学习目的:
request库比urllib库使用更加简洁,且更方便。
正式步骤
Step1:什么是requests
requests是用Python语言编写,基于urllib,采用Apache2 Licensed开源协议的HTTP库。它比urllib更加方便,可以节约大量工作时间,还完全满足HTTP测试需求,是一个简单易用的HTTP库。
Step2:实例 引入
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import requests response = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com') print(type(response)) print(response.content) print(response.status_code) print(response.text) print(type(response.text)) print(response.cookies)
重要:
- response.content():这是从网络上直接抓取的数据,没有经过任何的解码,是一个bytes类型,
- response.text():这是str类型数据,是requests库将response.content进行解码的字符串,解码需要指定一个编码方式,requests会根据自己的猜测来判断编码方式,有时候会判断错误,所以最稳妥的办法是response.content.decode("utf-8"),指定一个编码方式手动解码
Step3:各种请求方式
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import requests requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post') requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put') requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete') requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get') requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')
- get请求
① 基本用法
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import requests response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get') print(response.text)
运行结果:
{ "args": {}, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Connection": "close", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4" }, "origin": "222.94.50.178", "url": "http://httpbin.org/get" }
②带参数的get请求import requests data = { 'name':'python','age':17 } response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get',params=data) print(response.text)
运行结果:
{ "args": { "age": "17", "name": "python" }, "headers": { "Accept": "*/*", "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", "Connection": "close", "Host": "httpbin.org", "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4" }, "origin": "222.94.50.178", "url": "http://httpbin.org/get?name=python&age=17" }
get和post请求的区别:-
GET是从服务器上获取数据,POST是向服务器传送数据
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GET请求参数显示,都显示在浏览器网址上,HTTP服务器根据该请求所包含URL中的参数来产生响应内容,即“Get”请求的参数是URL的一部分。 例如:
http://www.baidu.com/s?wd=Chinese
-
POST请求参数在请求体当中,消息长度没有限制而且以隐式的方式进行发送,通常用来向HTTP服务器提交量比较大的数据(比如请求中包含许多参数或者文件上传操作等),请求的参数包含在“Content-Type”消息头里,指明该消息体的媒体类型和编码,
注意:避免使用Get方式提交表单,因为有可能会导致安全问题。 比如说在登陆表单中用Get方式,用户输入的用户名和密码将在地址栏中暴露无遗。
③解析Jsonimport requests import json response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get') print(response.json()) print(type(response.json()))
④获取二进制数据# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- ''' 保存百度图标 ''' import requests response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png') with open('baidu.png','wb') as f: f.write(response.content) f.close()
⑤添加headers
如果直接爬取知乎的网站,是会报错的,如:import requests response = requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore') print(response.text)
运行结果:
<html><body><h1>500 Server Error</h1> An internal server error occured. </body></html>
解决办法:
import requests headers = { 'user-agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/65.0.3325.181 Safari/537.36' } response = requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com/explore',headers = headers) print(response.text)
就是添加一个headers,就可以正常抓取,而headers中的数据,我是通过chrome浏览器自带的开发者工具去找了然后copy过来的
-
- 基本POST请求
import requests data = { 'name':'python','age' : 18 } headers = { 'user-agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/65.0.3325.181 Safari/537.36' } response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post',data=data,headers=headers) print(response.json())
实例:爬取拉勾网python职位,并把数据保存为字典
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import requests headers = { 'User-Agent' :'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) ' 'Chrome/69.0.3497.100 Safari/537.36', 'Referer':"https://www.lagou.com/jobs/list_python?labelWords=&fromSearch=true&suginput=" } data = { 'first':"True", 'pn':"1", 'kd' :"python" } url = 'https://www.lagou.com/jobs/positionAjax.json?needAddtionalResult=false' response = requests.get(url,headers=headers,params=data) print(response.json())
- 响应
import requests ''' response属性 ''' response = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com') print(response.status_code,type(response.status_code)) print(response.history,type(response.history)) print(response.cookies,type(response.cookies)) print(response.url,type(response.url)) print(response.headers,type(response.headers))
运行结果:
200 <class 'int'> [] <class 'list'> <RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BDORZ=27315 for .baidu.com/>]> <class 'requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar'> http://www.baidu.com/ <class 'str'> {'Server': 'bfe/1.0.8.18', 'Date': 'Thu, 05 Apr 2018 06:27:33 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'text/html', 'Last-Modified': 'Mon, 23 Jan 2017 13:28:24 GMT', 'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked', 'Connection': 'Keep-Alive', 'Cache-Control': 'private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform', 'Pragma': 'no-cache', 'Set-Cookie': 'BDORZ=27315; max-age=86400; domain=.baidu.com; path=/', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip'} <class 'requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict'>
- 状态码判断
状态码参考表 http://www.cnblogs.com/wuzhiming/p/8722422.html
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import requests response = requests.get('http://www.cnblogs.com/hello.html') exit() if not response.status_code == requests.codes.not_found else print('404 not found') response1 = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com') exit() if not response1.status_code == requests.codes.ok else print('Request Successly')
- 高级操作
①文件上传
import requests file = {'file':open('baidu.png','rb')} response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post',files = file) print(response.text)
运行结果不演示
②获取cookie
import requests response = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com') cookies = response.cookies print(cookies) for key,value in cookies.items(): print(key + '=' + value)
import requests s = requests.Session() s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/get/number/123456789') response = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies') print(response.text)
import requests #verify=False表示不进行证书验证 response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False) print(response.status_code)
手动指定证书
response1 = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',cert=('/path/server.crt','/path/key'))
⑤代理设置
import requests #用法示例,代理可以自己百度免费的代理 proxies = { 'http':'http://127.0.0.1:端口号', 'https':'https://ip:端口号', 'http':'http://username:password@ip:端口号' } response = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com',proxies=proxies) print(response.status_code)
import requests response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get',timeout = 1) print(response.status_code)
import requests from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth response = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8888',auth=('user','password')) response1 = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8888',auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user','passwrd')) print(response.status_code)
PS:127.0.0.1:8888只是举例
⑧异常处理
import requests from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout,HTTPError,RequestException try: response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get',timeout = 0.01) print(response.status_code) except ReadTimeout: print("TIME OUT") except HTTPError: print('HTTP ERROR') except RequestException: print("ERROR")
学习总结:
通过爬虫的学习可以进一步的掌握python的基础应用,我的目的就是这个,后面继续学习