socket网络编程

socket

网络上的两个程序通过一个双向的通信连接实现数据的交换，这个连接的一端称为一个socket。

建立网络通信连接至少要一对端口号(socket)。socket本质是编程接口(API)，对TCP/IP的封装，TCP/IP也要提供可供程序员做网络开发所用的接口，这就是Socket编程接口；HTTP是轿车，提供了封装或者显示数据的具体形式；Socket是发动机，提供了网络通信的能力。

socket和file的区别：

• file模块是针对某个指定文件进行【打开】【读写】【关闭】
• socket模块是针对 服务器端 和 客户端Socket 进行【打开】【读写】【关闭】

# -*-coding:utf-8-*-
# Author:sunhao
import socket

serve = socket.socket()

serve.bind(('localhost', 6969))

serve.listen()

print("我要开始等电话")

conn, addr = serve.accept()  # conn就是客户端链接过来而在服务器端为其生成的一个连接实例

print(conn, addr)

while True:
    data = conn.recv(1024)
    print(data.decode())

    conn.send(data.upper())

serve.close()

# -*-coding:utf-8-*-
# Author:sunhao

import socket

ip_port=('localhost',6969)

client=socket.socket()

client.connect(ip_port)

while True:

    msg=input(">>:").strip()

    client.send(msg.encode("utf-8"))

    data=client.recv(1024)
    print(data.decode())
client.close()

更多socket方法：

sk = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM,0)

参数一：地址簇

　　socket.AF_INET IPv4（默认）
　　socket.AF_INET6 IPv6

　　socket.AF_UNIX 只能够用于单一的Unix系统进程间通信

参数二：类型

　　socket.SOCK_STREAM　　流式socket , for TCP （默认）
　　socket.SOCK_DGRAM　　 数据报式socket , for UDP

　　socket.SOCK_RAW 原始套接字，普通的套接字无法处理ICMP、IGMP等网络报文，而SOCK_RAW可以；其次，SOCK_RAW也可以处理特殊的IPv4报文；此外，利用原始套接字，可以通过IP_HDRINCL套接字选项由用户构造IP头。
　　socket.SOCK_RDM 是一种可靠的UDP形式，即保证交付数据报但不保证顺序。SOCK_RAM用来提供对原始协议的低级访问，在需要执行某些特殊操作时使用，如发送ICMP报文。SOCK_RAM通常仅限于高级用户或管理员运行的程序使用。
　　socket.SOCK_SEQPACKET 可靠的连续数据包服务

参数三：协议

　　0　　（默认）与特定的地址家族相关的协议,如果是 0 ，则系统就会根据地址格式和套接类别,自动选择一个合适的协议

sk.bind(address)

　　sk.bind(address) 将套接字绑定到地址。address地址的格式取决于地址族。在AF_INET下，以元组（host,port）的形式表示地址。

sk.listen(backlog)

　　开始监听传入连接。backlog指定在拒绝连接之前，可以挂起的最大连接数量。

      backlog等于5，表示内核已经接到了连接请求，但服务器还没有调用accept进行处理的连接个数最大为5
      这个值不能无限大，因为要在内核中维护连接队列

sk.setblocking(bool)

　　是否阻塞（默认True），如果设置False，那么accept和recv时一旦无数据，则报错。

sk.accept()

　　接受连接并返回（conn,address）,其中conn是新的套接字对象，可以用来接收和发送数据。address是连接客户端的地址。

　　接收TCP 客户的连接（阻塞式）等待连接的到来

sk.connect(address)

　　连接到address处的套接字。一般，address的格式为元组（hostname,port）,如果连接出错，返回socket.error错误。

sk.connect_ex(address)

　　同上，只不过会有返回值，连接成功时返回 0 ，连接失败时候返回编码，例如：10061

sk.close()

　　关闭套接字

sk.recv(bufsize[,flag])

　　接受套接字的数据。数据以字符串形式返回，bufsize指定最多可以接收的数量。flag提供有关消息的其他信息，通常可以忽略。

sk.recvfrom(bufsize[.flag])

　　与recv()类似，但返回值是（data,address）。其中data是包含接收数据的字符串，address是发送数据的套接字地址。

sk.send(string[,flag])

　　将string中的数据发送到连接的套接字。返回值是要发送的字节数量，该数量可能小于string的字节大小。即：可能未将指定内容全部发送。

sk.sendall(string[,flag])

　　将string中的数据发送到连接的套接字，但在返回之前会尝试发送所有数据。成功返回None，失败则抛出异常。

      内部通过递归调用send，将所有内容发送出去。

sk.sendto(string[,flag],address)

　　将数据发送到套接字，address是形式为（ipaddr，port）的元组，指定远程地址。返回值是发送的字节数。该函数主要用于UDP协议。

sk.settimeout(timeout)

　　设置套接字操作的超时期，timeout是一个浮点数，单位是秒。值为None表示没有超时期。一般，超时期应该在刚创建套接字时设置，因为它们可能用于连接的操作（如 client 连接最多等待5s ）

sk.getpeername()

　　返回连接套接字的远程地址。返回值通常是元组（ipaddr,port）。

sk.getsockname()

　　返回套接字自己的地址。通常是一个元组(ipaddr,port)

sk.fileno()

　　套接字的文件描述符

socket实现多连接

# -*-coding:utf-8-*-
# Author:sunhao

import socket
import os

server = socket.socket()

ip_port = ('127.0.0.1',6969)

server.bind(ip_port)

server.listen()

while True:

    conn,f = server.accept()    #多连接,阻塞
    print("new connect:",f)

    while True:
        print("等待新指令")

        data = conn.recv(1024)
        if not data:
            print("客户端断开")

            break
        print("执行指令",data)

        res = os.popen(data.decode()).read()


        print("before send",len(res.encode()))



        if len(res) == 0:
            res = "没有改指令，请重新输入:"

        conn.send(str(len(res.encode())).encode('utf-8'))   #先发数据大小给客户端    会发生粘包

        client_ack=conn.recv(1024)     #解决粘包
        print(client_ack.decode())
        conn.send(res.encode("utf-8"))                  #再发数据

        print("send done")


server.close()

# -*-coding:utf-8-*-
# Author:sunhao

import socket


client = socket.socket()
ip_port = ('127.0.0.1',6969)

client.connect(ip_port)

print("连接开始")

while True:

    command = input(">>:").strip()

    if len(command) == 0:
        continue

    client.send(command.encode("utf-8"))

    cmd_res_size=client.recv(1024)  # 接受命令结果的长度

    print("命令结果的大小",cmd_res_size)

    client.send("准备好接收了".encode('utf-8'))

    recived_size=0
    recived_data=b''

    while recived_size < int(cmd_res_size.decode()):

        print("----------",cmd_res_size.decode())
        print("##############", type(cmd_res_size.decode()))

        data=client.recv(1024)

        print("&&&&&&&&&&",len(data))
 
        recived_size += len(data)  # 每次收到的有可能小于1024 所以用len判断
        recived_data += data



    else:

        print("cmd recive done",recived_size)

        print(recived_data.decode())


client.close()

 socket实现简单FTP文件传输

# -*-coding:utf-8-*-
# Author:sunhao

import socket,hashlib
import os

server = socket.socket()

ip_port = ('127.0.0.1',6969)

server.bind(ip_port)

server.listen()

while True:

    conn,f = server.accept()
    print("new connect:",f)

    while True:
        print("等待新指令")

        data = conn.recv(1024)
        if not data:
            print("客户端断开")

            break
        print("执行指令",data)

        cmd,filename = data.decode().split()
        print(filename)

        if os.path.isfile(filename):

            f=open(filename,"rb")

            file_size=os.stat(filename).st_size   # 判断文件大小
            conn.send(str(file_size).encode('utf-8'))  # 发文件大小
            conn.recv(1024)      # waiting for ack
            m = hashlib.md5()      # md5加密 判断客户端发送的与服务器收到的md5加密后是否一样

            for line in f:
                m.update(line)
                conn.send(line)

            print("file md5:",m.hexdigest())

            f.close()

            conn.send(m.hexdigest().encode())    # send to 客户端

        print("send done")


server.close()

# -*-coding:utf-8-*-
# Author:sunhao

import socket,hashlib


client = socket.socket()
ip_port = ('127.0.0.1',6969)

client.connect(ip_port)

print("连接开始")
while True:

    get_file = input(">>>:").strip()

    if len(get_file) == 0:
        continue

    if get_file.startswith('get'):
        client.send(get_file.encode("utf-8"))
        server_response= client.recv(1024)  # 接受文件大小的长度
        print("文件打的大小", server_response)

        client.send("准备好接收了".encode('utf-8'))

        recived_size = 0

        total_size=int(server_response.decode())
        filename=get_file.split()[1]
        f=open(filename+".new",'wb')
        m = hashlib.md5()

        while recived_size < total_size:

            if total_size -recived_size > 1024:

                size=1024
            else:
                size=total_size-recived_size


            data = client.recv(size)

            m.update(data)


            recived_size += len(data)  #每次收到的有可能小于1024 所以用len判断

            f.write(data)


        else:

            client_file_md5 = m.hexdigest()

            print("file recived done",recived_size)
            f.close()

        server_file_md5 = client.recv(1024)

        print("server file md5:",server_file_md5)
        print("server file md5:",client_file_md5)


client.close()

 socketserver模块

 SocketServer内部使用 IO多路复用 以及 “多线程” 和 “多进程” ，从而实现并发处理多个客户端请求的Socket服务端。即：每个客户端请求连接到服务器时，Socket服务端都会在服务器是创建一个“线程”或者“进程” 专门负责处理当前客户端的所有请求。

虽说用Python编写简单的网络程序很方便，但复杂一点的网络程序还是用现成的框架比较好。这样就可以专心事务逻辑，而不是套接字的各种细节。SocketServer模块简化了编写网络服务程序的任务。同时SocketServer模块也是Python标准库中很多服务器框架的基础。

ThreadingTCPServer

ThreadingTCPServer实现的Soket服务器内部会为每个client创建一个 “线程”，该线程用来和客户端进行交互。

使用ThreadingTCPServer:

• 创建一个继承自 SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler 的类
• 类中必须定义一个名称为 handle 的方法
• 启动ThreadingTCPServer

实例：

# -*-coding:utf-8-*-
# Author:sunhao

import socketserver

class MyTCPHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):


        def handle(self):
            print(self.request)

            while True:
                conn=self.request

                try:

                    data=conn.recv(1024).strip()

                    print(data)

                    conn.sendall(data.upper())

                except ConnectionAbortedError as e:

                    print("出错额",e)
                    break




if __name__ == "__main__":

    HOST,PORT = '127.0.0.1',9999

    server=socketserver.ThreadingTCPServer((HOST,PORT),MyTCPHandler)  #创建socket连接

    server.serve_forever()

ThreadingTCPServer源码剖析

ThreadingTCPServer的类图关系如下：

 

内部调用流程为：

• 启动服务端程序
• 执行 TCPServer.__init__ 方法，创建服务端Socket对象并绑定 IP 和 端口
• 执行 BaseServer.__init__ 方法，将自定义的继承自SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler 的类 MyRequestHandle赋值给self.RequestHandlerClass
• 执行 BaseServer.server_forever 方法，While 循环一直监听是否有客户端请求到达 ...
• 当客户端连接到达服务器
• 执行 ThreadingMixIn.process_request 方法，创建一个 “线程” 用来处理请求
• 执行 ThreadingMixIn.process_request_thread 方法
  
• 在process_request_thread方法里面执行 BaseServer.finish_request 方法，执行 self.RequestHandlerClass()  即：执行 自定义 MyRequestHandler 的构造方法（自动调用基类BaseRequestHandler的构造方法，在该构造方法中又会调用 MyRequestHandler的handle方法）

ThreadingTCPServer相关源码：

 

class BaseServer:

    """Base class for server classes.

    Methods for the caller:

    - __init__(server_address, RequestHandlerClass)
    - serve_forever(poll_interval=0.5)
    - shutdown()
    - handle_request()  # if you do not use serve_forever()
    - fileno() -> int   # for select()

    Methods that may be overridden:

    - server_bind()
    - server_activate()
    - get_request() -> request, client_address
    - handle_timeout()
    - verify_request(request, client_address)
    - server_close()
    - process_request(request, client_address)
    - shutdown_request(request)
    - close_request(request)
    - handle_error()

    Methods for derived classes:

    - finish_request(request, client_address)

    Class variables that may be overridden by derived classes or
    instances:

    - timeout
    - address_family
    - socket_type
    - allow_reuse_address

    Instance variables:

    - RequestHandlerClass
    - socket

    """

    timeout = None

    def __init__(self, server_address, RequestHandlerClass):
        """Constructor.  May be extended, do not override."""
        self.server_address = server_address
        self.RequestHandlerClass = RequestHandlerClass
        self.__is_shut_down = threading.Event()
        self.__shutdown_request = False

    def server_activate(self):
        """Called by constructor to activate the server.

        May be overridden.

        """
        pass

    def serve_forever(self, poll_interval=0.5):
        """Handle one request at a time until shutdown.

        Polls for shutdown every poll_interval seconds. Ignores
        self.timeout. If you need to do periodic tasks, do them in
        another thread.
        """
        self.__is_shut_down.clear()
        try:
            while not self.__shutdown_request:
                # XXX: Consider using another file descriptor or
                # connecting to the socket to wake this up instead of
                # polling. Polling reduces our responsiveness to a
                # shutdown request and wastes cpu at all other times.
                r, w, e = _eintr_retry(select.select, [self], [], [],
                                       poll_interval)
                if self in r:
                    self._handle_request_noblock()
        finally:
            self.__shutdown_request = False
            self.__is_shut_down.set()

    def shutdown(self):
        """Stops the serve_forever loop.

        Blocks until the loop has finished. This must be called while
        serve_forever() is running in another thread, or it will
        deadlock.
        """
        self.__shutdown_request = True
        self.__is_shut_down.wait()

    # The distinction between handling, getting, processing and
    # finishing a request is fairly arbitrary.  Remember:
    #
    # - handle_request() is the top-level call.  It calls
    #   select, get_request(), verify_request() and process_request()
    # - get_request() is different for stream or datagram sockets
    # - process_request() is the place that may fork a new process
    #   or create a new thread to finish the request
    # - finish_request() instantiates the request handler class;
    #   this constructor will handle the request all by itself

    def handle_request(self):
        """Handle one request, possibly blocking.

        Respects self.timeout.
        """
        # Support people who used socket.settimeout() to escape
        # handle_request before self.timeout was available.
        timeout = self.socket.gettimeout()
        if timeout is None:
            timeout = self.timeout
        elif self.timeout is not None:
            timeout = min(timeout, self.timeout)
        fd_sets = _eintr_retry(select.select, [self], [], [], timeout)
        if not fd_sets[0]:
            self.handle_timeout()
            return
        self._handle_request_noblock()

    def _handle_request_noblock(self):
        """Handle one request, without blocking.

        I assume that select.select has returned that the socket is
        readable before this function was called, so there should be
        no risk of blocking in get_request().
        """
        try:
            request, client_address = self.get_request()
        except socket.error:
            return
        if self.verify_request(request, client_address):
            try:
                self.process_request(request, client_address)
            except:
                self.handle_error(request, client_address)
                self.shutdown_request(request)

    def handle_timeout(self):
        """Called if no new request arrives within self.timeout.

        Overridden by ForkingMixIn.
        """
        pass

    def verify_request(self, request, client_address):
        """Verify the request.  May be overridden.

        Return True if we should proceed with this request.

        """
        return True

    def process_request(self, request, client_address):
        """Call finish_request.

        Overridden by ForkingMixIn and ThreadingMixIn.

        """
        self.finish_request(request, client_address)
        self.shutdown_request(request)

    def server_close(self):
        """Called to clean-up the server.

        May be overridden.

        """
        pass

    def finish_request(self, request, client_address):
        """Finish one request by instantiating RequestHandlerClass."""
        self.RequestHandlerClass(request, client_address, self)

    def shutdown_request(self, request):
        """Called to shutdown and close an individual request."""
        self.close_request(request)

    def close_request(self, request):
        """Called to clean up an individual request."""
        pass

    def handle_error(self, request, client_address):
        """Handle an error gracefully.  May be overridden.

        The default is to print a traceback and continue.

        """
        print '-'*40
        print 'Exception happened during processing of request from',
        print client_address
        import traceback
        traceback.print_exc() # XXX But this goes to stderr!
        print '-'*40

BaseServer

class TCPServer(BaseServer):

    """Base class for various socket-based server classes.

    Defaults to synchronous IP stream (i.e., TCP).

    Methods for the caller:

    - __init__(server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True)
    - serve_forever(poll_interval=0.5)
    - shutdown()
    - handle_request()  # if you don't use serve_forever()
    - fileno() -> int   # for select()

    Methods that may be overridden:

    - server_bind()
    - server_activate()
    - get_request() -> request, client_address
    - handle_timeout()
    - verify_request(request, client_address)
    - process_request(request, client_address)
    - shutdown_request(request)
    - close_request(request)
    - handle_error()

    Methods for derived classes:

    - finish_request(request, client_address)

    Class variables that may be overridden by derived classes or
    instances:

    - timeout
    - address_family
    - socket_type
    - request_queue_size (only for stream sockets)
    - allow_reuse_address

    Instance variables:

    - server_address
    - RequestHandlerClass
    - socket

    """

    address_family = socket.AF_INET

    socket_type = socket.SOCK_STREAM

    request_queue_size = 5

    allow_reuse_address = False

    def __init__(self, server_address, RequestHandlerClass, bind_and_activate=True):
        """Constructor.  May be extended, do not override."""
        BaseServer.__init__(self, server_address, RequestHandlerClass)
        self.socket = socket.socket(self.address_family,
                                    self.socket_type)
        if bind_and_activate:
            try:
                self.server_bind()
                self.server_activate()
            except:
                self.server_close()
                raise

    def server_bind(self):
        """Called by constructor to bind the socket.

        May be overridden.

        """
        if self.allow_reuse_address:
            self.socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
        self.socket.bind(self.server_address)
        self.server_address = self.socket.getsockname()

    def server_activate(self):
        """Called by constructor to activate the server.

        May be overridden.

        """
        self.socket.listen(self.request_queue_size)

    def server_close(self):
        """Called to clean-up the server.

        May be overridden.

        """
        self.socket.close()

    def fileno(self):
        """Return socket file number.

        Interface required by select().

        """
        return self.socket.fileno()

    def get_request(self):
        """Get the request and client address from the socket.

        May be overridden.

        """
        return self.socket.accept()

    def shutdown_request(self, request):
        """Called to shutdown and close an individual request."""
        try:
            #explicitly shutdown.  socket.close() merely releases
            #the socket and waits for GC to perform the actual close.
            request.shutdown(socket.SHUT_WR)
        except socket.error:
            pass #some platforms may raise ENOTCONN here
        self.close_request(request)

    def close_request(self, request):
        """Called to clean up an individual request."""
        request.close()

TCPServer

class ThreadingMixIn:
    """Mix-in class to handle each request in a new thread."""

    # Decides how threads will act upon termination of the
    # main process
    daemon_threads = False

    def process_request_thread(self, request, client_address):
        """Same as in BaseServer but as a thread.

        In addition, exception handling is done here.

        """
        try:
            self.finish_request(request, client_address)
            self.shutdown_request(request)
        except:
            self.handle_error(request, client_address)
            self.shutdown_request(request)

    def process_request(self, request, client_address):
        """Start a new thread to process the request."""
        t = threading.Thread(target = self.process_request_thread,
                             args = (request, client_address))
        t.daemon = self.daemon_threads
        t.start()

ThreadingMixIn

class ThreadingTCPServer(ThreadingMixIn, TCPServer): pass

RequestHandler相关源码

class BaseRequestHandler:

    """Base class for request handler classes.

    This class is instantiated for each request to be handled.  The
    constructor sets the instance variables request, client_address
    and server, and then calls the handle() method.  To implement a
    specific service, all you need to do is to derive a class which
    defines a handle() method.

    The handle() method can find the request as self.request, the
    client address as self.client_address, and the server (in case it
    needs access to per-server information) as self.server.  Since a
    separate instance is created for each request, the handle() method
    can define arbitrary other instance variariables.

    """

    def __init__(self, request, client_address, server):
        self.request = request
        self.client_address = client_address
        self.server = server
        self.setup()
        try:
            self.handle()
        finally:
            self.finish()

    def setup(self):
        pass

    def handle(self):
        pass

    def finish(self):
        pass

SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler