测试环境：
vr.org 的 VPS
CPU：2核共享
内存：512M独立
OS：Ubuntu 12.04 LTS x64
uname -a
u1@www:~$ cat /etc/lsb-release
DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu
DISTRIB_RELEASE=12.04
DISTRIB_CODENAME=precise
DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 12.04 LTS"
u1@www:~$ uname -a
Linux www.shaixuan.org 3.4.0-cloud #1 SMP Thu May 24 04:54:53 EDT 2012 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
u1@www:~$ top
top - 23:57:39 up 1:38, 2 users, load average: 0.04, 0.03, 0.16
Tasks: 55 total, 1 running, 54 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 0.7%us, 0.4%sy, 0.0%ni, 97.6%id, 0.1%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.1%si, 1.1%st
Mem: 506764k total, 125264k used, 381500k free, 7736k buffers
Swap: 499708k total, 0k used, 499708k free, 70096k cached
软件版本：Apache httpd 2.4.3、nginx 1.2.3、lighttpd 1.4.31、php 5.4.6
结论：
静态服务器：
并发：nginx（17000）> lighttpd（14000）> apache（5000）
注意：lighttpd开启gzip压缩时，无法禁用etag……不建议使用。参考：《高性能网站建设指南》
动态服务器：
大约并发：nginx + php-fpm（1500）> lighttpd + spawn-fcgi（1000）>apache + php module（400）
注意：web server与fastcgi在同一个机器时，建议使用unix domain socket，比tcp socket效果好一点点。
虽然apache httpd 2.4 像 nginx一样使用了epoll，但是性能还是比nginx低很多。
服务器OS一定要使用Linux 2.6内核及更高，因为才能支持epoll。
建议服务器使用Ubuntu server LTS x64，因为工程师PC使用Ubuntu x64较多（Ubuntu的显卡驱动安装方便），这样编译部署都一致。
Ubuntu、CentOS等各个Linux发行版对服务器来说没有区别，内核都一样，挑一个顺手的即可。
参考互联网公司的web server：
| 163.com | 静态nginx |
| t.qq.com | 静态squid，动态nginx |
| taobao.com | 静态Tengine，动态Tengine（nginx衍生版） |
| 小米论坛 | 静态Tengine，动态Tengine |
| 百度 | 静态lighttpd，动态lighttpd（有etag） |
测试过程：
Apache httpd 2.4.3
编译参数：
apache
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache2 --with-apr=/usr/local/apr --with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/ --with-pcre=/home/u1/pcre-8.30 --enable-so --enable-rewrite --enable-deflate --with-module=metadata:expires
MPM：默认event
httpd -V
root@www:/usr/local/apache2/bin# ./httpd -V
Server version: Apache/2.4.3 (Unix)
Server built: Aug 26 2012 10:27:04
Server's Module Magic Number: 20120211:6
Server loaded: APR 1.4.6, APR-UTIL 1.4.1
Compiled using: APR 1.4.6, APR-UTIL 1.4.1
Architecture: 64-bit
Server MPM: event
threaded: yes (fixed thread count)
forked: yes (variable process count)
Server compiled with....
-D APR_HAS_SENDFILE
-D APR_HAS_MMAP
-D APR_HAVE_IPV6 (IPv4-mapped addresses enabled)
-D APR_USE_SYSVSEM_SERIALIZE
-D APR_USE_PTHREAD_SERIALIZE
-D APR_HAS_OTHER_CHILD
-D AP_HAVE_RELIABLE_PIPED_LOGS
-D DYNAMIC_MODULE_LIMIT=256
-D HTTPD_ROOT="/usr/local/apache2"
-D SUEXEC_BIN="/usr/local/apache2/bin/suexec"
-D DEFAULT_PIDLOG="logs/httpd.pid"
-D DEFAULT_SCOREBOARD="logs/apache_runtime_status"
-D DEFAULT_ERRORLOG="logs/error_log"
-D AP_TYPES_CONFIG_FILE="conf/mime.types"
-D SERVER_CONFIG_FILE="conf/httpd.conf"
默认并发400，MaxRequestWorkers即以前的MaxClients，参考：http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mpm_common.html#MaxRequestWorkers
<IfModule mpm_event_module>
StartServers 3
MinSpareThreads 75
MaxSpareThreads 250
ThreadsPerChild 25
MaxRequestWorkers 400
MaxConnectionsPerChild 0
</IfModule>
并发改成40000，提示错误，加上ServerLimit即可：
u1@www:~$ sudo vi /usr/local/apache2/conf/extra/httpd-mpm.conf
u1@www:~$ sudo vi /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf
u1@www:~$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
AH00515: WARNING: MaxRequestWorkers of 40000 would require 1600 servers and
would exceed ServerLimit of 16, decreasing to 400.
To increase, please see the ServerLimit directive.
nginx 1.2.3：
编译参数：
View Code
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-pcre=/usr/local/pcre
lighttpd 1.4.31：
默认并发1024，server.max-fds最大可修改为65535，server.max-connections最大可修改为32767：
193 ##
194 ## As lighttpd is a single-threaded server, its main resource limit is
195 ## the number of file descriptors, which is set to 1024 by default (on
196 ## most systems).
197 ##
198 ## If you are running a high-traffic site you might want to increase this
199 ## limit by setting server.max-fds.
200 ##
201 ## Changing this setting requires root permissions on startup. see
202 ## server.username/server.groupname.
203 ##
204 ## By default lighttpd would not change the operation system default.
205 ## But setting it to 2048 is a better default for busy servers.
206 ##
207 server.max-fds = 2048
218
219 ##
220 ## Fine tuning for the request handling
221 ##
222 ## max-connections == max-fds/2 (maybe /3)
223 ## means the other file handles are used for fastcgi/files
224 ##
225 server.max-connections = 1024
1、静态服务器测试
即apache、nginx、lighttpd性能对比。
服务器相同配置 ：
开启gzip、关闭etag
测试程序和web server在同一台服务器上，测试命令：
ab -c 1000 -n 50000 http://localhost/index.html siege -c 1000 -r 20 http://localhost/index.html
apache：html文件13k，gzip压缩为4.9k
header：
apache测试结果：
| 并发 | httpd子进程数 | 整机512M内存使用率 | CPU使用率 | iowait |
| 0 | 3 | 19% | 0 | 0 |
| 1000 | 10 | 30% | 38% | 0 |
| 3000 | 14 | 60% | 38% | 0 |
| 5000 | 10-30 | 65%-99% | 20%-40% | 0-30 |
| 8000 | 100 | 99% | 3%-50% | 20-100 |
nginx：html文件13.2k，gzip压缩为5.34k
header：
nginx
Request URL:http://shaixuan.org/index.html Request Method:GET Status Code:200 OK Request Headersview source Accept:text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8 Accept-Charset:UTF-8,*;q=0.5 Accept-Encoding:gzip,deflate,sdch Accept-Language:zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.6,en;q=0.4 Cache-Control:no-cache Connection:keep-alive Host:shaixuan.org Pragma:no-cache User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.8 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/23.0.1251.2 Safari/537.8 Response Headersview source Connection:keep-alive Content-Encoding:gzip Content-Type:text/html Date:Mon, 03 Sep 2012 13:19:23 GMT Last-Modified:Mon, 03 Sep 2012 12:33:45 GMT Server:nginx/1.2.3 Transfer-Encoding:chunked
测试结果：
| 并发 | 整机512M内存使用率 | CPU使用率 | iowait |
| 0 | 29% | 0 | 0 |
| 1000 | 35% | 40% | 0 |
| 3000 | 46% | 43% | 0 |
| 5000 | 55% | 42% | 0-1 |
| 8000 | 65% | 45% | 0 |
| 15000 | 88% | 45% | 0 |
| 17000 | 97% | 47% | 0 |
lighttpd：html文件13k，gzip压缩为4.96k
header：
lighttpd
Request URL:http://shaixuan.org/ Request Method:GET Status Code:200 OK Request Headersview source Accept:text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8 Accept-Charset:UTF-8,*;q=0.5 Accept-Encoding:gzip,deflate,sdch Accept-Language:zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.6,en;q=0.4 Cache-Control:max-age=0 Connection:keep-alive Host:shaixuan.org Pragma:no-cache User-Agent:Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.8 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/23.0.1251.2 Safari/537.8 Response Headersview source Accept-Ranges:bytes Content-Encoding:gzip Content-Length:4819 Content-Type:text/html Date:Tue, 04 Sep 2012 12:51:42 GMT ETag:"1028714895" Last-Modified:Tue, 04 Sep 2012 12:29:10 GMT Server:lighttpd/1.4.31 Vary:Accept-Encoding
测试结果：
| 并发 | 整机512M内存使用率 | CPU使用率 | iowait |
| 0 | 29% | 0 | 0 |
| 1000 | 0 | ||
| 3000 | 46% | 41% | 0-6 |
| 5000 | 60% | 40% | 0-1 |
| 8000 | 75% | 45% | 0 |
| 12000 | 81% | 35% | 0 |
| 14000 | 87% | 36% | 0 |
| 16000 | 99% | 40% | 0 |
2、动态服务器测试
即apache + php module、nginx + php-fpm、nginx + php-cgi、lighttpd + spawn-fcgi对比。
测试命令：
siege -c 1200 -r 20 http://localhost/phpinfo.php /usr/local/apache2/bin/ab -c 100 -t 50 http://localhost/phpinfo.php
php版本 5.4.6，测试代码phpinfo();
apache + php module：php文件63.57k，gzip压缩为11.21k
测试结果：
| 并发 | 整机512M内存使用率 | CPU使用率 | iowait |
| 0 | 29% | 0 | 0 |
| 100 | 68% | 8% | 0 |
| 200 | 72% | 10% | 0 |
| 400 | 95% | 10% | 0 |
| 600 | 99% | 15% | 1-15 |
nginx + php-fpm（多个php-fpm子进程）：php文件57.41k，gzip压缩为10.84k
phpinfo显示Server API：FPM/FastCGI
fastcgi的socket方式：tcp socket
php编译参数：
php-fpm
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php-fpm --enable-fpm --with-fpm-user=www-data --with-fpm-group=www-data --with-curl --with-mcrypt --enable-mbstring --enable-pdo --with-pdo-mysql=mysqlnd --with-mysqli=mysqlnd --enable-zip
测试结果：
| 并发 | 整机512M内存使用率 | CPU使用率 | iowait | siege成功率 |
| 0 | 33% | 0 | 0 | |
| 100 | 37% | 8% | 0 | 100% |
| 200 | ||||
| 400 | 45% | 10% | 0 | 99.96% |
| 800 | 55% 14个php-fpm，每个5.9M | 12% | 0 | 96.31% |
| 1000 | 60% | 10% | 0 | 90.77% |
| 1200 | 69%，Linux file限制，测试出错 | 30% |
nginx + php-fpm（多个php-fpm子进程）：php文件54.57k，gzip压缩为9.16k
phpinfo显示Server API：FPM/FastCGI
fastcgi的socket方式：unix domain socket
测试结果：
| 并发 | 整机512M内存使用率 | CPU使用率 | iowait | siege成功率 |
| 0 | 32% | 0 | 0 | |
| 100 | 35% | 7% | 0 | 100% |
| 200 | 40% | 12% | 0 | 100% |
| 400 | 43% | 14% | 0 | 100% |
| 800 | 55% | 14% | 0 | 96.70% |
| 1000 | 60% 21个php-fpm，每个5.9M | 14% | 0 | 92.02% |
| 1200 | 50%，Linux file限制，测试出错 | 50% | 0 | 49% |
nginx + 一个php-cgi：php文件64.65k，gzip压缩为11.89k
sudo /usr/local/php-fpm/bin/php-cgi -b 9000 -q
php-cgi可以常驻（long-live）监听一个端口，所以是fastcgi，但是由于没有进程管理器，只能启动一个进程，并发承受力低。
phpinfo显示Server API：FPM/FastCGI
测试结果：
并发100时，经过5秒，php-cgi崩溃退出。
lighttpd + lighttpd自带的spawn-fcgi进程管理器（多个php-cgi子进程）：php文件58.68k，gzip压缩为9.83k
phpinfo显示Server API：CGI/FastCGI
fastcgi的socket方式：unix domain socket
lighttpd的fastcgi.conf配置：
fastcgi.server
22 fastcgi.server = ( ".php" =>
23 ( "php-local" =>
24 (
25 "socket" => socket_dir + "/php-fastcgi-1.socket",
26 "bin-path" => "/usr/local/php-fpm/bin/php-cgi",
27 "max-procs" => 2,
28 "broken-scriptfilename" => "enable",
29 "bin-environment" => (
30 "PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN" => "16",
31 "PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS" => "500",
32 ),
33 )
34 ),
测试结果：
| 并发 | 整机512M内存使用率 | CPU使用率 | iowait | siege成功率 |
| 0 | 53% 34个php-cgi进程，每个3M | 0 | 0 | |
| 100 | 65% 每个5.3M | 10% | 0 | |
| 200 | 65% 每个5.7M | 10% | 0 | 100% |
| 400 | 72% 每个5.7M | 11% | 0 | 100% |
| 800 | 84% 每个5.7M | 10% | 0 | 99.49% |
| 1000 | 90% 每个5.7M | 12% | 0 | 97.41% |
| 1200 | Linux file限制，测试出错 | |
参考资料：
http://www.cnblogs.com/killkill/archive/2010/04/14/1711810.html
http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/mpm_common.html#MaxRequestWorkers
http://www.php.net/manual/zh/install.fpm.php
http://www.niutian365.com/blog/article.asp?id=263
http://redmine.lighttpd.net/projects/1/wiki/Docs_ModCompress
http://redmine.lighttpd.net/projects/lighttpd/wiki/Docs_PerformanceFastCGI
http://php.net/manual/zh/install.unix.lighttpd-14.php
http://www.361way.com/mpm/1052.html
http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-13939710-id-2861331.html
http://www.yylib.com/blog/?p=70
http://kb.cnblogs.com/page/95605/
http://www.dbanotes.net/web/lighttpd_spawn-fcgi.html
http://www.mike.org.cn/articles/what-is-cgi-fastcgi-php-fpm-spawn-fcgi/
http://www.php.net/manual/zh/install.unix.apache2.php
http://ferreousbox.iteye.com/blog/196212