堆
堆是一种经过排序的完全二叉树,其中任一非终端节点的数据值均不大于(或不小于)其左孩子和右孩子节点的值。
最大堆和最小堆是二叉堆的两种形式。
实现
接口定义
heap包提供了对任意类型(实现了heap.Interface接口)的堆操作。
//heap.Interface定义
type Interface interface {
sort.Interface
Push(x interface{}) // add x as element Len()
Pop() interface{} // remove and return element Len() - 1.
}
//sort.Interface定义
type Interface interface {
// Len is the number of elements in the collection.
Len() int
// Less reports whether the element with
// index i should sort before the element with index j.
Less(i, j int) bool
// Swap swaps the elements with indexes i and j.
Swap(i, j int)
}
使用方法
type IntHeap []int // 定义一个类型
func (h IntHeap) Len() int { return len(h) } // 绑定len方法,返回长度
func (h IntHeap) Less(i, j int) bool { // 绑定less方法
return h[i] < h[j] // 如果h[i]<h[j]生成的就是小根堆,如果h[i]>h[j]生成的就是大根堆
}
func (h IntHeap) Swap(i, j int) { // 绑定swap方法,交换两个元素位置
h[i], h[j] = h[j], h[i]
}
func (h *IntHeap) Pop() interface{} { // 绑定pop方法,从最后拿出一个元素并返回
old := *h
n := len(old)
x := old[n-1]
*h = old[0 : n-1]
return x
}
func (h *IntHeap) Push(x interface{}) { // 绑定push方法,插入新元素
*h = append(*h, x.(int))
}
源码分析
// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
// Package heap provides heap operations for any type that implements
// heap.Interface. A heap is a tree with the property that each node is the
// minimum-valued node in its subtree.
//
// The minimum element in the tree is the root, at index 0.
//
// A heap is a common way to implement a priority queue. To build a priority
// queue, implement the Heap interface with the (negative) priority as the
// ordering for the Less method, so Push adds items while Pop removes the
// highest-priority item from the queue. The Examples include such an
// implementation; the file example_pq_test.go has the complete source.
//
package heap
import "sort"
// The Interface type describes the requirements
// for a type using the routines in this package.
// Any type that implements it may be used as a
// min-heap with the following invariants (established after
// Init has been called or if the data is empty or sorted):
//
// !h.Less(j, i) for 0 <= i < h.Len() and 2*i+1 <= j <= 2*i+2 and j < h.Len()
//
// Note that Push and Pop in this interface are for package heap's
// implementation to call. To add and remove things from the heap,
// use heap.Push and heap.Pop.
type Interface interface {
sort.Interface
Push(x interface{}) // add x as element Len()
Pop() interface{} // remove and return element Len() - 1.
}
// 初始化,调整一般数据就已经OK了
func Init(h Interface) {
// heapify
n := h.Len()
for i := n/2 - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
down(h, i, n)
}
}
//把元素放在最后面,然后向上调整
func Push(h Interface, x interface{}) {
h.Push(x)
up(h, h.Len()-1)
}
//交换第一个和最后一个元素,然后从第一个元素开始向下调整,调整到n-1,然后弹出n-1的数据
func Pop(h Interface) interface{} {
n := h.Len() - 1
h.Swap(0, n)
down(h, 0, n)
return h.Pop()
}
// 移除下标i的数据,即把下标i和最后一个元素互换,然后调整
//先向下调整,如果不需要调整,则位置不变,即也不需要向上调整了,不然就需要向上调整了
func Remove(h Interface, i int) interface{} {
n := h.Len() - 1
if n != i {
h.Swap(i, n)
if !down(h, i, n) {
up(h, i)
}
}
return h.Pop()
}
// 下标i的调整逻辑
func Fix(h Interface, i int) {
if !down(h, i, h.Len()) {
up(h, i)
}
}
//向上调整逻辑
func up(h Interface, j int) {
for {
i := (j - 1) / 2 // 父节点的下标
if i == j || !h.Less(j, i) { //已经到顶了,或者不满足要求了,则跳出for循环
break
}
h.Swap(i, j) //否则交互父节点和当前节点
j = i //继续向上调整
}
}
//向下调整逻辑
func down(h Interface, i0, n int) bool {
i := i0
for {
j1 := 2*i + 1
if j1 >= n || j1 < 0 { // j1 < 0 after int overflow 溢出或者已经到堆底了,则跳出
break
}
j := j1 // 左边子节点
if j2 := j1 + 1; j2 < n && h.Less(j2, j1) {
j = j2 // = 2*i + 2 // 右边节点存在并且比左节点的值更大(大顶堆)或更小(小顶堆) 则选择右节点
}
if !h.Less(j, i) { //不满足条件,跳出
break
}
h.Swap(i, j) //交换,继续向下调整
i = j
}
return i > i0 //判断是否有调整
}
优先级队列
实现
type Item struct {
value string // 优先级队列中的数据,可以是任意类型,这里使用string
priority int // 优先级队列中节点的优先级
index int // index是该节点在堆中的位置
}
// 优先级队列需要实现heap的interface
type PriorityQueue []*Item
// 绑定Len方法
func (pq PriorityQueue) Len() int {
return len(pq)
}
// 绑定Less方法,这里用的是小于号,生成的是小根堆
func (pq PriorityQueue) Less(i, j int) bool {
return pq[i].priority < pq[j].priority
}
// 绑定swap方法
func (pq PriorityQueue) Swap(i, j int) {
pq[i], pq[j] = pq[j], pq[i]
pq[i].index, pq[j].index = i, j
}
// 绑定put方法,将index置为-1是为了标识该数据已经出了优先级队列了
func (pq *PriorityQueue) Pop() interface{} {
old := *pq
n := len(old)
item := old[n-1]
*pq = old[0 : n-1]
item.index = -1
return item
}
// 绑定push方法
func (pq *PriorityQueue) Push(x interface{}) {
n := len(*pq)
item := x.(*Item)
item.index = n
*pq = append(*pq, item)
}
// 更新修改了优先级和值的item在优先级队列中的位置
func (pq *PriorityQueue) update(item *Item, value string, priority int) {
item.value = value
item.priority = priority
heap.Fix(pq, item.index)
}
func main() {
// 创建节点并设计他们的优先级
items := map[string]int{"二毛": 5, "张三": 3, "狗蛋": 9}
i := 0
pq := make(PriorityQueue, len(items)) // 创建优先级队列,并初始化
for k, v := range items { // 将节点放到优先级队列中
pq[i] = &Item{
value: k,
priority: v,
index: i}
i++
}
heap.Init(&pq) // 初始化堆
item := &Item{ // 创建一个item
value: "李四",
priority: 1,
}
heap.Push(&pq, item) // 入优先级队列
pq.update(item, item.value, 6) // 更新item的优先级
for len(pq) > 0 {
item := heap.Pop(&pq).(*Item)
fmt.Printf("%.2d:%s index:%.2d
", item.priority, item.value, item.index)
}
}