MP4文件格式详解(ISO-14496-12/14)
Author:Pirate Leo
Email:codeevoship@gmail.com
一、基本概念
1、 文件,由许多Box和FullBox组成。
2、 Box,每个Box由Header和Data组成。
3、 FullBox,是Box的扩展,Box结构的基础上在Header中增加8bits version和24bits flags。
4、 Header,包含了整个Box的长度size和类型type。当size==0时,代表这是文件中最后一个Box;当size==1时,意味着Box长度需要更多bits来描述,在后面会定义一个64bits的largesize描述Box的长度;当type是uuid时,代表Box中的数据是用户自定义扩展类型。
5、 Data,是Box的实际数据,可以是纯数据也可以是更多的子Boxes。
6、 当一个Box的Data中是一系列子Box时,这个Box又可成为Container Box。
Box的结构用伪代码表示如下:
- aligned(8) class Box (unsigned int(32) boxtype,optional unsigned int(8)[16] extended_type)
- {
- unsigned int(32) size;
- unsigned int(32) type = boxtype;
- if (size==1)
- {
- unsigned int(64) largesize;
- }
- else if (size==0)
- {
- // box extends to end of file
- }
- if (boxtype==‘uuid’)
- {
- unsigned int(8)[16] usertype = extended_type;
- }
aligned(8) class Box (unsigned int(32) boxtype,optional unsigned int(8)[16] extended_type)
{
unsigned int(32) size;
unsigned int(32) type = boxtype;
if (size==1)
{
unsigned int(64) largesize;
}
else if (size==0)
{
// box extends to end of file
}
if (boxtype==‘uuid’)
{
unsigned int(8)[16] usertype = extended_type;
}
结构如下图:

文件基本结构描述图
二、MP4文件格式(ISO-14496-12/14)
MP4文件概述
MP4文件就是由各式各样的Box组成的,下表中列出了所有必选或可选的Box类型,√代表Box必选。

具体列表:
|
ftyp |
√ |
file type and compatibility |
|||||
|
pdin |
progressive download information |
||||||
|
moov |
√ |
container for all the metadata |
|||||
|
mvhd |
√ |
movie header, overall declarations |
|||||
|
trak |
√ |
container for an individual track or stream |
|||||
|
tkhd |
√ |
track header, overall information about the track |
|||||
|
tref |
track reference container |
||||||
|
edts |
edit list container |
||||||
|
elst |
an edit list |
||||||
|
mdia |
√ |
container for the media information in a track |
|||||
|
mdhd |
√ |
media header, overall information about the media |
|||||
|
hdlr |
√ |
handler, declares the media (handler) type |
|||||
|
minf |
√ |
media information container |
|||||
|
vmhd |
video media header, overall information (video track only) |
||||||
|
smhd |
sound media header, overall information (sound track only) |
||||||
|
hmhd |
hint media header, overall information (hint track only) |
||||||
|
nmhd |
Null media header, overall information (some tracks only) |
||||||
|
dinf |
√ |
data information box, container |
|||||
|
dref |
√ |
data reference box, declares source(s) of media data in track |
|||||
|
stbl |
√ |
sample table box, container for the time/space map |
|||||
|
stsd |
√ |
sample descriptions (codec types, initialization etc.) |
|||||
|
stts |
√ |
(decoding) time-to-sample |
|||||
|
ctts |
(composition) time to sample |
||||||
|
stsc |
√ |
sample-to-chunk, partial data-offset information |
|||||
|
stsz |
sample sizes (framing) |
||||||
|
stz2 |
compact sample sizes (framing) |
||||||
|
stco |
√ |
chunk offset, partial data-offset information |
|||||
|
co64 |
64-bit chunk offset |
||||||
|
stss |
sync sample table (random access points) |
||||||
|
stsh |
shadow sync sample table |
||||||
|
padb |
sample padding bits |
||||||
|
stdp |
sample degradation priority |
||||||
|
sdtp |
independent and disposable samples |
||||||
|
sbgp |
sample-to-group |
||||||
|
sgpd |
sample group description |
||||||
|
subs |
sub-sample information |
||||||
|
mvex |
movie extends box |
||||||
|
mehd |
movie extends header box |
||||||
|
trex |
√ |
track extends defaults |
|||||
|
ipmc |
IPMP Control Box |
||||||
|
moof |
movie fragment |
||||||
|
mfhd |
√ |
movie fragment header |
|||||
|
traf |
track fragment |
||||||
|
tfhd |
√ |
track fragment header |
|||||
|
trun |
track fragment run |
||||||
|
sdtp |
independent and disposable samples |
||||||
|
sbgp |
sample-to-group |
||||||
|
subs |
sub-sample information |
||||||
|
mfra |
movie fragment random access |
||||||
|
tfra |
track fragment random access |
||||||
|
mfro |
√ |
movie fragment random access offset |
|||||
|
mdat |
media data container |
||||||
|
free |
free space |
||||||
|
skip |
free space |
||||||
|
udta |
user-data |
||||||
|
cprt |
copyright etc. |
||||||
|
meta |
metadata |
||||||
|
hdlr |
√ |
handler, declares the metadata (handler) type |
|||||
|
dinf |
data information box, container |
||||||
|
dref |
data reference box, declares source(s) of metadata items |
||||||
|
ipmc |
IPMP Control Box |
||||||
|
iloc |
item location |
||||||
|
ipro |
item protection |
||||||
|
sinf |
protection scheme information box |
||||||
|
frma |
original format box |
||||||
|
imif |
IPMP Information box |
||||||
|
schm |
scheme type box |
||||||
|
schi |
scheme information box |
||||||
|
iinf |
item information |
||||||
|
xml |
XML container |
||||||
|
bxml |
binary XML container |
||||||
|
pitm |
primary item reference |
||||||
|
fiin |
file delivery item information |
||||||
|
paen |
partition entry |
||||||
|
fpar |
file partition |
||||||
|
fecr |
FEC reservoir |
||||||
|
segr |
file delivery session group |
||||||
|
gitn |
group id to name |
||||||
|
tsel |
track selection |
||||||
|
meco |
additional metadata container |
||||||
|
mere |
metabox relation |
正式开始前先对文件的几个重要部分宏观介绍一下,以便诸位在后续学习时心中有数:
1、 ftypbox,在文件的开始位置,描述的文件的版本、兼容协议等;
2、 moovbox,这个box中不包含具体媒体数据,但包含本文件中所有媒体数据的宏观描述信息,moov box下有mvhd和trak box。
>>mvhd中记录了创建时间、修改时间、时间度量标尺、可播放时长等信息。
>>trak中的一系列子box描述了每个媒体轨道的具体信息。
3、 moofbox,这个box是视频分片的描述信息。并不是MP4文件必须的部分,但在我们常见的可在线播放的MP4格式文件中(例如Silverlight Smooth Streaming中的ismv文件)确是重中之重。
4、 mdatbox,实际媒体数据。我们最终解码播放的数据都在这里面。
5、 mfrabox,一般在文件末尾,媒体的索引文件,可通过查询直接定位所需时间点的媒体数据。

附:Smooth Streaming中ismv文件结构,文件分为了多个Fragments,每个Fragment中包含moof和mdat。这样的结构符合渐进式播放需求。(mdat及其描述信息逐步传输,收齐一个Fragment便可播放其中的mdat)。
文件类型ftyp(ISO-14496-12)
Author:Pirate Leo
Email:codeevoship@gmail.com
ISO 14496 - 12 定义了一种封装媒体数据的基础文件格式,mp4、3gp、ismv等我们常见媒体封装格式都是以这种基础文件格式为基础衍生的。
如果从全局角度了解基础文件格式,请看我之前的博文《MP4文件格式详解——结构概述》。
本系列文档从MP4文件入手,对文件中重要的box进行解析。
<======================================================================>
本次解析ftyp box
- aligned(8) class FileTypeBox extends Box(‘ftyp’)
- {
- unsigned int(32) major_brand;
- unsigned int(32) minor_version;
- unsigned int(32) compatible_brands[]; // to end of the box
- }
aligned(8) class FileTypeBox extends Box(‘ftyp’)
{
unsigned int(32) major_brand;
unsigned int(32) minor_version;
unsigned int(32) compatible_brands[]; // to end of the box
}
什么是brands?官方是这样描述的:
Each brand is a printable four-character code, registered with ISO, that identifies a precise specification.//在ISO注册的4个字符。
下表来源于网络,列出了几种常见的基于基础文件格式的,媒体封装格式标识。
更多的内容可以查看http://www.ftyps.com/
| Brand | Extension | Mime Type | |
| MP4 | mp41, mp42 | .mp4 | video/mp4, audio/mp4, application/mp4 |
| 3GPP | various, e.g. 3gp4, 3gp5 | .3gp | video/3gpp, audio/3gpp |
| 3GPP2 | 3g2a | .3g2 | video/3gpp2, audio/3gpp2 |
| Motion JPEG 2000 | mjp2 | .mj2 | video/mj2 |
| QuickTime | "qt" | .mov | video/quicktime |
结合实际文件,下图是MP4文件起始位置存放的数据

length(4字节):0x0000001c:box的长度是28字节;
boxtype(4字节):0x66747970:“ftyp”的ASCII码,box的标识;
major_brand(4字节):0x69736f6d:“isom“的ASCII码;
minor_version(4字节):0x00000200:ismo的版本号;
compatible_brands(12字节):说明本文件遵从(或称兼容)ismo,iso2,mp41三种协议。
ftyp box通常放在文件的开始,通过对该box解析可以让我们的软件(播放器、demux、解析器)知道应该使用哪种协议对这该文件解析,是后续解读文件基础。