Rust GUI编程

1.可以用iced框架，star比较多，而且在快速发展中，源码跨平台；

2.在main方法文件最上面加上：#![windows_subsystem = "windows"]，这样Windows平台运行编译好的gui程序时就不会弹出控制台框；

对于Mac OS，Linux可以自己写个图标配置（Linux是.desktop文件）就可以直接双击图标来打开程序而非必须先开一个控制台，所以这两个平台没有这个全局宏。

3.iced使用示例：根据官网示例写一个加减的按钮和显示：

Cargo.toml:（这个配置兼容性不好，换成下面代码块里的）

[package]
name = "demo-iced"
version = "0.1.0"
authors = ["silentdoer <1010993610@qq.com>"]
edition = "2018"

# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html

[dependencies]
iced = { git = "https://github.com/hecrj/iced", features = ["async-std", "debug"] } # debug考虑不要
iced_web = "0.2"
serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
serde_json = "1.0"

[target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
async-std = "1"
directories = "2"

[target.'cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")'.dependencies]
web-sys = { version = "0.3", features = ["Window", "Storage"] }
wasm-timer = "0.2"

[package.metadata.deb]
assets = [
    ["target/release/todos", "usr/bin/iced-todos", "755"],
    ["iced-todos.desktop", "usr/share/applications/", "644"],
]

上面的Cargo.toml配置有几个问题，第一是必需是vs2017或以上，第二就是debug模式编译的程序运行有问题，第三个就是需要编译的模块很多，第四个是win10编译出的release程序（debug是win10都运行有问题）win10可以用，但是win7运行失败（经过测试win7编译出的win10可以运行，但是win10编译出的在win7上仍然运行失败（2017,2015，gnu三个都失败了，等会再换2013和2012【2012直接编译失败，哪怕是OpenGL的】的C++如果还失败那只能在win7上编译Windows全平台了【或者测试下Ubuntu跨平台编译的gui程序是否可以同时在win10和win7上运行】））；（当然也有好处，上面的配置用的GUI后端是DX或vulkan，而接下来的配置用的是OpenGL效率没上面的高【注意，不需要安装OpenGL，win10和win7里都有】）

【这种方式编译出来的程序也有问题，就是它放到一个没有安装过C++环境的系统里运行不了。。。坑啊，目前没有比较好的解决方案，暂时还是用第一种算了，然后win10和win7都以release编译一下（刚才又查了下说也可能是显卡驱动的原因。。）】

[package]
name = "demo-iced"
version = "0.1.0"
authors = ["silentdoer <1010993610@qq.com>"]
edition = "2018"

# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html

[dependencies]
iced = { git = "https://github.com/hecrj/iced", default-features = false, features = ["async-std", "debug", "glow"] }
serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] }
serde_json = "1.0"

[target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
async-std = "1"
directories = "2"

[target.'cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")'.dependencies]
web-sys = { version = "0.3", features = ["Window", "Storage"] }
wasm-timer = "0.2"

[package.metadata.deb]
assets = [
    ["target/release/todos", "usr/bin/iced-todos", "755"],
    ["iced-todos.desktop", "usr/share/applications/", "644"],
]

在项目根目录添加fonts目录，里面将Windows的simkai.ttf字体复制进去

main.rs:

#![windows_subsystem = "windows"]
use iced::{
    button, scrollable, text_input, Align, Application, Button, Checkbox,
    Column, Command, Container, Element, Font, HorizontalAlignment, Length,
    Row, Scrollable, Settings, Text, TextInput,
};
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};

pub fn main() {
    Todos::run(Settings {
        default_font: Some(include_bytes!("../fonts/simkai.ttf")),
        ..Settings::default()
    })
}

#[derive(Debug)]
enum Todos {
    Loading,
    Loaded(State),
}

#[derive(Debug, Default)]
struct State {
    scroll: scrollable::State,
    input: text_input::State,
    input_value: String,
    filter: Filter,
    tasks: Vec<Task>,
    controls: Controls,
    dirty: bool,
    saving: bool,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum Message {
    Loaded(Result<SavedState, LoadError>),
    Saved(Result<(), SaveError>),
    InputChanged(String),
    CreateTask,
    FilterChanged(Filter),
    TaskMessage(usize, TaskMessage),
}

impl Application for Todos {
    type Executor = iced::executor::Default;
    type Message = Message;
    type Flags = ();

    fn new(_flags: ()) -> (Todos, Command<Message>) {
        (
            Todos::Loading,
            Command::perform(SavedState::load(), Message::Loaded),
        )
    }

    fn title(&self) -> String {
        let dirty = match self {
            Todos::Loading => false,
            Todos::Loaded(state) => state.dirty,
        };

        format!("Todos{} - Iced", if dirty { "*" } else { "" })
    }

    fn update(&mut self, message: Message) -> Command<Message> {
        match self {
            Todos::Loading => {
                match message {
                    Message::Loaded(Ok(state)) => {
                        *self = Todos::Loaded(State {
                            input_value: state.input_value,
                            filter: state.filter,
                            tasks: state.tasks,
                            ..State::default()
                        });
                    }
                    Message::Loaded(Err(_)) => {
                        *self = Todos::Loaded(State::default());
                    }
                    _ => {}
                }

                Command::none()
            }
            Todos::Loaded(state) => {
                let mut saved = false;

                match message {
                    Message::InputChanged(value) => {
                        state.input_value = value;
                    }
                    Message::CreateTask => {
                        if !state.input_value.is_empty() {
                            state
                                .tasks
                                .push(Task::new(state.input_value.clone()));
                            state.input_value.clear();
                        }
                    }
                    Message::FilterChanged(filter) => {
                        state.filter = filter;
                    }
                    Message::TaskMessage(i, TaskMessage::Delete) => {
                        state.tasks.remove(i);
                    }
                    Message::TaskMessage(i, task_message) => {
                        if let Some(task) = state.tasks.get_mut(i) {
                            task.update(task_message);
                        }
                    }
                    Message::Saved(_) => {
                        state.saving = false;
                        saved = true;
                    }
                    _ => {}
                }

                if !saved {
                    state.dirty = true;
                }

                if state.dirty && !state.saving {
                    state.dirty = false;
                    state.saving = true;

                    Command::perform(
                        SavedState {
                            input_value: state.input_value.clone(),
                            filter: state.filter,
                            tasks: state.tasks.clone(),
                        }
                        .save(),
                        Message::Saved,
                    )
                } else {
                    Command::none()
                }
            }
        }
    }

    fn view(&mut self) -> Element<Message> {
        match self {
            Todos::Loading => loading_message(),
            Todos::Loaded(State {
                scroll,
                input,
                input_value,
                filter,
                tasks,
                controls,
                ..
            }) => {
                let title = Text::new("todos")
                    .width(Length::Fill)
                    .size(100)
                    .color([0.5, 0.5, 0.5])
                    .horizontal_alignment(HorizontalAlignment::Center);

                let input = TextInput::new(
                    input,
                    "What needs to be done?",
                    input_value,
                    Message::InputChanged,
                )
                .padding(15)
                .size(30)
                .on_submit(Message::CreateTask);

                let controls = controls.view(&tasks, *filter);
                let filtered_tasks =
                    tasks.iter().filter(|task| filter.matches(task));

                let tasks: Element<_> = if filtered_tasks.count() > 0 {
                    tasks
                        .iter_mut()
                        .enumerate()
                        .filter(|(_, task)| filter.matches(task))
                        .fold(Column::new().spacing(20), |column, (i, task)| {
                            column.push(task.view().map(move |message| {
                                Message::TaskMessage(i, message)
                            }))
                        })
                        .into()
                } else {
                    empty_message(match filter {
                        Filter::All => "You have not created a task yet...",
                        Filter::Active => "All your tasks are done! :D",
                        Filter::Completed => {
                            "You have not completed a task yet..."
                        }
                    })
                };

                let content = Column::new()
                    .max_width(800)
                    .spacing(20)
                    .push(title)
                    .push(input)
                    .push(controls)
                    .push(tasks);

                Scrollable::new(scroll)
                    .padding(40)
                    .push(
                        Container::new(content).width(Length::Fill).center_x(),
                    )
                    .into()
            }
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
struct Task {
    description: String,
    completed: bool,

    #[serde(skip)]
    state: TaskState,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum TaskState {
    Idle {
        edit_button: button::State,
    },
    Editing {
        text_input: text_input::State,
        delete_button: button::State,
    },
}

impl Default for TaskState {
    fn default() -> Self {
        TaskState::Idle {
            edit_button: button::State::new(),
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
pub enum TaskMessage {
    Completed(bool),
    Edit,
    DescriptionEdited(String),
    FinishEdition,
    Delete,
}

impl Task {
    fn new(description: String) -> Self {
        Task {
            description,
            completed: false,
            state: TaskState::Idle {
                edit_button: button::State::new(),
            },
        }
    }

    fn update(&mut self, message: TaskMessage) {
        match message {
            TaskMessage::Completed(completed) => {
                self.completed = completed;
            }
            TaskMessage::Edit => {
                self.state = TaskState::Editing {
                    text_input: text_input::State::focused(),
                    delete_button: button::State::new(),
                };
            }
            TaskMessage::DescriptionEdited(new_description) => {
                self.description = new_description;
            }
            TaskMessage::FinishEdition => {
                if !self.description.is_empty() {
                    self.state = TaskState::Idle {
                        edit_button: button::State::new(),
                    }
                }
            }
            TaskMessage::Delete => {}
        }
    }

    fn view(&mut self) -> Element<TaskMessage> {
        match &mut self.state {
            // 重要
            TaskState::Idle { edit_button } => {
                let checkbox = Checkbox::new(
                    self.completed,
                    &format!("{}{}", self.description, "***").to_string(),
                    TaskMessage::Completed,
                )
                .width(Length::Fill);

                Row::new()
                    .spacing(20)
                    .align_items(Align::Center)
                    // 空闲状态时，左侧一个checkbox，右侧的button样式是Icon
                    .push(checkbox)
                    .push(
                        // edit_button是state数据，edit_icon()返回的是一个Unicode字符作为显示字符（浏览器上不一致应该是fonts的原因）
                        Button::new(edit_button, edit_icon())
                            .on_press(TaskMessage::Edit)
                            .padding(10)
                            .style(style::Button::Icon),
                    )
                    .into()
            }
            // 当变为Editing状态时的view变化（要变成红色Delete）
            TaskState::Editing {
                text_input,
                delete_button,
            } => {
                let text_input = TextInput::new(
                    text_input,
                    "Describe your task...",
                    &self.description,
                    TaskMessage::DescriptionEdited,
                )
                .on_submit(TaskMessage::FinishEdition)
                .padding(10);

                Row::new()
                    .spacing(20)
                    .align_items(Align::Center)
                    // editing状态下左侧没有了checkbox
                    .push(text_input)
                    .push(
                        // delete_button是state数据
                        Button::new(
                            delete_button,
                            Row::new()
                                .spacing(10)
                                .push(delete_icon())
                                .push(Text::new("Delete")),
                        )
                        .on_press(TaskMessage::Delete)
                        .padding(10)
                        // 可以看到Editing状态时的button的样式是这个
                        .style(style::Button::Destructive),
                    )
                    .into()
            }
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Default, Clone)]
pub struct Controls {
    all_button: button::State,
    active_button: button::State,
    completed_button: button::State,
}

impl Controls {
    fn view(&mut self, tasks: &[Task], current_filter: Filter) -> Row<Message> {
        let Controls {
            all_button,
            active_button,
            completed_button,
        } = self;

        let tasks_left = tasks.iter().filter(|task| !task.completed).count();

        let filter_button = |state, label, filter, current_filter| {
            let label = Text::new(label).size(16);
            let button =
                Button::new(state, label).style(style::Button::Filter {
                    selected: filter == current_filter,
                });

            button.on_press(Message::FilterChanged(filter)).padding(8)
        };

        Row::new()
            .spacing(20)
            .align_items(Align::Center)
            .push(
                Text::new(&format!(
                    "{} {} left",
                    tasks_left,
                    if tasks_left == 1 { "task" } else { "tasks" }
                ))
                .width(Length::Fill)
                .size(16),
            )
            .push(
                Row::new()
                    .width(Length::Shrink)
                    .spacing(10)
                    .push(filter_button(
                        all_button,
                        "All",
                        Filter::All,
                        current_filter,
                    ))
                    .push(filter_button(
                        active_button,
                        "Active",
                        Filter::Active,
                        current_filter,
                    ))
                    .push(filter_button(
                        completed_button,
                        "Completed",
                        Filter::Completed,
                        current_filter,
                    )),
            )
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub enum Filter {
    All,
    Active,
    Completed,
}

impl Default for Filter {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Filter::All
    }
}

impl Filter {
    fn matches(&self, task: &Task) -> bool {
        match self {
            Filter::All => true,
            Filter::Active => !task.completed,
            Filter::Completed => task.completed,
        }
    }
}

fn loading_message() -> Element<'static, Message> {
    Container::new(
        Text::new("Loading...")
            .horizontal_alignment(HorizontalAlignment::Center)
            .size(50),
    )
    .width(Length::Fill)
    .height(Length::Fill)
    .center_y()
    .into()
}

fn empty_message(message: &str) -> Element<'static, Message> {
    Container::new(
        Text::new(message)
            .width(Length::Fill)
            .size(25)
            .horizontal_alignment(HorizontalAlignment::Center)
            .color([0.7, 0.7, 0.7]),
    )
    .width(Length::Fill)
    .height(Length::Units(200))
    .center_y()
    .into()
}

// Fonts
const ICONS: Font = Font::External {
    name: "Icons",
    bytes: include_bytes!("../fonts/simkai.ttf"),
};

fn icon(unicode: char) -> Text {
    Text::new(&unicode.to_string())
        .font(ICONS)
        .width(Length::Units(20))
        .horizontal_alignment(HorizontalAlignment::Center)
        .size(20)
}

// 这个字符在web和原生应用中的显示比较一致〇
fn edit_icon() -> Text {
    icon('□')
}

// 'u{F1F8}'是Unicode字符〇
fn delete_icon() -> Text {
    icon('◇')
}

// Persistence
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Serialize, Deserialize)]
struct SavedState {
    input_value: String,
    filter: Filter,
    tasks: Vec<Task>,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum LoadError {
    FileError,
    FormatError,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
enum SaveError {
    DirectoryError,
    FileError,
    WriteError,
    FormatError,
}

// 这个应用可以编译为Web应用，但是这里保存数据在web和普通应用间有点区别，所以这里通过这个宏来描述web编译时用哪个实现，非web应用时用哪种实现
#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
impl SavedState {
    fn path() -> std::path::PathBuf {
        let mut path = if let Some(project_dirs) =
            directories::ProjectDirs::from("rs", "Iced", "Todos")
        {
            project_dirs.data_dir().into()
        } else {
            std::env::current_dir().unwrap_or(std::path::PathBuf::new())
        };

        path.push("todos.json");

        path
    }

    async fn load() -> Result<SavedState, LoadError> {
        use async_std::prelude::*;

        let mut contents = String::new();

        let mut file = async_std::fs::File::open(Self::path())
            .await
            .map_err(|_| LoadError::FileError)?;

        file.read_to_string(&mut contents)
            .await
            .map_err(|_| LoadError::FileError)?;

        serde_json::from_str(&contents).map_err(|_| LoadError::FormatError)
    }

    async fn save(self) -> Result<(), SaveError> {
        use async_std::prelude::*;

        let json = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&self)
            .map_err(|_| SaveError::FormatError)?;

        let path = Self::path();

        if let Some(dir) = path.parent() {
            async_std::fs::create_dir_all(dir)
                .await
                .map_err(|_| SaveError::DirectoryError)?;
        }

        {
            let mut file = async_std::fs::File::create(path)
                .await
                .map_err(|_| SaveError::FileError)?;

            file.write_all(json.as_bytes())
                .await
                .map_err(|_| SaveError::WriteError)?;
        }

        // This is a simple way to save at most once every couple seconds
        async_std::task::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2)).await;

        Ok(())
    }
}

#[cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")]
impl SavedState {
    fn storage() -> Option<web_sys::Storage> {
        let window = web_sys::window()?;

        window.local_storage().ok()?
    }

    async fn load() -> Result<SavedState, LoadError> {
        let storage = Self::storage().ok_or(LoadError::FileError)?;

        let contents = storage
            .get_item("state")
            .map_err(|_| LoadError::FileError)?
            .ok_or(LoadError::FileError)?;

        serde_json::from_str(&contents).map_err(|_| LoadError::FormatError)
    }

    async fn save(self) -> Result<(), SaveError> {
        let storage = Self::storage().ok_or(SaveError::FileError)?;

        let json = serde_json::to_string_pretty(&self)
            .map_err(|_| SaveError::FormatError)?;

        storage
            .set_item("state", &json)
            .map_err(|_| SaveError::WriteError)?;

        let _ = wasm_timer::Delay::new(std::time::Duration::from_secs(2)).await;

        Ok(())
    }
}

// 设置样式，重点关注
mod style {
    use iced::{button, Background, Color, Vector};

    pub enum Button {
        Filter { selected: bool },
        Icon,
        Destructive,
    }

    impl button::StyleSheet for Button {
        fn active(&self) -> button::Style {
            match self {
                Button::Filter { selected } => {
                    if *selected {
                        button::Style {
                            background: Some(Background::Color(
                                Color::from_rgb(0.2, 0.2, 0.7),
                            )),
                            border_radius: 10,
                            text_color: Color::WHITE,
                            ..button::Style::default()
                        }
                    } else {
                        button::Style::default()
                    }
                },
                Button::Icon => button::Style {
                    text_color: Color::from_rgb(0.5, 0.5, 0.5),
                    ..button::Style::default()
                },
                Button::Destructive => button::Style {
                    // 红色，0.8*255要这么对应CSS里的配置
                    background: Some(Background::Color(Color::from_rgb(
                        0.8, 0.2, 0.2,
                    ))),
                    border_radius: 5,
                    text_color: Color::WHITE,
                    shadow_offset: Vector::new(1.0, 1.0),
                    ..button::Style::default()
                },
            }
        }

        fn hovered(&self) -> button::Style {
            let active = self.active();

            button::Style {
                text_color: match self {
                    Button::Icon => Color::from_rgb(0.2, 0.2, 0.7),
                    Button::Filter { selected } if !selected => {
                        Color::from_rgb(0.2, 0.2, 0.7)
                    }
                    _ => active.text_color,
                },
                shadow_offset: active.shadow_offset + Vector::new(0.0, 1.0),
                ..active
            }
        }
    }
}

4.Windows10配置gui开发环境，待写；

5.Ubuntu20.04开发gui开发环境；

5.1.build时如果出现failed to run custom build command for `x11 v2.18.2`需要安装pkg-config和org-dev两个依赖（用apt即可安装）