,自动转换为这个类型的变量,如果转换失败,这个变量就赋值为默认值( null
或 0
)。
极简版:
-
if (input is int count)
-
sum += count;
switch/case版:
-
public static int SumPositiveNumbers(IEnumerable<object> sequence)
-
{
-
int sum = 0;
-
foreach (var i in sequence)
-
{
-
switch (i)
-
{
-
case 0:
-
break;
-
case IEnumerable<int> childSequence:
-
{
-
foreach(var item in childSequence)
-
sum += (item > 0) ? item : 0;
-
break;
-
}
-
case int n when n > 0:
-
sum += n;
-
break;
-
case null:
-
throw new NullReferenceException("Null found in sequence");
-
default:
-
throw new InvalidOperationException("Unrecognized type");
-
}
-
}
-
return sum;
-
}
本地函数
这个主要是方便, javascript
就能这样写。
比 lambda
的好处在于,这个可以定义在后面,而 lambda
必须定义在前面。
-
public static IEnumerable<char> AlphabetSubset3(char start, char end)
-
{
-
if (start < 'a' || start > 'z')
-
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(paramName: nameof(start), message: "start must be a letter");
-
if (end < 'a' || end > 'z')
-
throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(paramName: nameof(end), message: "end must be a letter");
-
-
if (end <= start)
-
throw new ArgumentException($"{nameof(end)} must be greater than {nameof(start)}");
-
-
return alphabetSubsetImplementation();
-
-
IEnumerable<char> alphabetSubsetImplementation()
-
{
-
for (var c = start; c < end; c++)
-
yield return c;
-
}
-
}
更多的expression-bodied成员
该功能可以让一些函数写成表达式的形式,非常的方便。
-
// Expression-bodied constructor
-
public ExpressionMembersExample(string label) => this.Label = label;
-
-
// Expression-bodied finalizer
-
~ExpressionMembersExample() => Console.Error.WriteLine("Finalized!");
-
-
private string label;
-
-
// Expression-bodied get / set accessors.
-
public string Label
-
{
-
get => label;
-
set => this.label = value ?? "Default label";
-
}
Ref 局部变量和返回结果
此功能允许使用并返回对变量的引用的算法,这些变量在其他位置定义。一个示例是使用大型矩阵并查找具有某些特征的单个位置。
这个功能主要是为了提高值类型的性能,让它真正发挥其作用。 C++
就有类似的功能。
-
public static ref int Find(int[,] matrix, Func<int, bool> predicate)
-
{
-
for (int i = 0; i < matrix.GetLength(0); i++)
-
for (int j = 0; j < matrix.GetLength(1); j++)
-
if (predicate(matrix[i, j]))
-
return ref matrix[i, j];
-
throw new InvalidOperationException("Not found");
-
}
-
ref var item = ref MatrixSearch.Find(matrix, (val) => val == 42);
-
Console.WriteLine(item);
-
item = 24;
-
Console.WriteLine(matrix[4, 2]);
弃元
通常,在进行元组解构或使用
out
参数调用方法时,必须定义一个其值无关紧要且你不打算使用的变量。为处理此情况,C#
增添了对弃元的支持 。弃元是一个名为_
的只写变量,可向单个变量赋予要放弃的所有值。弃元类似于未赋值的变量;不可在代码中使用弃元(赋值语句除外)。
-
using System;
-
using System.Collections.Generic;
-
-
public class Example
-
{
-
public static void Main()
-
{
-
var (_, _, _, pop1, _, pop2) = QueryCityDataForYears("New York City", 1960, 2010);
-
-
Console.WriteLine($"Population change, 1960 to 2010: {pop2 - pop1:N0}");
-
}
-
-
private static (string, double, int, int, int, int) QueryCityDataForYears(string name, int year1, int year2)
-
{
-
int population1 = 0, population2 = 0;
-
double area = 0;
-
-
if (name == "New York City")
-
{
-
area = 468.48;
-
if (year1 == 1960)
-
{
-
population1 = 7781984;
-
}
-
if (year2 == 2010)
-
{
-
population2 = 8175133;
-
}
-
return (name, area, year1, population1, year2, population2);
-
}
-
-
return ("", 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
-
}
-
}
-
// The example displays the following output:
-
// Population change, 1960 to 2010: 393,149
二进制文本和数字分隔符
这个用于使数字和二进制更可读。
-
// 二进制文本:
-
public const int Sixteen = 0b0001_0000;
-
public const int ThirtyTwo = 0b0010_0000;
-
public const int SixtyFour = 0b0100_0000;
-
public const int OneHundredTwentyEight = 0b1000_0000;
-
-
// 数字分隔符:
-
public const long BillionsAndBillions = 100_000_000_000;
-
public const double AvogadroConstant = 6.022_140_857_747_474e23;
-
public const decimal GoldenRatio = 1.618_033_988_749_894_848_204_586_834_365_638_117_720_309_179M;
throw表达式
throw
之前必须是一个语句,因此有时不得不写更多的代码来完成所需功能。但7.0
提供了throw
表达式来使代码更简洁,阅读更轻松。
-
void Main()
-
{
-
// You can now throw expressions in expressions clauses.
-
// This is useful in conditional expressions:
-
-
string result = new Random().Next(2) == 0 ? "Good" : throw new Exception ("Bad");
-
result.Dump();
-
-
Foo().Dump();
-
}
-
-
public string Foo() => throw new NotImplementedException();
C# 8.0 版 - 2019
Readonly 成员
-
public readonly override string ToString() =>
-
$"({X}, {Y}) is {Distance} from the origin";
默认接口方法
接口中也能定义方法了,这个新功能经常受到争论。但想想,有时是先定义接口,而实现接口需要实现很多相关、但又繁琐的功能,如
ASP.NETCore
中的ILogger
,谁用谁知道,特别多需要实现的方法,但又都差不多。因此所以这个功能其实很有必要。
-
void Main()
-
{
-
ILogger foo = new Logger();
-
foo.Log (new Exception ("test"));
-
}
-
-
class Logger : ILogger
-
{
-
public void Log (string message) => Console.WriteLine (message);
-
}
-
-
interface ILogger
-
{
-
void Log (string message);
-
-
// Adding a new member to an interface need not break implementors:
-
public void Log (Exception ex) => Log (ExceptionHeader + ex.Message);
-
-
// The static modifier (and other modifiers) are now allowed:
-
static string ExceptionHeader = "Exception: ";
-
}
模式匹配增强
这个是为简化代码、函数式编程而生的,我个人非常喜欢。
属性模式
-
public static decimal ComputeSalesTax(Address location, decimal salePrice) =>
-
location switch
-
{
-
{ State: "WA" } => salePrice * 0.06M,
-
{ State: "MN" } => salePrice * 0.75M,
-
{ State: "MI" } => salePrice * 0.05M,
-
// other cases removed for brevity...
-
_ => 0M
-
};
Tuple模式
-
public static string RockPaperScissors(string first, string second)
-
=> (first, second) switch
-
{
-
("rock", "paper") => "rock is covered by paper. Paper wins.",
-
("rock", "scissors") => "rock breaks scissors. Rock wins.",
-
("paper", "rock") => "paper covers rock. Paper wins.",
-
("paper", "scissors") => "paper is cut by scissors. Scissors wins.",
-
("scissors", "rock") => "scissors is broken by rock. Rock wins.",
-
("scissors", "paper") => "scissors cuts paper. Scissors wins.",
-
(_, _) => "tie"
-
};
位置模式
-
static Quadrant GetQuadrant(Point point) => point switch
-
{
-
(0, 0) => Quadrant.Origin,
-
var (x, y) when x > 0 && y > 0 => Quadrant.One,
-
var (x, y) when x < 0 && y > 0 => Quadrant.Two,
-
var (x, y) when x < 0 && y < 0 => Quadrant.Three,
-
var (x, y) when x > 0 && y < 0 => Quadrant.Four,
-
var (_, _) => Quadrant.OnBorder,
-
_ => Quadrant.Unknown
-
};
switch表达式
这个功能能使代码从大量的 if/else
或 switch/case
变成“一行代码”,符合函数式编程的思想,非常好用!
-
public static RGBColor FromRainbow(Rainbow colorBand) =>
-
colorBand switch
-
{
-
Rainbow.Red => new RGBColor(0xFF, 0x00, 0x00),
-
Rainbow.Orange => new RGBColor(0xFF, 0x7F, 0x00),
-
Rainbow.Yellow => new RGBColor(0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00),
-
Rainbow.Green => new RGBColor(0x00, 0xFF, 0x00),
-
Rainbow.Blue => new RGBColor(0x00, 0x00, 0xFF),
-
Rainbow.Indigo => new RGBColor(0x4B, 0x00, 0x82),
-
Rainbow.Violet => new RGBColor(0x94, 0x00, 0xD3),
-
_ => throw new ArgumentException(message: "invalid enum value", paramName: nameof(colorBand)),
-
};
using声明
-
static int WriteLinesToFile(IEnumerable<string> lines)
-
{
-
using var file = new System.IO.StreamWriter("WriteLines2.txt");
-
// Notice how we declare skippedLines after the using statement.
-
int skippedLines = 0;
-
foreach (string line in lines)
-
{
-
if (!line.Contains("Second"))
-
{
-
file.WriteLine(line);
-
}
-
else
-
{
-
skippedLines++;
-
}
-
}
-
// Notice how skippedLines is in scope here.
-
return skippedLines;
-
// file is disposed here
-
}
静态本地函数
相比非静态本地函数,静态本地函数没有闭包,因此生成的代码更少,性能也更容易控制。
-
int M()
-
{
-
int y = 5;
-
int x = 7;
-
return Add(x, y);
-
-
static int Add(int left, int right) => left + right;
-
}
异步流
这个功能和 IEnumerable<T>
、 Task<T>
对应,一个经典的表格如下:
单值 | 多值 | |
---|---|---|
同步 | T | IEnumerable |
异步 | Task | ? |
其中,这个问号 ?
终于有了答案,它就叫异步流—— IAsyncEnumerable<T>
:
-
public static async System.Collections.Generic.IAsyncEnumerable<int> GenerateSequence()
-
{
-
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++)
-
{
-
await Task.Delay(100);
-
yield return i;
-
}
-
}
不像 IEnumerable<T>
, IAsyncEnumerable<T>
系统还没有内置扩展方法,因此可能没有 IEnumerable<T>
方便,但是可以通过安装 NuGet
包 f
来实现和 IEnumerable<T>
一样(或者更爽)的效果。
索引和范围
和
Python
中的切片器一样,只是-
用^
代替了。
-
var words = new string[]
-
{
-
// index from start index from end
-
"The", // 0 ^9
-
"quick", // 1 ^8
-
"brown", // 2 ^7
-
"fox", // 3 ^6
-
"jumped", // 4 ^5
-
"over", // 5 ^4
-
"the", // 6 ^3
-
"lazy", // 7 ^2
-
"dog" // 8 ^1
-
}; // 9 (or words.Length) ^0
-
-
var quickBrownFox = words[1..4];
-
var lazyDog = words[^2..^0];
-
var allWords = words[..]; // contains "The" through "dog".
-
var firstPhrase = words[..4]; // contains "The" through "fox"
-
var lastPhrase = words[6..]; // contains "the", "lazy" and "dog"
Null合并赋值
-
List<int> numbers = null;
-
int? i = null;
-
-
numbers ??= new List<int>();
-
numbers.Add(i ??= 17);
-
numbers.Add(i ??= 20);
-
-
Console.WriteLine(string.Join(" ", numbers)); // output: 17 17
-
Console.WriteLine(i); // output: 17
非托管构造类型
与任何非托管类型一样,可以创建指向此类型的变量的指针,或针对此类型的实例在堆栈上分配内存块
-
Span<Coords<int>> coordinates = stackalloc[]
-
{
-
new Coords<int> { X = 0, Y = 0 },
-
new Coords<int> { X = 0, Y = 3 },
-
new Coords<int> { X = 4, Y = 0 }
-
};
嵌套表达式中的 stackalloc
-
Span<int> numbers = stackalloc[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 };
-
var ind = numbers.IndexOfAny(stackalloc[] { 2, 4, 6 ,8 });
-
Console.WriteLine(ind); // output: 1
附录/总结
这么多功能,你印象最深刻的是哪个呢?