通过管道进行线程间通信：字节流
Java提供了各种各样的输入/输出流Stream可以很方便地对数据进行操作，其中管道流(pipeStream)是一种特殊的流，用于在不同线程间直接传送数据，一个线程发送数据到输出管道，另一个线程从输入管道中读数据。通过使用管道，实现不同线程间的通信，无需借助于类似临时文件之类的东西。
JDK提供了4个类来使线程间可以进行通信：
- PipedInputStream和PipedOutputStream
- PipedReader和PipedWriter
public class WriteData {
public void writeMethod(PipedOutputStream out) {
try {
System.out.println("write:");
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
String outData = "" + (i + 1);
out.write(outData.getBytes());
//System.out.print(outData);
}
//System.out.println();
out.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public class ReadData {
public void readMethod(PipedInputStream input) {
try {
System.out.println("read:");
byte[] byteArray = new byte[20];
int readLength = input.read(byteArray);
while (readLength != -1) {
String newData = new String(byteArray, 0, readLength);
System.out.println(newData);
readLength = input.read(byteArray);
}
System.out.println();
input.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public class ThreadWrite extends Thread {
private WriteData writeData;
private PipedOutputStream out;
public ThreadWrite(WriteData writeData, PipedOutputStream out) {
super();
this.out = out;
this.writeData = writeData;
}
@Override
public void run() {
writeData.writeMethod(out);
}
}
public class ThreadRead extends Thread {
private ReadData readData;
private PipedInputStream input;
public ThreadRead(ReadData readData, PipedInputStream input) {
super();
this.input = input;
this.readData = readData;
}
@Override
public void run() {
readData.readMethod(input);
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
WriteData writeData = new WriteData();
ReadData readData = new ReadData();
PipedInputStream inputStream = new PipedInputStream();
PipedOutputStream outputStream = new PipedOutputStream();
outputStream.connect(inputStream);
//inputStream.connect(outputStream);
ThreadRead threadRead = new ThreadRead(readData, inputStream);
ThreadWrite threadWrite = new ThreadWrite(writeData, outputStream);
threadRead.start();//先启动读线程
Thread.sleep(1000);
threadWrite.start();//后启动写线程
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
控制台打印结果如下：
read:
write:
123456
78910111213141516171
81920212223242526272
8293031323334353637
383940414243
44454647484950
51525354555657
58596061626364
65666768697071
72737475767778
798081828384
858687888990
91929394959697
9899100
先启动读线程，由于没有数据被写入，读线程阻塞在readLength = input.read(byteArray)，直到有数据被写入才继续往下运行。
通过管道进行线程间通信：字符流
public class WriteData {
public void writeMethod(PipedWriter writer) {
try {
System.out.println("write:");
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
String outData = "" + (i + 1);
writer.write(outData);
//System.out.print(outData);
}
//System.out.println();
writer.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public class ReadData {
public void readMethod(PipedReader reader) {
try {
System.out.println("read:");
char[] array = new char[20];
int readLength = reader.read(array);
while (readLength != -1) {
String newData = new String(array, 0, readLength);
System.out.println(newData);
readLength = reader.read(array);
}
System.out.println();
reader.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public class ThreadWrite extends Thread {
private WriteData writeData;
private PipedWriter writer;
public ThreadWrite(WriteData writeData, PipedWriter writer) {
super();
this.writer = writer;
this.writeData = writeData;
}
@Override
public void run() {
writeData.writeMethod(writer);
}
}
public class ThreadRead extends Thread {
private ReadData readData;
private PipedReader reader;
public ThreadRead(ReadData readData, PipedReader reader) {
super();
this.reader = reader;
this.readData = readData;
}
@Override
public void run() {
readData.readMethod(reader);
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
WriteData writeData = new WriteData();
ReadData readData = new ReadData();
PipedReader reader = new PipedReader();
PipedWriter writer = new PipedWriter();
// writer.connect(reader);
reader.connect(writer);
ThreadRead threadRead = new ThreadRead(readData, reader);
ThreadWrite threadWrite = new ThreadWrite(writeData, writer);
threadRead.start();
Thread.sleep(1000);
threadWrite.start();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
控制台打印结果如下：
read:
write:
12345678910111213141
51617181920212223242
52627282930313233343
53637383940414243444
54647484950515253545
55657585960616263646
56667686970717273747
57677787980818283848
58687888990919293949
596979899100
打印结果和前一个例子基本一样。此实验是在两个线程中通过管道流进行字符数据的传输。
等待/通知：交叉备份
创建20个线程，10个线程将数据备份到A数据库中，10个线程将数据备份到B数据库中，并且备份A数据库和备份B数据库是交叉进行的。
public class DBTools {
volatile private boolean prevIsA = false;
synchronized public void backupA(){
try {
while (prevIsA) {
wait();
}
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println("☆☆☆☆☆");
}
prevIsA = true;
notifyAll();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
synchronized public void backupB(){
try {
while (!prevIsA) {
wait();
}
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println("★★★★★");
}
prevIsA = false;
notifyAll();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public class ThreadA extends Thread {
private DBTools dbTools;
public ThreadA(DBTools dbTools) {
super();
this.dbTools = dbTools;
}
@Override
public void run() {
dbTools.backupA();
}
}
public class ThreadB extends Thread {
private DBTools dbTools;
public ThreadB(DBTools dbTools) {
super();
this.dbTools = dbTools;
}
@Override
public void run() {
dbTools.backupB();
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
DBTools dbTools = new DBTools();
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
ThreadA threadA = new ThreadA(dbTools);
threadA.start();
ThreadB threadB = new ThreadB(dbTools);
threadB.start();
}
}
}
控制台打印结果如下：
......
★★★★★
★★★★★
★★★★★
★★★★★
★★★★★
☆☆☆☆☆
☆☆☆☆☆
☆☆☆☆☆
☆☆☆☆☆
☆☆☆☆☆
★★★★★
★★★★★
★★★★★
★★★★★
★★★★★
☆☆☆☆☆
☆☆☆☆☆
☆☆☆☆☆
☆☆☆☆☆
☆☆☆☆☆
......
交替打印是使用prevIsA作为标记来实现的。
方法join的使用
在很多情况下，主线程创建并启动子线程，如果子线程要进行大量运算，主线程往往比子线程先运行完毕。如果主线程想要等待子线程执行完之后再结束，就需要用到join方法。
先看一个实验。
public class MyThread extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
int secondValue = (int)(Math.random() * 10000);
System.out.println(secondValue);
Thread.sleep(secondValue);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread thread = new MyThread();
thread.start();
// Thread.sleep(?);
System.out.println("我想在thread对象执行完毕之后再执行");
System.out.println("但是上面sleep()中的值写多少呢？");
System.out.println("答案是：不能确定！！！");
}
}
用join()方法来解决上面的问题
public class MyThread extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
int secondValue = (int)(Math.random() * 10000);
System.out.println(secondValue);
Thread.sleep(secondValue);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
MyThread thread = new MyThread();
thread.start();
// Thread.sleep(?);
thread.join();
System.out.println("我想在thread对象执行完毕之后再执行");
}
}
控制台打印结果如下：
9230
我想在thread对象执行完毕之后再执行
方法join()的作用是使所属线程对象x正常执行run()方法中的任务，而使当前线程进行无限期的阻塞。等线程x执行完毕之后再执行当前线程后续的代码。
方法join()与异常
在join()过程中，如果当前线程对象被中断，则当前线程出现异常。
public class ThreadA extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < Integer.MAX_VALUE; i++) {
String newString = new String();
Math.random();
}
}
}
public class ThreadB extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
ThreadA a = new ThreadA();
a.start();
a.join();
System.out.println("线程B在run end处打印");
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println("线程B在catch处打印");
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public class ThreadC extends Thread {
private ThreadB threadB;
public ThreadC(ThreadB threadB) {
super();
this.threadB = threadB;
}
@Override
public void run() {
threadB.interrupt();
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
ThreadB b = new ThreadB();
b.start();
Thread.sleep(2000);
ThreadC c = new ThreadC(b);
c.start();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
控制台打印结果如下：
线程B在catch处打印
java.lang.InterruptedException
at java.lang.Object.wait(Native Method)
at java.lang.Thread.join(Unknown Source)
at java.lang.Thread.join(Unknown Source)
at com.umgsai.thread.thread38.ThreadB.run(ThreadB.java:9)
此时程序不结束，a线程扔在运行。
方法join(long)的使用
public class MyThread extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
System.out.println("MyThread开始，time = " + System.currentTimeMillis());
Thread.sleep(5000);
System.out.println("MyThread结束，time = " + System.currentTimeMillis());
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
MyThread thread = new MyThread();
thread.start();
thread.join(2000);
System.out.println("main线程结束 time = " + System.currentTimeMillis());
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
控制台打印结果如下：
MyThread开始，time = 1466909154102
main线程结束 time = 1466909156103
MyThread结束，time = 1466909159102
如果将main中的join(2000)改成Thread.sleep(2000)，运行效果是一样的，main线程都是等待2秒。主要区别来自于这两个方法对同步的处理上。
方法join(long)与sleep(long)的区别
方法join(long)的功能在内部是使用wait(long)方法来实现的，所以join(long)方法具有释放锁的特点。
方法join(long)源代码如下：
public final synchronized void join(long millis) throws InterruptedException {
long base = System.currentTimeMillis();
long now = 0;
if (millis < 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("timeout value is negative");
}
if (millis == 0) {
while (isAlive()) {
wait(0);
}
} else {
while (isAlive()) {
long delay = millis - now;
if (delay <= 0) {
break;
}
wait(delay);//释放锁
now = System.currentTimeMillis() - base;
}
}
}
当执行wait(long)方法后，当前线程的锁被释放，其他线程就可以调用此线程中的同步方法了。
public class ThreadA extends Thread {
private ThreadB b;
public ThreadA(ThreadB b) {
super();
this.b = b;
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
synchronized (b) {
b.start();
Thread.sleep(6000);////不释放b对象锁
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public class ThreadB extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
System.out.println("B begin time = " + System.currentTimeMillis());
Thread.sleep(5000);
System.out.println("B end time = " + System.currentTimeMillis());
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
synchronized public void bService(){
System.out.println("bService time = " + System.currentTimeMillis());
}
}
public class ThreadC extends Thread {
private ThreadB threadB;
public ThreadC(ThreadB threadB) {
super();
this.threadB = threadB;
}
@Override
public void run() {
threadB.bService();
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
ThreadB b = new ThreadB();
ThreadA a = new ThreadA(b);
a.start();
Thread.sleep(1000);
ThreadC c = new ThreadC(b);
c.start();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
控制台打印结果如下：
B begin time = 1466927915044
B end time = 1466927920045
bService time = 1466927921044
将线程A做如下修改：
public class ThreadA extends Thread {
private ThreadB b;
public ThreadA(ThreadB b) {
super();
this.b = b;
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
synchronized (b) {
b.start();
b.join();//释放b对象锁
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
此时控制台打印结果如下：
B begin time = 1466927989797
bService time = 1466927990801
B end time = 1466927994798
方法join()后面的代码提前运行：出现意外
public class ThreadA extends Thread {
private ThreadB b;
public ThreadA(ThreadB b) {
super();
this.b = b;
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
synchronized (b) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " A begin time = " + System.currentTimeMillis());
Thread.sleep(5000);
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " A end time = " + System.currentTimeMillis());
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public class ThreadB extends Thread {
@Override
synchronized public void run() {
try {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " B begin time = " + System.currentTimeMillis());
Thread.sleep(5000);
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " B end time = " + System.currentTimeMillis());
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
ThreadB b = new ThreadB();
ThreadA a = new ThreadA(b);
a.start();
b.start();
b.join(2000);
System.out.println("main end " + System.currentTimeMillis());
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
P187 此节未完待续...
类ThreadLocal的使用
变量值的共享可以使用public static变量的形式，所有的线程都使用同一个public static变量。类ThreadLocal为每个线程绑定自己的值。
每个线程中都有一个自己的ThreadLocalMap类对象，可以将线程自己的对象保存到其中。ThreadLocalMap针对每个thread保留一个entry，如果对应的thread不存在则会调用initValue。
方法get()与null
public class Run {
public static ThreadLocal t1 = new ThreadLocal<>();
public static void main(String[] args) {
if (t1.get() == null) {
System.out.println("从未放过值");
t1.set("我的值");
}
System.out.println(t1.get());
System.out.println(t1.get());
}
}
控制台打印结果如下：
从未放过值
我的值
我的值
类ThreadLocal解决的是变量在不同线程间的隔离性，也就是不同线程拥有自己的值，不同线程中的值是可以放入ThreadLocal类中进行保存的。
验证线程变量的隔离性
public class ThreadA extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
Tools.t1.set("ThreadA " + (i + 1));
System.out.println("ThreadA getValue=" + Tools.t1.get());
Thread.sleep(200);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public class ThreadB extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
Tools.t1.set("ThreadB " + (i + 1));
System.out.println("ThreadB getValue=" + Tools.t1.get());
Thread.sleep(200);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
ThreadA a = new ThreadA();
ThreadB b = new ThreadB();
a.start();
b.start();
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
Tools.t1.set("Thread main " + (i + 1));
System.out.println("Thread main getValue=" + Tools.t1.get());
Thread.sleep(200);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
控制台打印结果如下：
......
Thread main getValue=Thread main 99
ThreadB getValue=ThreadB 99
ThreadA getValue=ThreadA 99
Thread main getValue=Thread main 100
ThreadA getValue=ThreadA 100
ThreadB getValue=ThreadB 100
虽然三个线程都向t1对象中set()数据值，但每个线程还是能取出自己的数据。
第一次调用ThreadLocal类的get()方法返回值是null。可以设置默认值。
public class ThreadLocalExt extends ThreadLocal {
public static ThreadLocalExt t1 = new ThreadLocalExt();
@Override
protected Object initialValue() {
return "This is the default value";
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
if (t1.get() == null) {
System.out.println("从未放过值");
t1.set("我的值");
}
System.out.println(t1.get());
System.out.println(t1.get());
}
}
控制台打印结果如下：
This is the default value
This is the default value
子线程和父线程各自拥有自己的值
public class ThreadLocalExt extends ThreadLocal {
@Override
protected Object initialValue() {
return new Date().getTime();
}
}
public class Tools {
public static ThreadLocalExt t1 = new ThreadLocalExt();
}
public class ThreadA extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println("ThreadA取值：" + Tools.t1.get());
Thread.sleep(100);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println("Main取值：" + Tools.t1.get());
Thread.sleep(100);
}
Thread.sleep(5000);
ThreadA a = new ThreadA();
a.start();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
控制台打印结果如下：
Main取值：1467118837063
Main取值：1467118837063
Main取值：1467118837063
Main取值：1467118837063
Main取值：1467118837063
ThreadA取值：1467118842566
ThreadA取值：1467118842566
ThreadA取值：1467118842566
ThreadA取值：1467118842566
ThreadA取值：1467118842566
类InheritableThreadLocal的使用
使用类InheritableThreadLocal可以在子线程中获得父线程继承下来的值。
public class InheritableThreadLocalExt extends InheritableThreadLocal {
@Override
protected Object initialValue() {
return new Date().getTime();
}
}
public class Tools {
public static InheritableThreadLocalExt t1 = new InheritableThreadLocalExt();
}
public class ThreadA extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println("ThreadA取值：" + Tools.t1.get());
Thread.sleep(100);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
System.out.println("Main取值：" + Tools.t1.get());
Thread.sleep(100);
}
Thread.sleep(5000);
ThreadA a = new ThreadA();
a.start();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
控制台打印结果如下：
Main取值：1467119046785
Main取值：1467119046785
Main取值：1467119046785
Main取值：1467119046785
Main取值：1467119046785
ThreadA取值：1467119046785
ThreadA取值：1467119046785
ThreadA取值：1467119046785
ThreadA取值：1467119046785
ThreadA取值：1467119046785
值继承再修改
将上面带做如下修改：
public class InheritableThreadLocalExt extends InheritableThreadLocal {
@Override
protected Object initialValue() {
return new Date().getTime();
}
@Override
protected Object childValue(Object parentValue) {
return parentValue + "我是在子线程中加的~~~";
}
}
重新运行程序，控制台打印结果如下：
Main取值：1467119256537
Main取值：1467119256537
Main取值：1467119256537
Main取值：1467119256537
Main取值：1467119256537
ThreadA取值：1467119256537我是在子线程中加的~~~
ThreadA取值：1467119256537我是在子线程中加的~~~
ThreadA取值：1467119256537我是在子线程中加的~~~
ThreadA取值：1467119256537我是在子线程中加的~~~
ThreadA取值：1467119256537我是在子线程中加的~~~
需要注意的是，如果子线程在取得值的同时，主线程将InheritableThreadLocal中的值进行更改，那么子线程取到的值还是旧值。