url编解码

代码

from urllib.parse import quote,unquote,urlencode


print(quote('https://www.cnblogs.com/?a=bc&d=f'))
print(urlencode({'a':'b','b':'c'}))
#https%3A//www.cnblogs.com/%3Fa%3Dbc%26d%3Df

#a=b&b=c

print(unquote('https%3A//www.cnblogs.com/%3Fa%3Dbc%26d%3Df'))
print(unquote('a=b&b=c'))



#编码
#quote操作的是字符串类型，把url的参数和特殊字符都进行编码
#urlencode操作对象是字典类型，或者列表套元组

#解码
#只有unqoute，没有urldecode
#所以解码只用unqoute

 对于编码，从上面我们能看到，http协议跟着的冒号也会被编码，唯独‘/’不会被编码，这对爬虫会进行很大的困扰，我们看下他的源码

def quote(string, safe='/', encoding=None, errors=None):
    """quote('abc def') -> 'abc%20def'

    Each part of a URL, e.g. the path info, the query, etc., has a
    different set of reserved characters that must be quoted. The
    quote function offers a cautious (not minimal) way to quote a
    string for most of these parts.

    RFC 3986 Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax lists
    the following (un)reserved characters.

    unreserved    = ALPHA / DIGIT / "-" / "." / "_" / "~"
    reserved      = gen-delims / sub-delims
    gen-delims    = ":" / "/" / "?" / "#" / "[" / "]" / "@"
    sub-delims    = "!" / "$" / "&" / "'" / "(" / ")"
                  / "*" / "+" / "," / ";" / "="

    Each of the reserved characters is reserved in some component of a URL,
    but not necessarily in all of them.

    The quote function %-escapes all characters that are neither in the
    unreserved chars ("always safe") nor the additional chars set via the
    safe arg.

    The default for the safe arg is '/'. The character is reserved, but in
    typical usage the quote function is being called on a path where the
    existing slash characters are to be preserved.

    Python 3.7 updates from using RFC 2396 to RFC 3986 to quote URL strings.
    Now, "~" is included in the set of unreserved characters.

    string and safe may be either str or bytes objects. encoding and errors
    must not be specified if string is a bytes object.

    The optional encoding and errors parameters specify how to deal with
    non-ASCII characters, as accepted by the str.encode method.
    By default, encoding='utf-8' (characters are encoded with UTF-8), and
    errors='strict' (unsupported characters raise a UnicodeEncodeError).
    """
    if isinstance(string, str):
        if not string:
            return string
        if encoding is None:
            encoding = 'utf-8'
        if errors is None:
            errors = 'strict'
        string = string.encode(encoding, errors)
    else:
        if encoding is not None:
            raise TypeError("quote() doesn't support 'encoding' for bytes")
        if errors is not None:
            raise TypeError("quote() doesn't support 'errors' for bytes")
    return quote_from_bytes(string, safe)

　　也就说默认不会变编码的只有下面这四个符号不会被编码，其他的都会被编码

‘_.-~’

　　还有就是传入safe参数的字符也不会被编码，效果如下

quote('https://www.cnblogs.com/?a=bc&d=f')
'https%3A//www.cnblogs.com/%3Fa%3Dbc%26d%3Df'


quote('https://www.cnblogs.com/?a=bc&d=f',safe=':/')
'https://www.cnblogs.com/%3Fa%3Dbc%26d%3Df'


quote('https://www.cnblogs.com/?a=bc&d=f',safe=':?/')
'https://www.cnblogs.com/?a%3Dbc%26d%3Df'


quote('https://www.cnblogs.com/?a=bc&d=f',safe=':?=/')
'https://www.cnblogs.com/?a=bc%26d=f'

　　源码默认的safe只有 ‘/’，但你传入safe，如果需要‘/’不被编码，也要记得传入’/‘，