1.类名.__mro__ 可打印参看函数的所有父类
2.super()方法
class Master(object): def __init__(self): self.kongfu = '[古法煎饼果子配方]' def make_cake(self): print(f'运用{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果子') class School(Master): def __init__(self): self.kongfu = '[黑马煎饼果子配方]' def make_cake(self): print(f'运用{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果子') # 2.1 super()带参数写法 # super(School, self).__init__() # super(School, self).make_cake() # 2.2 无参数的super super().__init__() super().make_cake() class Prentice(School): def __init__(self): self.kongfu = '[独创煎饼果子技术]' def make_cake(self): self.__init__() print(f'运用{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果子') # 子类调用父类的同名方法和属性:把父类的同名属性和方法再次封装 def make_master_cake(self): Master.__init__(self) Master.make_cake(self) def make_school_cake(self): School.__init__(self) School.make_cake(self) # 需求:一次性调用父类School Master的方法 def make_old_cake(self): # 方法一:如果定义的类名修改,这里也要修改,麻烦; 代码量庞大,冗余 # School.__init__(self) # School.make_cake(self) # Master.__init__(self) # Master.make_cake(self) # 方法二:super() # 2.1 super(当前类名, self).函数() # super(Prentice, self).__init__() # super(Prentice, self).make_cake() # 2.2 无参数super super().__init__() super().make_cake() daqiu = Prentice() daqiu.make_old_cake()
3.设置私有属性:在属性名和方法名前面加上两个下划线__
获取和修改私有属性
class Master(object): def __init__(self): self.kongfu = '[古法煎饼果子配方]' def make_cake(self): print(f'运用{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果子') class School(object): def __init__(self): self.kongfu = '[黑马煎饼果子配方]' def make_cake(self): print(f'运用{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果子') class Prentice(School, Master): def __init__(self): self.kongfu = '[独创煎饼果子技术]' # 定义私有属性 self.__money = 2000000 # 定义函数:获取私有属性值 get_xx def get_money(self): return self.__money # 定义函数:修改私有属性值 set_xx def set_money(self): self.__money = 500 # 定义私有方法 def __info_print(self): print('这是私有方法') def make_cake(self): self.__init__() print(f'运用{self.kongfu}制作煎饼果子') def make_master_cake(self): Master.__init__(self) Master.make_cake(self) def make_school_cake(self): School.__init__(self) School.make_cake(self) class Tusun(Prentice): pass xiaoqiu = Tusun() print(xiaoqiu.get_money()) xiaoqiu.set_money() print(xiaoqiu.get_money())
4.类属性
优点
记录的某项数据 始终保持一致时,则定义类属性。
实例例属性要求每个对象为其单独开辟一份内存空间 来记录数据,而类属性为全类所共有,仅占用一份内存,更加节省内存空间。
类属性的修改
class Dog(object): tooth = 10 wangcai = Dog() xiaohei = Dog() # 修改类属性 Dog.tooth = 12 print(Dog.tooth) # 12 print(wangcai.tooth) # 12 print(xiaohei.tooth) # 12 # 不能通过对象修改属性,如果这样操作,实则是创建了一个实例例属性 wangcai.tooth = 20 print(Dog.tooth) # 12 print(wangcai.tooth) # 20 print(xiaohei.tooth) # 12
实例属性
class Dog(object): def __init__(self): self.age = 5 def info_print(self): print(self.age) wangcai = Dog() print(wangcai.age) # 5 # print(Dog.age) # 报错:实例例属性不不能通过类访问 wangcai.info_print() # 5
5.类方法@classmethod
当方法中 需要使用类对象 (如访问私有类属性等)时,定义类方法
类方法一般和类属性配合使用,当类属性为私有时,通过类方法可以获取,修改;
# 1. 定义类:私有类属性,类方法获取这个私有类属性 class Dog(object): __tooth = 10 # 定义类方法 @classmethod def get_tooth(cls): return cls.__tooth @classmethod def set_toovh(cls): cls.__tooth = 1000 # 2. 创建对象,调用类方法 wangcai = Dog() result = wangcai.get_tooth() print(result) wangcai.set_toovh() result = wangcai.get_tooth() print(result)
6.静态方法@staticmethod 可以通过实例对象和类对象去访问