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  • linux内核源码阅读之facebook硬盘加速flashcache之八


    前面我们的分析中重点关注正常的数据流程,这一小节关注如果有异常,那么流程是怎么走完的呢?
    1)创建新任务时kcached_job申请不到
    2)读写命中时cache块为忙
    3)系统关机时处理,系统开机时处理,系统异常掉电后的处理
    首先来看第1种情况,申请kcached_job是在函数flashcache_lookup中,
    543/* 
    544 * dbn is the starting sector, io_size is the number of sectors.
    545 */
    546static int 
    547flashcache_lookup(struct cache_c *dmc, struct bio *bio, int *index)
    548{
    549     sector_t dbn = bio->bi_sector;
    550#if DMC_DEBUG
    551     int io_size = to_sector(bio->bi_size);
    552#endif
    553     unsigned long set_number = hash_block(dmc, dbn);
    554     int invalid, oldest_clean = -1;
    555     int start_index;
    556
    557     start_index = dmc->assoc * set_number;
    558     DPRINTK("Cache lookup : dbn %llu(%lu), set = %d",
    559          dbn, io_size, set_number);
    560     find_valid_dbn(dmc, dbn, start_index, index);
    561     if (*index > 0) {
    562          DPRINTK("Cache lookup HIT: Block %llu(%lu): VALID index %d",
    563                    dbn, io_size, *index);
    564          /* We found the exact range of blocks we are looking for */
    565          return VALID;
    566     }
    567     invalid = find_invalid_dbn(dmc, start_index);
    568     if (invalid == -1) {
    569          /* We didn't find an invalid entry, search for oldest valid entry */
    570          find_reclaim_dbn(dmc, start_index, &oldest_clean);
    571     }
    572     /* 
    573     * Cache miss :
    574     * We can't choose an entry marked INPROG, but choose the oldest
    575     * INVALID or the oldest VALID entry.
    576     */
    577     *index = start_index + dmc->assoc;
    578     if (invalid != -1) {
    579          DPRINTK("Cache lookup MISS (INVALID): dbn %llu(%lu), set = %d, index = %d, start_index = %d",
    580                    dbn, io_size, set_number, invalid, start_index);
    581          *index = invalid;
    582     } else if (oldest_clean != -1) {
    583          DPRINTK("Cache lookup MISS (VALID): dbn %llu(%lu), set = %d, index = %d, start_index = %d",
    584                    dbn, io_size, set_number, oldest_clean, start_index);
    585          *index = oldest_clean;
    586     } else {
    587          DPRINTK_LITE("Cache read lookup MISS (NOROOM): dbn %llu(%lu), set = %d",
    588               dbn, io_size, set_number);
    589     }
    590     if (*index < (start_index + dmc->assoc))
    591          return INVALID;
    592     else {
    593          dmc->noroom++;
    594          return -1;
    595     }
    596}

    直接看返回值有三种情况:valid, invalid, -1
    valid 命中,invalid 找到空闲块,-1 没有可用cache块,为什么会没有可用cache块呢?逐一来看代码。
    553行,hash_block返回当前dbn所在的集合下标。
    557行,start_index为当前集合第1个cache块下标。
    560行,在当前集合里查找dbn是否命中,如果命中index返回cache块下标,否则置index=-1。
    561行,命中,返回cache块下标。
    567行,在当前集合里查找一个可用的cache块,找到返回cache块下标,否则返回-1.
    568行,找不到可用的cache块。继续查看可否回收一个cache块。
    578行,找到可用cache块。
    582行,回收了一个cache块。
    590行,不管是找到还是回收的,反正已经有cache块了,返回invalid
    594行,没有cache块可用。
    回到flashcache_read函数,1234行返回的值为-1,接着到1252行将相交的cache块的置为无效。如果说设置无效也失败的话,那这个请求就不能下发了,因为下发到磁盘之后,后面缓存中cache块往磁盘回写,这块数据就被覆盖了。所以就来到了1255行直接返回-EIO错误。
    将相交cache块设置无效之后,来到1264行,尝试先刷一些脏cache块。最后到1267行将数据直接下发到磁盘。
    直接下发到磁盘的回调函数是flashcache_uncached_io_callback
    1864static void 
    1865flashcache_uncached_io_callback(unsigned long error, void *context)
    1866{
    1867     struct kcached_job *job = (struct kcached_job *) context;
    1868
    1869     VERIFY(job->index == -1);
    1870     push_uncached_io_complete(job);
    1871     schedule_work(&_kcached_wq);
    1872}

    _kcached_wq调用到函数flashcache_uncached_io_complete,
    1805/*
    1806 * We handle uncached IOs ourselves to deal with the problem of out of ordered
    1807 * IOs corrupting the cache. Consider the case where we get 2 concurent IOs
    1808 * for the same block Write-Read (or a Write-Write). Consider the case where
    1809 * the first Write is uncacheable and the second IO is cacheable. If the 
    1810 * 2 IOs are out-of-ordered below flashcache, then we will cache inconsistent
    1811 * data in flashcache (persistently).
    1812 * 
    1813 * We do invalidations before launching uncacheable IOs to disk. But in case
    1814 * of out of ordering the invalidations before launching the IOs does not help.
    1815 * We need to invalidate after the IO completes.
    1816 * 
    1817 * Doing invalidations after the completion of an uncacheable IO will cause 
    1818 * any overlapping dirty blocks in the cache to be written out and the IO 
    1819 * relaunched. If the overlapping blocks are busy, the IO is relaunched to 
    1820 * disk also (post invalidation). In these 2 cases, we will end up sending
    1821 * 2 disk IOs for the block. But this is a rare case.
    1822 * 
    1823 * When 2 IOs for the same block are sent down (by un co-operating processes)
    1824 * the storage stack is allowed to re-order the IOs at will. So the applications
    1825 * cannot expect any ordering at all.
    1826 * 
    1827 * What we try to avoid here is inconsistencies between disk and the ssd cache.
    1828 */

    首先看注释。uncached的IO由于其返回顺序无法预测,可能引起cache数据错误。例如,有2个对同一个块并发IO,一个是写,另一个是读。写IO直接下发到磁盘,读IO找到可用的cache块,读先回来而写后回来,读回来时将cache块设置为读出数据,而实际上这个时候该数据已经不是最新的了。
    在下发uncached IO时已经将相关cache块设置为invalid。但是如果出现了前面讲了乱序IO下发时invalid是没有用的。因此还需要在IO结束的时候再次invalid cache块。
    做invalid cache块将可能触发脏块写回磁盘,然后然发这个IO。如果这个要写的脏块忙,需要等到空闲再发起,然后再次启动这个uncached IO。在这两种情况下,都要发起两次IO,一次是写脏次,一次是重新发uncached IO。
    两个IO同时操作同一块数据时(由不相关进程下发),是有可能按任意次序完成的,所以上层应用不能预测其次序。
    我们所能做的只是保持缓存和磁盘的一致。
    其实上面说了半天,就是用来解释为什么在uncached IO结束的时候也要调用一下1844行的flashcache_inval_blocks。
    1829void 
    1830flashcache_uncached_io_complete(struct kcached_job *job)
    1831{
    1832     struct cache_c *dmc = job->dmc;
    1833     unsigned long flags;
    1834     int queued;
    1835     int error = job->error;
    1836
    1837     if (unlikely(error)) {
    1838          if (bio_data_dir(job->bio) == WRITE)
    1839               dmc->disk_write_errors++;
    1840          else
    1841               dmc->disk_read_errors++;
    1842     }
    1843     spin_lock_irqsave(&dmc->cache_spin_lock, flags);
    1844     queued = flashcache_inval_blocks(dmc, job->bio);
    1845     spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dmc->cache_spin_lock, flags);
    1846     if (queued) {
    1847          if (unlikely(queued < 0))
    1848               flashcache_bio_endio(job->bio, -EIO);
    1849          /* 
    1850          * The IO will be re-executed.
    1851          * The do_pending logic will re-launch the 
    1852          * disk IO post-invalidation calling start_uncached_io.
    1853          * This should be a rare occurrence though.
    1854          * XXX - We should track this.
    1855          */
    1856     } else {
    1857          flashcache_bio_endio(job->bio, error);
    1858     }
    1859     flashcache_free_cache_job(job);
    1860     if (atomic_dec_and_test(&dmc->nr_jobs))
    1861          wake_up(&dmc->destroyq);
    1862}

    1837行,uncached IO失败,做下统计。
    1846行,看简简单单就一个queued判断,其背后的哲学可真不小。从1847行我们看出queued不仅有可能是小于0的,还有可能是大于0的,等于0的情况下最简单:到1857行返回IO。
    先看queued小于0的情况,小于0表示申请pending_job失败,到1848行,返回失败,但这时候悲剧就出现了,就像注释里描述的一样,磁盘的数据是uncached IO写回的数据,但缓存里却是另一份数据。
    如果queued大于0,实际上在这个函数里就什么都没做,到1859行释放kcached_job。
    但这只是表面现象,就好像看到别人成功很容易,却不曾知道别人在背后下了多少苦功。queued大于0在这里没有做什么事情。但在背后默默努力工作着。所以现实中你看到的都是片面的,你听到的都是不可靠的,就连孔老夫子也曾经感慨说,自己亲眼看到的事情都不一定是事情的真相。所以有一句话叫做谣言止于智者,缺少思考的人只会成为他人利用的对象。所以下一次再看到一篇没有证实的微博、一段评论、一则小道消息时,如果对他人会产生伤害就不要再随意转发了。
    为了追踪到queued何时返回大于0,我们跟到flashcache_inval_blocks,再继续跟到flashcache_inval_block_set:
    1288/*
    1289 * Invalidate any colliding blocks if they are !BUSY and !DIRTY. If the colliding
    1290 * block is DIRTY, we need to kick off a write. In both cases, we need to wait 
    1291 * until the underlying IO is finished, and then proceed with the invalidation.
    1292 */
    1293static int
    1294flashcache_inval_block_set(struct cache_c *dmc, int set, struct bio *bio, int rw,
    1295                  struct pending_job *pjob)
    1296{
    1297     sector_t io_start = bio->bi_sector;
    1298     sector_t io_end = bio->bi_sector + (to_sector(bio->bi_size) - 1);
    1299     int start_index, end_index, i;
    1300     struct cacheblock *cacheblk;
    1301     
    1302     start_index = dmc->assoc * set;
    1303     end_index = start_index + dmc->assoc;
    1304     for (i = start_index ; i < end_index ; i++) {
    1305          sector_t start_dbn = dmc->cache[i].dbn;
    1306          sector_t end_dbn = start_dbn + dmc->block_size;
    1307          
    1308          cacheblk = &dmc->cache[i];
    1309          if (cacheblk->cache_state & INVALID)
    1310               continue;
    1311          if ((io_start >= start_dbn && io_start < end_dbn) ||
    1312              (io_end >= start_dbn && io_end < end_dbn)) {
    1313               /* We have a match */
    1314               if (rw == WRITE)
    1315                    dmc->wr_invalidates++;
    1316               else
    1317                    dmc->rd_invalidates++;
    1318               if (!(cacheblk->cache_state & (BLOCK_IO_INPROG | DIRTY)) &&
    1319                   (cacheblk->head == NULL)) {
    1320                    dmc->cached_blocks--;               
    1321                    DPRINTK("Cache invalidate (!BUSY): Block %llu %lx",
    1322                         start_dbn, cacheblk->cache_state);
    1323                    cacheblk->cache_state = INVALID;
    1324                    continue;
    1325               }
    1326               /*
    1327               * The conflicting block has either IO in progress or is 
    1328               * Dirty. In all cases, we need to add ourselves to the 
    1329               * pending queue. Then if the block is dirty, we kick off
    1330               * an IO to clean the block. 
    1331               * Note that if the block is dirty and IO is in progress
    1332               * on it, the do_pending handler will clean the block
    1333               * and then process the pending queue.
    1334               */
    1335               flashcache_enq_pending(dmc, bio, i, INVALIDATE, pjob);
    1336               if ((cacheblk->cache_state & (DIRTY | BLOCK_IO_INPROG)) == DIRTY) {
    1337                    /* 
    1338                    * Kick off block write.
    1339                    * We can't kick off the write under the spinlock.
    1340                    * Instead, we mark the slot DISKWRITEINPROG, drop 
    1341                    * the spinlock and kick off the write. A block marked
    1342                    * DISKWRITEINPROG cannot change underneath us. 
    1343                    * to enqueue ourselves onto it's pending queue.
    1344                    *
    1345                    * XXX - The dropping of the lock here can be avoided if
    1346                    * we punt the cleaning of the block to the worker thread,
    1347                    * at the cost of a context switch.
    1348                    */
    1349                    cacheblk->cache_state |= DISKWRITEINPROG;
    1350                    spin_unlock_irq(&dmc->cache_spin_lock);
    1351                    flashcache_dirty_writeback(dmc, i); /* Must inc nr_jobs */
    1352                    spin_lock_irq(&dmc->cache_spin_lock);
    1353               }
    1354               return 1;
    1355          }
    1356     }
    1357     return 0;
    1358}

    我们直接找返回大于0的地方就在1354行,再继续往回找是1311行if里面,这个if语句就表示bio跟cache块有交集。
    1318行,如果cache块不为脏且不忙的话直接设置invalid,并continue。
    接着看1327行注释,冲突块可能是忙或者脏,在这两种情况下,都需要加入pending队列。如果只是脏,立即触发一次写回磁盘。如果同时是脏和忙,那么do_pending处理函数会先将脏块写回然后再继续处理。作者真是费了苦心来写这一大堆注释,但如果没有这些注释,后面在do_pending的处理也确实不大好看懂。
    到这里故事还没有结束,因为在1335行插入了一个pending_job,那么这个任务什么时候执行呢?
    在flashcache_md_write_done里会看到调用到flashcache_do_pending,
    359void
    360flashcache_do_pending(struct kcached_job *job)
    361{
    362     if (job->error)
    363          flashcache_do_pending_error(job);
    364     else
    365          flashcache_do_pending_noerror(job);
    366}

    362行,IO返回错误,跟进去看看错误处理
    262/* 
    263 * Common error handling for everything.
    264 * 1) If the block isn't dirty, invalidate it.
    265 * 2) Error all pending IOs that totally or partly overlap this block.
    266 * 3) Free the job.
    267 */
    268static void
    269flashcache_do_pending_error(struct kcached_job *job)
    270{
    271     struct cache_c *dmc = job->dmc;
    272     unsigned long flags;
    273     struct cacheblock *cacheblk = &dmc->cache[job->index];
    274
    275     DMERR("flashcache_do_pending_error: error %d block %lu action %d", 
    276           -job->error, job->disk.sector, job->action);
    277     spin_lock_irqsave(&dmc->cache_spin_lock, flags);
    278     VERIFY(cacheblk->cache_state & VALID);
    279     /* Invalidate block if possible */
    280     if ((cacheblk->cache_state & DIRTY) == 0) {
    281          dmc->cached_blocks--;
    282          dmc->pending_inval++;
    283          cacheblk->cache_state &= ~VALID;
    284          cacheblk->cache_state |= INVALID;
    285     }
    286     flashcache_free_pending_jobs(dmc, cacheblk, job->error);
    287     cacheblk->cache_state &= ~(BLOCK_IO_INPROG);
    288     spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dmc->cache_spin_lock, flags);
    289     flashcache_free_cache_job(job);
    290     if (atomic_dec_and_test(&dmc->nr_jobs))
    291          wake_up(&dmc->destroyq);
    292}

    如果cache块不为脏,则直接设置为invalid。将pending IO都返回错误,释放kcached_job。
    但我们更关心flashcache_do_pending_noerror
    294static void
    295flashcache_do_pending_noerror(struct kcached_job *job)
    296{
    297     struct cache_c *dmc = job->dmc;
    298     int index = job->index;
    299     unsigned long flags;
    300     struct pending_job *pending_job;
    301     int queued;
    302     struct cacheblock *cacheblk = &dmc->cache[index];
    303
    304     spin_lock_irqsave(&dmc->cache_spin_lock, flags);
    305     if (cacheblk->cache_state & DIRTY) {
    306          cacheblk->cache_state &= ~(BLOCK_IO_INPROG);
    307          cacheblk->cache_state |= DISKWRITEINPROG;
    308          spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dmc->cache_spin_lock, flags);
    309          flashcache_dirty_writeback(dmc, index);
    310          goto out;
    311     }
    312     DPRINTK("flashcache_do_pending: Index %d %lx",
    313          index, cacheblk->cache_state);
    314     VERIFY(cacheblk->cache_state & VALID);
    315     dmc->cached_blocks--;
    316     dmc->pending_inval++;
    317     cacheblk->cache_state &= ~VALID;
    318     cacheblk->cache_state |= INVALID;
    319     while (cacheblk->head) {
    320          VERIFY(!(cacheblk->cache_state & DIRTY));
    321          pending_job = cacheblk->head;
    322          cacheblk->head = pending_job->next;
    323          VERIFY(cacheblk->nr_queued > 0);
    324          cacheblk->nr_queued--;
    325          if (pending_job->action == INVALIDATE) {
    326               DPRINTK("flashcache_do_pending: INVALIDATE  %llu",
    327                    next_job->bio->bi_sector);
    328               VERIFY(pending_job->bio != NULL);
    329               queued = flashcache_inval_blocks(dmc, pending_job->bio);
    330               if (queued) {
    331                    if (unlikely(queued < 0)) {
    332                         /*
    333                         * Memory allocation failure inside inval_blocks.
    334                         * Fail this io.
    335                         */
    336                         flashcache_bio_endio(pending_job->bio, -EIO);
    337                    }
    338                    flashcache_free_pending_job(pending_job);
    339                    continue;
    340               }
    341          }
    342          spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dmc->cache_spin_lock, flags);
    343          DPRINTK("flashcache_do_pending: Sending down IO %llu",
    344               pending_job->bio->bi_sector);
    345          /* Start uncached IO */
    346          flashcache_start_uncached_io(dmc, pending_job->bio);
    347          flashcache_free_pending_job(pending_job);
    348          spin_lock_irqsave(&dmc->cache_spin_lock, flags);
    349     }
    350     VERIFY(cacheblk->nr_queued == 0);
    351     cacheblk->cache_state &= ~(BLOCK_IO_INPROG);
    352     spin_unlock_irqrestore(&dmc->cache_spin_lock, flags);
    353out:
    354     flashcache_free_cache_job(job);
    355     if (atomic_dec_and_test(&dmc->nr_jobs))
    356          wake_up(&dmc->destroyq);
    357}

    这个函数分为两部分,第一部分是如果cache块为脏,则下发后立即返回,等待第二次调用,第二次调用才真正到处理pending_job,记得我们在上文中插入的pending_job是INVALIDATE的,那么这里也正如前面注释里所说下发了两次IO,一次是写回脏块,后一次是下发uncached IO。
    319行,取出invalid的pending_job
    320行,确认非dirty,因为第一次调用的时候已经写回了
    325行,if语句成立,
    329行,因为cache块已写回,就不脏不忙了,flashcache_inval_blocks只要设置invalid就可以返回成功
    346行,下发uncached IO
    至此uncached IO之旅告一个段落了。
    接下来讲第2种情况读写命中但cache块忙的情况下是怎么处理的。
    读写IO在cache块忙的情况下做出的表现是惊人的一致,那就是创建pending_job并挂入cache块队列中。这对我们来说已经是轻车熟路,不过我们这一次要跟踪的是读写IO的情况。经过前面的分析我们知道,pending_job是在flashcache_do_pending_noerror函数中处理的。同样如果为脏块要刷一次脏块,第二次进入到319行循环,由于Action为READCACHE或者WRITECACHE,直接到346行下发uncached IO。第2种情况的处理也就宣告结束了。似乎显得仓促,现实就是这样的,永远别想像电影里那样大起大落,只要你内心够从容,平平淡淡才是真。
    第3种情况就留给大家自己分析,如果对这几个小节都已经熟悉,那就已经是小case了。
    至此,flashcache源码的分析也就结束了,我也非常高兴能够坚持写完,因为这确实是一个非常耗时间的过程。如果你阅读之后能有所收获,那将是我最大的欢喜了。
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/riskyer/p/3329197.html
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