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  • MySQL集群高可用

    MySQL高可用 Galera Cluster

    Galera Cluster

    Galera Cluster:集成了Galera插件的MySQL集群,是一种新型的,数据不共享的,高度冗余的高可用方案,目前Galera Cluster有两个版本,分别是Percona Xtradb Cluster及MariaDB Cluster,Galera本身是具有多主特性的,即采用multi-master的集群架构,是一个既稳健,又在数据一致性、完整性及高性能方面有出色表现的高可用解决方案
    

    在这里插入图片描述

    Galera Cluster特点

    • 多主架构:真正的多点读写的集群,在任何时候读写数据,都是最新的
    
    • 同步复制:集群不同节点之间数据同步,没有延迟,在数据库挂掉之后,数据不会丢失
    
    • 并发复制:从节点APPLY数据时,支持并行执行,更好的性能
    
    • 故障切换:在出现数据库故障时,因支持多点写入,切换容易
    
    • 热插拔:在服务期间,如果数据库挂了,只要监控程序发现的够快,不可服务时间就会非常少。在节点故障期间,节点本身对集群的影响非常小
    
    • 自动节点克隆:在新增节点,或者停机维护时,增量数据或者基础数据不需要人工手动备份提供,Galera Cluster会自动拉取在线节点数据,最终集群会变为一致
    
    • 对应用透明:集群的维护,对应用程序是透明的
    
    只支持innodb存储引擎的表
    

    Galera Cluster 缺点

    • 由于DDL 需全局验证通过,则集群性能由集群中最差性能节点决定(一般集群节点配置都是一样的)
    
    • 新节点加入或延后较大的节点重新加入需全量拷贝数据(SST,State Snapshot Transfer),作为donor( 贡献者,如: 同步数据时的提供者)的节点在同步过程中无法提供读写
    
    • 只支持innodb存储引擎的表
    

    Galera Cluster工作过程

    在这里插入图片描述

    Galera Cluster官方文档

    http://galeracluster.com/documentation-webpages/galera-documentation.pdf
    http://galeracluster.com/documentation-webpages/index.html
    https://www.percona.com/doc/percona-xtradb-cluster/LATEST/index.html
    https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/getting-started-with-mariadb-galera-cluster/

    Galera Cluster包括两个组件

    • Galera replication library (galera-3)
    • WSREP:MySQL extended with the Write Set Replication
    

    WSREP复制实现

    • PXC:Percona XtraDB Cluster,是Percona对Galera的实现
      参考仓库:
    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/percona/release/$releasever/RPMS/$basearch
    
    • MariaDB Galera Cluster:
      参考仓库:
    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/mariadb/mariadb-5.5.X/yum/centos7-amd64/
    
    注意:两者都需要至少三个节点,不能安装mysql server 或 mariadb-server
    

    PXC 原理

    在这里插入图片描述

    PXC最常使用如下4个端口号:

    • 3306:数据库对外服务的端口号
    • 4444:请求SST的端口号
    • 4567:组成员之间进行沟通的端口号
    • 4568:用于传输IST的端口号
    

    PXC中涉及到的重要概念和核心参数:

    1. 集群中节点的数量:整个集群中节点数量应该控制在最少3个、最多8个的范围内。最少3个节点是为了防止出现脑裂现象,因为只有在2个节点下才会出现此现象。脑裂现象的标志就是输入任何命令,返回的结果都是unknown command。节点在集群中,会因新节点的加入或故障、同步失效等原因发生状态的切换。
    2. 节点状态的变化阶段:
      在这里插入图片描述
    • open:节点启动成功,尝试连接到集群时的状态
    • primary:节点已处于集群中,在新节点加入并选取donor进行数据同步时的状态
    • joiner:节点处于等待接收同步文件时的状态
    • joined:节点完成数据同步工作,尝试保持和集群进度一致时的状态
    • synced:节点正常提供服务时的状态,表示已经同步完成并和集群进度保持一致
    • donor:节点处于为新加入的节点提供全量数据时的状态  
    
    备注:donor节点就是数据的贡献者,如果一个新节点加入集群,此时又需要大量数据的SST数据传输,就有可能因此而拖垮整个集群的性能,所以在生产环境中,如果数据量较小,还可以使用SST全量数据传输,但如果数据量很大就不建议使用这种方式,可以考虑先建立主从关系,然后再加入集群。
    
    1. 节点的数据传输方式:
    • SST:State Snapshot Transfer,全量数据传输
    • IST:Incremental State Transfer,增量数据传输 
    
    SST数据传输有xtrabackup、mysqldump和rsync三种方式,而增量数据传输就只有一种方式xtrabackup,但生产环境中一般数据量较小时,可以使用SST全量数据传输,但也只使用xtrabackup方法。
    
    1. GCache模块:
    在PXC中一个特别重要的模块,它的核心功能就是为每个节点缓存当前最新的写集。如果有新节点加入进来,就可以把新数据的增量传递给新节点,而不需要再使用SST传输方式,这样可以让节点更快地加入集群中
    
    1. 涉及如下参数:
    • gcache.size:缓存写集增量信息的大小,它的默认大小是128MB,通过wsrep_provider_options参数设置,建议调整为2GB~4GB范围,足够的空间便于缓存更多的增量信息。
    • gcache.mem_size:GCache中内存缓存的大小,适度调大可以提高整个集群的性能
    • gcache.page_size:如果内存不够用(GCache不足),就直接将写集写入磁盘文件中
    

    实战案例:Percona XtraDB Cluster(PXC 5.7)

    1. 环境准备

      四台主机:

    pxc1:192.168.39.7
    pxc1:192.168.39.27
    pxc1:192.168.39.37
    pxc4:192.168.39.47
    

       OS版本

    [root@pxc1 ~]#cat /etc/redhat-release 
    CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core) 
    
    关闭防火墙和SELinux,保证时间同步  
    注意:如果已经安装MySQL,必须卸载
    
    1. 安装 Percona XtraDB Cluster 5.7
    • 配置yum源
    [root@pxc1 ~]#vim /etc/yum.repos.d/percona_pxc.repo
    
    [percona]
    name=percona_repo
    baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/percona/release/$releasever/RPMS/$basearch
    enabled=1
    gpgcheck=0
    
    • 其他三台虚拟机也配置yum源
    scp /etc/yum.repos.d/percona_pxc.repo 192.168.39.27:/etc/yum.repos.d/
    scp /etc/yum.repos.d/percona_pxc.repo 192.168.39.37:/etc/yum.repos.d/
    scp /etc/yum.repos.d/percona_pxc.repo 192.168.39.47:/etc/yum.repos.d/
    
    • 在三个节点都安装好PXC 5.7
    [root@pxc1 ~]#yum install Percona-XtraDB-Cluster-57 -y
    [root@pxc2 ~]#yum install Percona-XtraDB-Cluster-57 -y
    [root@pxc3 ~]#yum install Percona-XtraDB-Cluster-57 -y
    [root@pxc4 ~]#yum install Percona-XtraDB-Cluster-57 -y
    
    1. 在各个节点上分别配置mysql及集群配置文件
    /etc/my.cnf为主配置文件,当前版本中,其余的配置文件都放在/etc/percona-xtradb-cluster.conf.d目录里,包括mysqld.cnf,mysqld_safe.cnf,wsrep.cnf 三个文件
    
    #主配置文件不需要修改
    [root@pxc1 ~]#cat /etc/my.cnf
    #
    # The Percona XtraDB Cluster 5.7 configuration file.
    #
    #
    # * IMPORTANT: Additional settings that can override those from this file!
    #   The files must end with '.cnf', otherwise they'll be ignored.
    #   Please make any edits and changes to the appropriate sectional files
    #   included below.
    #
    !includedir /etc/my.cnf.d/
    !includedir /etc/percona-xtradb-cluster.conf.d/
    
    [root@pxc1 ~]#ls /etc/percona-xtradb-cluster.conf.d/  # 查看一下三个文件
    mysqld.cnf  mysqld_safe.cnf  wsrep.cnf
    
    #下面配置文件不需要修改
    [root@pxc1 ~]#cat /etc/percona-xtradb-cluster.conf.d/mysqld.cnf 
    # Template my.cnf for PXC
    # Edit to your requirements.
    [client]
    socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
    
    [mysqld]
    server-id=1   # 建议各个节点不同
    datadir=/var/lib/mysql
    socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
    log-error=/var/log/mysqld.log
    pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
    log-bin   # 建议启用,非必须项
    log_slave_updates
    expire_logs_days=7
    
    # Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks
    symbolic-links=0
    
    #下面配置文件不需要修改
    [root@pxc1 ~]#cat /etc/percona-xtradb-cluster.conf.d/mysqld_safe.cnf 
    #
    # The Percona Server 5.7 configuration file.
    #
    # One can use all long options that the program supports.
    # Run program with --help to get a list of available options and with
    # --print-defaults to see which it would actually understand and use.
    #
    # For explanations see
    # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/server-system-variables.html
    
    [mysqld_safe]
    pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
    socket   = /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
    nice     = 0
    
    #PXC的配置文件必须修改
    [mysqld]
    wsrep_provider=/usr/lib64/galera3/libgalera_smm.so
    wsrep_cluster_address=gcomm://10.0.0.7,10.0.0.17,10.0.0.27 #三个节点的IP
    binlog_format=ROW
    default_storage_engine=InnoDB
    wsrep_slave_threads= 8
    wsrep_log_conflicts
    innodb_autoinc_lock_mode=2
    wsrep_node_address=10.0.0.7 #各个节点,指定自已的IP
    wsrep_cluster_name=pxc-cluster   # 集群名称
    wsrep_node_name=pxc-cluster-node-1 #各个节点,指定自已节点名称
    pxc_strict_mode=ENFORCING
    wsrep_sst_method=xtrabackup-v2
    wsrep_sst_auth="sstuser:centos7" #取消本行注释,可以改一个自己的密码
    
    # 根据以上修改信息所有主机都修改
    [root@pxc2 ~]#vim /etc/percona-xtradb-cluster.conf.d/wsrep.cnf  
    [root@pxc3 ~]#vim /etc/percona-xtradb-cluster.conf.d/wsrep.cnf
    
    [root@pxc1 ~]#grep -Ev "^#|^$" /etc/percona-xtradb-cluster.conf.d/wsrep.cnf # 通过这个命令查看配置文件
    [mysqld]
    wsrep_provider=/usr/lib64/galera3/libgalera_smm.so
    wsrep_cluster_address=gcomm://192.168.39.7,192.168.39.27,192.168.39.37
    binlog_format=ROW
    default_storage_engine=InnoDB
    wsrep_slave_threads= 8
    wsrep_log_conflicts
    innodb_autoinc_lock_mode=2
    wsrep_node_address=192.168.39.7
    wsrep_cluster_name=pxc-cluster
    wsrep_node_name=pxc-cluster-node-1
    pxc_strict_mode=ENFORCING
    wsrep_sst_method=xtrabackup-v2
    wsrep_sst_auth="sstuser:centos7"
    
    注意:尽管Galera Cluster不再需要通过binlog的形式进行同步,但还是建议在配置文件中开启二进制日志功能,原因是后期如果有新节点需要加入,老节点通过SST全量传输的方式向新节点传输数据,很可能会拖垮集群性能,所以让新节点先通过binlog方式完成同步后再加入集群会是一种更好的选择
    
    1. 配置文件各项配置意义
      在这里插入图片描述
      在这里插入图片描述
    [root@pxc1 ~]#ss -ntul
    Netid State      Recv-Q Send-Q                                               Local Address:Port                                                              Peer Address:Port              
    udp   UNCONN     0      0                                                    192.168.122.1:53                                                                           *:*                  
    udp   UNCONN     0      0                                                         *%virbr0:67                                                                           *:*                  
    udp   UNCONN     0      0                                                                *:111                                                                          *:*                  
    udp   UNCONN     0      0                                                                *:5353                                                                         *:*                  
    udp   UNCONN     0      0                                                                *:58153                                                                        *:*                  
    udp   UNCONN     0      0                                                                *:812                                                                          *:*                  
    udp   UNCONN     0      0                                                               :::111                                                                         :::*                  
    udp   UNCONN     0      0                                                               :::812                                                                         :::*                  
    tcp   LISTEN     0      128                                                              *:111                                                                          *:*                  
    tcp   LISTEN     0      128                                                              *:6000                                                                         *:*                  
    tcp   LISTEN     0      5                                                    192.168.122.1:53                                                                           *:*                  
    tcp   LISTEN     0      128                                                              *:22                                                                           *:*                  
    tcp   LISTEN     0      128                                                      127.0.0.1:631                                                                          *:*                  
    tcp   LISTEN     0      128                                                      127.0.0.1:6010                                                                         *:*                  
    tcp   LISTEN     0      128                                                             :::111                                                                         :::*                  
    tcp   LISTEN     0      128                                                             :::6000                                                                        :::*                  
    tcp   LISTEN     0      128                                                             :::22                                                                          :::*                  
    tcp   LISTEN     0      128                                                            ::1:631                                                                         :::*                  
    tcp   LISTEN     0      128                                                            ::1:6010                                                                        :::*            
    
    #启动第一人节点(第一个节点启动和别的节点启动都不一样)属于创建集群的服务器现在阶段可以理解为主服务器,但是集群做完之后就没有主从之分了都是主
    [root@pxc1 ~]#systemctl start mysql@bootstrap.service
    [root@pxc1 ~]#ss -ntul  # 以下两个端口启动起来就行了 (3306、4567)
    。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。
    Netid  State      Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port              
    udp    UNCONN     0      0      192.168.122.1:53                         *:*                  
    udp    UNCONN     0      0       *%virbr0:67                         *:*                  
    udp    UNCONN     0      0              *:111                        *:*                  
    udp    UNCONN     0      0              *:5353                       *:*                  
    udp    UNCONN     0      0              *:58153                      *:*                  
    udp    UNCONN     0      0              *:812                        *:*                  
    udp    UNCONN     0      0             :::111                       :::*                  
    udp    UNCONN     0      0             :::812                       :::*                  
    tcp    LISTEN     0      128            *:111                        *:*                  
    tcp    LISTEN     0      128            *:6000                       *:*                  
    tcp    LISTEN     0      5      192.168.122.1:53                         *:*                  
    tcp    LISTEN     0      128            *:22                         *:*                  
    tcp    LISTEN     0      128            *:4567                       *:*           
    tcp    LISTEN     0      128    127.0.0.1:631                        *:*                  
    tcp    LISTEN     0      128    127.0.0.1:6010                       *:*                  
    tcp    LISTEN     0      80            :::3306                      :::*           
    tcp    LISTEN     0      128           :::111                       :::*                  
    tcp    LISTEN     0      128           :::6000                      :::*                  
    tcp    LISTEN     0      128           :::22                        :::*                  
    tcp    LISTEN     0      128          ::1:631                       :::*                  
    tcp    LISTEN     0      128          ::1:6010                      :::*                  
    
    1. 找到MySQL的临时密码,第一次登录要修改要不执行不了管理操作。
    [root@centos7 ~]#grep "password" /var/log/mysqld.log 
    2019-12-03T06:13:39.187929Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: a>#;L(Sm4Ln:
    
    [root@centos7 ~]#mysql -uroot -p'a>#;L(Sm4Ln:'   # 需要加引号引起来
    mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
    Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or g.
    Your MySQL connection id is 11
    Server version: 5.7.27-30-57-log
    
    Copyright (c) 2009-2019 Percona LLC and/or its affiliates
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
    
    Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
    affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
    owners.
    
    Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement.
    
    mysql> show databases; # 执行查看库操作提示必须重置密码
    ERROR 1820 (HY000): You must reset your password using ALTER USER statement before executing this statement. # 在执行此语句之前,必须使用ALTER USER语句重置密码.
    
    mysql> alter user root@'localhost' identified by 'magedu';  # 修改密码(其他节点不用修改加入集群以后会自动同步密码)
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    mysql> exit
    Bye
    [root@centos7 ~]#mysql -uroot -pmagedu  # 修改以后重新登录
    mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
    Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or g.
    Your MySQL connection id is 12
    Server version: 5.7.27-30-57-log Percona XtraDB Cluster (GPL), Release rel30, Revision 64987d4, WSREP version 31.39, wsrep_31.39
    
    Copyright (c) 2009-2019 Percona LLC and/or its affiliates
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
    
    Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
    affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
    owners.
    
    Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement.
    
    mysql>
    
    1. 查看变量
    # 查看写集复制相关变量
    mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'wsrep%'G
    *************************** 1. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_OSU_method
            Value: TOI
    *************************** 2. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_RSU_commit_timeout
            Value: 5000
    *************************** 3. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_auto_increment_control
            Value: ON
    *************************** 4. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_causal_reads
            Value: OFF
    *************************** 5. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_certification_rules
            Value: strict
    *************************** 6. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_certify_nonPK
            Value: ON
    *************************** 7. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_cluster_address
            Value: gcomm://192.168.39.7,192.168.39.27,192.168.39.37
    *************************** 8. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_cluster_name
            Value: pxc-cluster
    *************************** 9. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_convert_LOCK_to_trx
            Value: OFF
    *************************** 10. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_data_home_dir
            Value: /var/lib/mysql/
    *************************** 11. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_dbug_option
            Value: 
    *************************** 12. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_debug
            Value: OFF
    *************************** 13. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_desync
            Value: OFF
    *************************** 14. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_dirty_reads
            Value: OFF
    *************************** 15. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_drupal_282555_workaround
            Value: OFF
    *************************** 16. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_forced_binlog_format
            Value: NONE
    *************************** 17. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_load_data_splitting
            Value: ON
    *************************** 18. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_log_conflicts
            Value: ON
    *************************** 19. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_max_ws_rows
            Value: 0
    *************************** 20. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_max_ws_size
            Value: 2147483647
    *************************** 21. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_node_address
            Value: 192.168.39.7
    *************************** 22. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_node_incoming_address
            Value: AUTO
    *************************** 23. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_node_name
            Value: pxc-cluster-node-1
    *************************** 24. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_notify_cmd
            Value: 
    *************************** 25. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_on
            Value: ON
    *************************** 26. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_preordered
            Value: OFF
    *************************** 27. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_provider
            Value: /usr/lib64/galera3/libgalera_smm.so
    *************************** 28. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_provider_options
            Value: base_dir = /var/lib/mysql/; base_host = 192.168.39.7; base_port = 4567; cert.log_conflicts = no; cert.optimistic_pa = yes; debug = no; evs.auto_evict = 0; evs.causal_keepalive_period = PT1S; evs.debug_log_mask = 0x1; evs.delay_margin = PT1S; evs.delayed_keep_period = PT30S; evs.inactive_check_period = PT0.5S; evs.inactive_timeout = PT15S; evs.info_log_mask = 0; evs.install_timeout = PT7.5S; evs.join_retrans_period = PT1S; evs.keepalive_period = PT1S; evs.max_install_timeouts = 3; evs.send_window = 10; evs.stats_report_period = PT1M; evs.suspect_timeout = PT5S; evs.use_aggregate = true; evs.user_send_window = 4; evs.version = 0; evs.view_forget_timeout = P1D; gcache.dir = /var/lib/mysql/; gcache.freeze_purge_at_seqno = -1; gcache.keep_pages_count = 0; gcache.keep_pages_size = 0; gcache.mem_size = 0; gcache.name = /var/lib/mysql//galera.cache; gcache.page_size = 128M; gcache.recover = no; gcache.size = 128M; gcomm.thread_prio = ; gcs.fc_debug = 0; gcs.fc_factor = 1; gcs.fc_limit = 100; gcs.fc_master_slave = no;
    *************************** 29. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_recover
            Value: OFF
    *************************** 30. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_reject_queries
            Value: NONE
    *************************** 31. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_replicate_myisam
            Value: OFF
    *************************** 32. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_restart_slave
            Value: OFF
    *************************** 33. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_retry_autocommit
            Value: 1
    *************************** 34. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_slave_FK_checks
            Value: ON
    *************************** 35. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_slave_UK_checks
            Value: OFF
    *************************** 36. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_slave_threads
            Value: 8
    *************************** 37. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_sst_auth
            Value: ********
    *************************** 38. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_sst_donor
            Value: 
    *************************** 39. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_sst_donor_rejects_queries
            Value: OFF
    *************************** 40. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_sst_method
            Value: xtrabackup-v2
    *************************** 41. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_sst_receive_address
            Value: AUTO
    *************************** 42. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_start_position
            Value: 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000:-1
    *************************** 43. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_sync_wait
            Value: 0
    43 rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    # 查看相关状态变量
    mysql> SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep%'G
    *************************** 1. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_local_state_uuid
            Value: 10c3398e-1594-11ea-9f84-c2cae1c33555
    *************************** 2. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_protocol_version
            Value: 9
    *************************** 3. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_last_applied
            Value: 1
    *************************** 4. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_last_committed
            Value: 1
    *************************** 5. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_replicated
            Value: 1
    *************************** 6. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_replicated_bytes
            Value: 232
    *************************** 7. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_repl_keys
            Value: 1
    *************************** 8. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_repl_keys_bytes
            Value: 32
    *************************** 9. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_repl_data_bytes
            Value: 133
    *************************** 10. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_repl_other_bytes
            Value: 0
    *************************** 11. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_received
            Value: 2
    *************************** 12. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_received_bytes
            Value: 154
    *************************** 13. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_local_commits
            Value: 0
    *************************** 14. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_local_cert_failures
            Value: 0
    *************************** 15. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_local_replays
            Value: 0
    *************************** 16. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_local_send_queue
            Value: 0
    *************************** 17. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_local_send_queue_max
            Value: 1
    *************************** 18. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_local_send_queue_min
            Value: 0
    *************************** 19. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_local_send_queue_avg
            Value: 0.000000
    *************************** 20. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_local_recv_queue
            Value: 0
    *************************** 21. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_local_recv_queue_max
            Value: 2
    *************************** 22. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_local_recv_queue_min
            Value: 0
    *************************** 23. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_local_recv_queue_avg
            Value: 0.500000
    *************************** 24. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_local_cached_downto
            Value: 1
    *************************** 25. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_flow_control_paused_ns
            Value: 0
    *************************** 26. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_flow_control_paused
            Value: 0.000000
    *************************** 27. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_flow_control_sent
            Value: 0
    *************************** 28. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_flow_control_recv
            Value: 0
    *************************** 29. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_flow_control_interval
            Value: [ 100, 100 ]
    *************************** 30. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_flow_control_interval_low
            Value: 100
    *************************** 31. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_flow_control_interval_high
            Value: 100
    *************************** 32. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_flow_control_status
            Value: OFF
    *************************** 33. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_cert_deps_distance
            Value: 1.000000
    *************************** 34. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_apply_oooe
            Value: 0.000000
    *************************** 35. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_apply_oool
            Value: 0.000000
    *************************** 36. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_apply_window
            Value: 1.000000
    *************************** 37. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_commit_oooe
            Value: 0.000000
    *************************** 38. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_commit_oool
            Value: 0.000000
    *************************** 39. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_commit_window
            Value: 1.000000
    *************************** 40. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_local_state
            Value: 4
    *************************** 41. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_local_state_comment
            Value: Synced
    *************************** 42. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_cert_index_size
            Value: 1
    *************************** 43. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_cert_bucket_count
            Value: 22
    *************************** 44. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_gcache_pool_size
            Value: 1592
    *************************** 45. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_causal_reads
            Value: 0
    *************************** 46. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_cert_interval
            Value: 0.000000
    *************************** 47. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_open_transactions
            Value: 0
    *************************** 48. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_open_connections
            Value: 0
    *************************** 49. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_ist_receive_status
            Value: 
    *************************** 50. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_ist_receive_seqno_start
            Value: 0
    *************************** 51. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_ist_receive_seqno_current
            Value: 0
    *************************** 52. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_ist_receive_seqno_end
            Value: 0
    *************************** 53. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_incoming_addresses
            Value: 192.168.39.7:3306
    *************************** 54. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_cluster_weight
            Value: 1
    *************************** 55. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_desync_count
            Value: 0
    *************************** 56. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_evs_delayed
            Value: 
    *************************** 57. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_evs_evict_list
            Value: 
    *************************** 58. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_evs_repl_latency
            Value: 0/0/0/0/0
    *************************** 59. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_evs_state
            Value: OPERATIONAL
    *************************** 60. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_gcomm_uuid
            Value: 10c2c674-1594-11ea-83fc-6e0df986585c
    *************************** 61. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_cluster_conf_id
            Value: 1
    *************************** 62. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_cluster_size
            Value: 1
    *************************** 63. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_cluster_state_uuid
            Value: 10c3398e-1594-11ea-9f84-c2cae1c33555
    *************************** 64. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_cluster_status
            Value: Primary
    *************************** 65. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_connected
            Value: ON
    *************************** 66. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_local_bf_aborts
            Value: 0
    *************************** 67. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_local_index
            Value: 0
    *************************** 68. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_provider_name
            Value: Galera
    *************************** 69. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_provider_vendor
            Value: Codership Oy <info@codership.com>
    *************************** 70. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_provider_version
            Value: 3.39(rb3295e6)
    *************************** 71. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_ready
            Value: ON
    71 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    #重点内容
    mysql> SHOW STATUS like 'wsrep%';
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
    | Variable_name                    | Value                                |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
    | wsrep_local_state_uuid           | 10c3398e-1594-11ea-9f84-c2cae1c33555 |
    | wsrep_protocol_version           | 9                                    |
    | wsrep_last_applied               | 1                                    |
    | wsrep_last_committed             | 1                                    |
    | wsrep_replicated                 | 1                                    |
    | wsrep_replicated_bytes           | 232                                  |
    | wsrep_repl_keys                  | 1                                    |
    | wsrep_repl_keys_bytes            | 32                                   |
    | wsrep_repl_data_bytes            | 133                                  |
    | wsrep_repl_other_bytes           | 0                                    |
    | wsrep_received                   | 2                                    |
    | wsrep_received_bytes             | 154                                  |
    | wsrep_local_commits              | 0                                    |
    | wsrep_local_cert_failures        | 0                                    |
    | wsrep_local_replays              | 0                                    |
    | wsrep_local_send_queue           | 0                                    |
    | wsrep_local_send_queue_max       | 1                                    |
    | wsrep_local_send_queue_min       | 0                                    |
    | wsrep_local_send_queue_avg       | 0.000000                             |
    | wsrep_local_recv_queue           | 0                                    |
    | wsrep_local_recv_queue_max       | 2                                    |
    | wsrep_local_recv_queue_min       | 0                                    |
    | wsrep_local_recv_queue_avg       | 0.500000                             |
    | wsrep_local_cached_downto        | 1                                    |
    | wsrep_flow_control_paused_ns     | 0                                    |
    | wsrep_flow_control_paused        | 0.000000                             |
    | wsrep_flow_control_sent          | 0                                    |
    | wsrep_flow_control_recv          | 0                                    |
    | wsrep_flow_control_interval      | [ 100, 100 ]                         |
    | wsrep_flow_control_interval_low  | 100                                  |
    | wsrep_flow_control_interval_high | 100                                  |
    | wsrep_flow_control_status        | OFF                                  |
    | wsrep_cert_deps_distance         | 1.000000                             |
    | wsrep_apply_oooe                 | 0.000000                             |
    | wsrep_apply_oool                 | 0.000000                             |
    | wsrep_apply_window               | 1.000000                             |
    | wsrep_commit_oooe                | 0.000000                             |
    | wsrep_commit_oool                | 0.000000                             |
    | wsrep_commit_window              | 1.000000                             |
    | wsrep_local_state                | 4                                    |
    | wsrep_local_state_comment        | Synced                               |
    | wsrep_cert_index_size            | 1                                    |
    | wsrep_cert_bucket_count          | 22                                   |
    | wsrep_gcache_pool_size           | 1592                                 |
    | wsrep_causal_reads               | 0                                    |
    | wsrep_cert_interval              | 0.000000                             |
    | wsrep_open_transactions          | 0                                    |
    | wsrep_open_connections           | 0                                    |
    | wsrep_ist_receive_status         |                                      |
    | wsrep_ist_receive_seqno_start    | 0                                    |
    | wsrep_ist_receive_seqno_current  | 0                                    |
    | wsrep_ist_receive_seqno_end      | 0                                    |
    | wsrep_incoming_addresses         | 192.168.39.7:3306                    |
    | wsrep_cluster_weight             | 1                                    |
    | wsrep_desync_count               | 0                                    |
    | wsrep_evs_delayed                |                                      |
    | wsrep_evs_evict_list             |                                      |
    | wsrep_evs_repl_latency           | 0/0/0/0/0                            |
    | wsrep_evs_state                  | OPERATIONAL                          |
    | wsrep_gcomm_uuid                 | 10c2c674-1594-11ea-83fc-6e0df986585c |
    | wsrep_cluster_conf_id            | 1                                    |
    | wsrep_cluster_size               | 1                                    |
    | wsrep_cluster_state_uuid         | 10c3398e-1594-11ea-9f84-c2cae1c33555 |
    | wsrep_cluster_status             | Primary                              |
    | wsrep_connected                  | ON                                   |
    | wsrep_local_bf_aborts            | 0                                    |
    | wsrep_local_index                | 0                                    |
    | wsrep_provider_name              | Galera                               |
    | wsrep_provider_vendor            | Codership Oy <info@codership.com>    |
    | wsrep_provider_version           | 3.39(rb3295e6)                       |
    | wsrep_ready                      | ON                                   |
    +----------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
    71 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    说明:
    wsrep_cluster_size表示,该Galera集群中只有一个节点
    wsrep_local_state_comment 状态为Synced(4),表示数据已同步完成(因为是第一个引导节点,无数据需要同步)。 如果状态是Joiner, 意味着 SST 没有完成. 只有所有节点状态是Synced,才可以加新节点
    wsrep_cluster_status为Primary,且已经完全连接并准备好
    

    启动PXC集群中其它所有节点
    7. 启动PXC集群中其它所有节点

    # 启动前在第一个节点上创建一个授权账户(要不然可能别的节点没有授权数据库会起不来)
    mysql> GRANT RELOAD, LOCK TABLES, PROCESS, REPLICATION CLIENT ON *.* TO 'sstuser'@'localhost' identified by 'centos7'; # 这里授权的密码必须和配置文件里设置的密码对应,所有服务器都要一样。
    Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
    
    [root@pxc2 etc]#ss -ntl  # 启动前端口情况
    State      Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port              
    LISTEN     0      128               *:111                           *:*                  
    LISTEN     0      128               *:6000                          *:*                  
    LISTEN     0      5      192.168.122.1:53                            *:*                  
    LISTEN     0      128               *:22                            *:*                  
    LISTEN     0      128       127.0.0.1:631                           *:*                  
    LISTEN     0      128       127.0.0.1:6010                          *:*                  
    LISTEN     0      128              :::111                          :::*                  
    LISTEN     0      128              :::6000                         :::*                  
    LISTEN     0      128              :::22                           :::*                  
    LISTEN     0      128             ::1:631                          :::*                  
    LISTEN     0      128             ::1:6010                         :::*    
    
    [root@pxc2 etc]#systemctl start mysql # 启动数据库
    [root@pxc2 etc]#ss -ntl   # 启动后 3306、4567 端口都出现了
    State       Recv-Q Send-Q                                                 Local Address:Port                                                                Peer Address:Port              
    LISTEN      0      128                                                                *:111                                                                            *:*                  
    LISTEN      0      128                                                                *:6000                                                                           *:*                  
    LISTEN      0      5                                                      192.168.122.1:53                                                                             *:*                  
    LISTEN      0      128                                                                *:22                                                                             *:*                  
    LISTEN      0      128                                                                *:4567                                                                           *:*                  
    LISTEN      0      128                                                        127.0.0.1:631                                                                            *:*                  
    LISTEN      0      128                                                        127.0.0.1:6010                                                                           *:*                  
    LISTEN      0      128                                                        127.0.0.1:6011                                                                           *:*                  
    LISTEN      0      80                                                                :::3306                                                                          :::*                  
    LISTEN      0      128                                                               :::111                                                                           :::*                  
    LISTEN      0      128                                                               :::6000                                                                          :::*                  
    LISTEN      0      128                                                               :::22                                                                            :::*                  
    LISTEN      0      128                                                              ::1:631                                                                           :::*                  
    LISTEN      0      128                                                              ::1:6010                                                                          :::*                  
    LISTEN      0      128                                                              ::1:6011                                                                          :::*         
    [root@pxc2 etc]#mysql -uroot -pmagedu  # 登录数据库
    mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
    Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or g.
    Your MySQL connection id is 11
    Server version: 5.7.27-30-57-log Percona XtraDB Cluster (GPL), Release rel30, Revision 64987d4, WSREP version 31.39, wsrep_31.39
    
    Copyright (c) 2009-2019 Percona LLC and/or its affiliates
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
    
    Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
    affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
    owners.
    
    Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement.
    
    mysql> 
    
    # 另一个节点一样启动
    [root@pxc3 etc]#systemctl start mysql # 启动数据库
    [root@pxc3 ~]#mysql -uroot -pmagedu
    mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
    Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or g.
    Your MySQL connection id is 11
    Server version: 5.7.27-30-57-log Percona XtraDB Cluster (GPL), Release rel30, Revision 64987d4, WSREP version 31.39, wsrep_31.39
    
    Copyright (c) 2009-2019 Percona LLC and/or its affiliates
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
    
    Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
    affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
    owners.
    
    Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement.
    
    mysql> 
    
    
    1. 查看集群状态,验证集群是否成功
    # 在任意节点,查看集群状态
    mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'wsrep_node_name';
    +-----------------+--------------------+
    | Variable_name   | Value              |
    +-----------------+--------------------+
    | wsrep_node_name | pxc-cluster-node-1 |
    +-----------------+--------------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> show variables like 'wsrep_node_address';
    +--------------------+--------------+
    | Variable_name      | Value        |
    +--------------------+--------------+
    | wsrep_node_address | 192.168.39.7 |
    +--------------------+--------------+
    1 row in set (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> show variables like 'wsrep_on';
    +---------------+-------+
    | Variable_name | Value |
    +---------------+-------+
    | wsrep_on      | ON    |
    +---------------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> show status like 'wsrep_cluster_size';
    +--------------------+-------+
    | Variable_name      | Value |
    +--------------------+-------+
    | wsrep_cluster_size | 3     |
    +--------------------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    # 在任意节点创建数据库测试(pxc2)
    mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'wsrep_node_address';
    +--------------------+---------------+
    | Variable_name      | Value         |
    +--------------------+---------------+
    | wsrep_node_address | 192.168.39.27 |
    +--------------------+---------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> show databases;
    +--------------------+
    | Database           |
    +--------------------+
    | information_schema |
    | mysql              |
    | performance_schema |
    | sys                |
    +--------------------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> create database db1;
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> show databases;
    +--------------------+
    | Database           |
    +--------------------+
    | information_schema |
    | db1                |
    | mysql              |
    | performance_schema |
    | sys                |
    +--------------------+
    5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    # 在pxc1上查看
    mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'wsrep_node_address';
    +--------------------+--------------+
    | Variable_name      | Value        |
    +--------------------+--------------+
    | wsrep_node_address | 192.168.39.7 |
    +--------------------+--------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> show databases;
    +--------------------+
    | Database           |
    +--------------------+
    | information_schema |
    | db1                |
    | mysql              |
    | performance_schema |
    | sys                |
    +--------------------+
    5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    # 在pxc2上查看  
    mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'wsrep_node_address';
    +--------------------+---------------+
    | Variable_name      | Value         |
    +--------------------+---------------+
    | wsrep_node_address | 192.168.39.37 |
    +--------------------+---------------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> show databases;
    +--------------------+
    | Database           |
    +--------------------+
    | information_schema |
    | db1                |
    | mysql              |
    | performance_schema |
    | sys                |
    +--------------------+
    5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    # 两个节点都可以看到同步成功
    
    1. 测试是否有冲突问题
      在这里插入图片描述
    #利用Xshell软件,同时在三个节点数据库,在其中一个节点成功
    mysql> create database db2;  # 只有一个节点会成功其他节点报错不创建
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> create database db2;
    ERROR 1007 (HY000): Can't create database 'db2'; database exists 
    
    mysql> create database db2;
    ERROR 1007 (HY000): Can't create database 'db2'; database exists
    
    1. PXC缺点(同时写入数据性能会有影响)
    # 使用一个命令循环创建10w条记录
    mysql> create table test (id int auto_increment primary key,name char(10));
    
    delimiter ;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> 
    mysql> delimiter $$
    mysql> 
    mysql> create procedure  proc_test() 
        -> begin  
        -> declare i int;
        -> set i = 1; 
        -> while i < 100000 
        -> do  insert into test(name) values (concat('wang',i)); 
        -> set i = i +1; 
        -> end while; 
        -> end$$
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> 
    mysql> delimiter ;
    mysql> call proc_test();
    Query OK, 1 row affected (3 min 39.51 sec)   # 用了39s接近40s时间才添加完成
    
    # 使用事务方式添加记录还是很快的
    mysql> begin;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> call proc_test();
    Query OK, 1 row affected (2.44 sec)
    
    mysql> commit;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.25 sec)
    
    
    1. 添加记录的话每个节点添加id变化
    # 每个节点添加记录可重复。(是自动增长的)
    mysql> insert t1(name)values('mage');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from t1;
    +----+-------+
    | id | name  |
    +----+-------+
    |  1 | mage  |
    |  4 | magea |
    |  7 | mageb |
    | 10 | mage  |
    +----+-------+
    4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    # 2 节点添加
    mysql> insert t1(name)values('mage');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert t1(name)values('mage');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert t1(name)values('mage');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from t1;
    +----+-------+
    | id | name  |
    +----+-------+
    |  1 | mage  |
    |  4 | magea |
    |  7 | mageb |
    | 10 | mage  |
    | 11 | mage  |
    | 14 | mage  |
    | 17 | mage  |
    +----+-------+
    7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    

    在PXC集群中加入节点

    一个节点加入到Galera集群有两种情况:新节点加入集群、暂时离组的成员再次加入集群
    1)新节点加入Galera集群
    新节点加入集群时,需要从当前集群中选择一个Donor节点来同步数据,也就是所谓state_snapshot_tranfer(SST)过程。SST同步数据的方式由选项wsrep_sst_method决定,一般选择的是xtrabackup。
    必须注意,新节点加入Galera时,会删除新节点上所有已有数据,再通过xtrabackup(假设使用的是该方式)从Donor处完整备份所有数据进行恢复。所以,如果数据量很大,新节点加入过程会很慢。而且,在一个新节点成为Synced状态之前,不要同时加入其它新节点,否则很容易将集群压垮。如果是这种情况,可以考虑使用wsrep_sst_method=rsync来做增量同步,既然是增量同步,最好保证新节点上已经有一部分数据基础,否则和全量同步没什么区别,且这样会对Donor节点加上全局readonly锁。
    2)旧节点加入Galera集群
    如果旧节点加入Galera集群,说明这个节点在之前已经在Galera集群中呆过,有一部分数据基础,缺少的只是它离开集群时的数据。这时加入集群时,会采用IST(incremental snapshot transfer)传输机制,即使用增量传输。
    
    # 同样先配置yum源
    # 在安装数据库
    [root@pxc4 ~]#yum install Percona-XtraDB-Cluster-57 -y
    # 修改配置文件
    [root@pxc4 ~]#grep -Ev "^#|^$" /etc/percona-xtradb-cluster.conf.d/wsrep.cnf
    [mysqld]
    wsrep_provider=/usr/lib64/galera3/libgalera_smm.so
    wsrep_cluster_address=gcomm://192.168.39.7,192.168.39.27,192.168.39.37,192.168.39.47 # 这一行添加上新节点的ip(虽然其他节点配置文件不添加也可以,但是最好都加上,比如说服务器依次关机到新添加的节点(新添加的节点留为最后的引导服务器),但是下次开机别的节点会找不到新添加的服务器,数据库就起不来了)
    binlog_format=ROW
    default_storage_engine=InnoDB
    wsrep_slave_threads= 8
    wsrep_log_conflicts
    innodb_autoinc_lock_mode=2
    wsrep_node_address=192.168.39.47
    wsrep_cluster_name=pxc-cluster
    wsrep_node_name=pxc-cluster-node-4
    pxc_strict_mode=ENFORCING
    wsrep_sst_method=xtrabackup-v2
    wsrep_sst_auth="sstuser:centos7"
    
    # 查看连接数以变为4个
    mysql> show status like 'wsrep_cluster_size'G
    *************************** 1. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_cluster_size
            Value: 4
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    

    在PXC集群中修复故障节点

    1. 在其他节点停止服务
    [root@pxc2 ~]#systemctl stop mysql
    [root@pxc2 ~]#systemctl status mysql
    ● mysql.service - Percona XtraDB Cluster
       Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mysql.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
       Active: inactive (dead) since Tue 2019-12-03 16:52:51 CST; 3min 21s ago
      Process: 29259 ExecStopPost=/usr/bin/mysql-systemd stop-post (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
      Process: 29221 ExecStop=/usr/bin/mysql-systemd stop (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
      Process: 26928 ExecStartPost=/usr/bin/mysql-systemd start-post $MAINPID (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
      Process: 26925 ExecStart=/usr/bin/mysqld_safe --basedir=/usr (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
      Process: 26853 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/mysql-systemd start-pre (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
     Main PID: 26925 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
    
    Dec 03 15:12:54 pxc2 mysqld_safe[26925]: 2019-12-03T07:12:54.344288Z mysqld_safe Assigning 00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000:-1 to wsrep_start_position
    Dec 03 15:12:56 pxc2 mysql-systemd[26928]: State transfer in progress, setting sleep higher
    Dec 03 15:13:16 pxc2 mysql-systemd[26928]: SUCCESS!
    Dec 03 15:13:16 pxc2 systemd[1]: Started Percona XtraDB Cluster.
    Dec 03 16:52:39 centos7.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping Percona XtraDB Cluster...
    Dec 03 16:52:39 centos7.localdomain mysql-systemd[29221]: SUCCESS! Stopping Percona XtraDB Cluster......
    Dec 03 16:52:51 centos7.localdomain mysqld_safe[26925]: 2019-12-03T08:52:51.720383Z mysqld_safe mysqld from pid file /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid ended
    Dec 03 16:52:51 centos7.localdomain mysql-systemd[29259]: WARNING: mysql pid file /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid empty or not readable
    Dec 03 16:52:51 centos7.localdomain mysql-systemd[29259]: WARNING: mysql may be already dead
    Dec 03 16:52:51 centos7.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopped Percona XtraDB Cluster.
    
    1. 在其它任意节点查看wsrep_cluster_size变量
    [root@centos7 ~]#mysql -uroot -pmagedu
    mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
    Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or g.
    Your MySQL connection id is 21
    Server version: 5.7.27-30-57-log Percona XtraDB Cluster (GPL), Release rel30, Revision 64987d4, WSREP version 31.39, wsrep_31.39
    
    Copyright (c) 2009-2019 Percona LLC and/or its affiliates
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
    
    Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
    affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
    owners.
    
    Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement.
    
    mysql> show status like 'wsrep_cluster_size'G
    *************************** 1. row ***************************
    Variable_name: wsrep_cluster_size
            Value: 3                          # 少了一个节点
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    1. 添加一个数据库查看同步情况
    mysql> create database db4;
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
    
    #在其它任意节点可看到数据已同步
    mysql> show databases;
    +--------------------+
    | Database           |
    +--------------------+
    | information_schema |
    | db1                |
    | db2                |
    | db3                |
    | db4                |
    | mysql              |
    | performance_schema |
    | sys                |
    +--------------------+
    8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    # 其他节点正常同步
    
    1. 恢复服务,数据同步
    [root@pxc2 ~]#systemctl start mysql
    [root@pxc2 ~]#mysql -uroot -pmagedu
    mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
    Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or g.
    Your MySQL connection id is 11
    Server version: 5.7.27-30-57-log Percona XtraDB Cluster (GPL), Release rel30, Revision 64987d4, WSREP version 31.39, wsrep_31.39
    
    Copyright (c) 2009-2019 Percona LLC and/or its affiliates
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
    
    Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
    affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
    owners.
    
    Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement.
    
    mysql> show databases;
    +--------------------+
    | Database           |
    +--------------------+
    | information_schema |
    | db1                |
    | db2                |
    | db3                |
    | db4                |
    | mysql              |
    | performance_schema |
    | sys                |
    +--------------------+
    8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    # 恢复服务之后数据还是能同步的
    mysql> SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_cluster_size';
    +--------------------+-------+
    | Variable_name      | Value |
    +--------------------+-------+
    | wsrep_cluster_size | 4     |
    +--------------------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    

    实现MariaDB Galera Cluster

    #在三个节点上都实现
    [root@centos8 ~]#dnf install mariadb-server-galera -y
    [root@centos8 ~]#vim /etc/my.cnf.d/galera.cnf  # 修改配置文件
    #wsrep_cluster_address="dummy://"
    wsrep_cluster_address="gcomm://192.168.39.7,192.168.39.27,192.168.39.37"
    #启动第一节点
    [root@centos8 ~]#galera_new_cluster
    #再启动其它节点
    [root@centos8 ~]#systemctl start mariadb
    [root@centos8 ~]#ss -ntul
    Netid             State              Recv-Q            Send-Q
    Local Address:Port                            Peer Address:Port
    tcp              LISTEN              0                 128
    0.0.0.0:22                                   0.0.0.0:*
    tcp              LISTEN              0                 128
    0.0.0.0:4567                                 0.0.0.0:*
    tcp              LISTEN              0                  80
    0.0.0.0:3306                                 0.0.0.0:*
    tcp              LISTEN              0                 128
    [::]:22                                      [::]:*
    
    [root@centos8 ~]#mysql
    Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or g.
    Your MariaDB connection id is 11
    Server version: 10.3.11-MariaDB MariaDB Server
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.
    Type 'help;' or 'h' for help. Type 'c' to clear the current input statement.
    MariaDB [(none)]>
    MariaDB [(none)]> show status like "wsrep_ready";
    +---------------+-------+
    | Variable_name | Value |
    +---------------+-------+
    | wsrep_ready | ON |
    +---------------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.001 sec)
    MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_cluster_size';
    +--------------------+-------+
    | Variable_name | Value |
    +--------------------+-------+
    | wsrep_cluster_size | 3 |
    +--------------------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.001 sec)
    MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'wsrep_%'G
    MariaDB [(none)]> SHOW STATUS LIKE 'wsrep_%';
    

    复制的问题和解决方案

    复制的问题和解决方案:
    (1) 数据损坏或丢失
        Master: MHA + semi repl
        Slave: 重新复制
    (2) 混合使用存储引擎
        MyISAM:不支持事务
        InnoDB: 支持事务
    (3) 不惟一的server id
        重新复制
    (4) 复制延迟
        需要额外的监控工具的辅助
        一从多主:mariadb10版后支持
        多线程复制:对多个数据库复制
    

    性能衡量指标

    数据库服务衡量指标:

    Qps:query per second
    Tps:transaction per second
    

    压力测试工具

    常见MySQl压力测试工具

    mysqlslap
    Sysbench:功能强大
    https://github.com/akopytov/sysbench
    tpcc-mysql
    MySQL Benchmark Suite
    MySQL super-smack
    MyBench
    MYSQL压力测试
    

    mysqlslap

    Mysqlslap:来自于mariadb包,测试的过程默认生成一个mysqlslap的schema,生成测试表t1,查询和插入测试数据,mysqlslap库自动生成,如果已经存在则先删除。用--only-print来打印实际的测试过程,整个测试完成后不会在数据库中留下痕迹。
    
    • 使用格式:
    mysqlslap [options]
    

    常用参数 [options] 说明:

    --auto-generate-sql, -a #自动生成测试表和数据,表示用mysqlslap工具自己生成的SQL脚本来测试
    并发压力
    --auto-generate-sql-load-type=type #测试语句的类型。代表要测试的环境是读操作还是写操作还 
    是两者混合的。取值包括:read,key,write,update和mixed(默认)
    --auto-generate-sql-add-auto-increment #代表对生成的表自动添加auto_increment列,从 5.1.18版本开始支持
    --number-char-cols=N, -x N #自动生成的测试表中包含多少个字符类型的列,默认1
    --number-int-cols=N, -y N #自动生成的测试表中包含多少个数字类型的列,默认1
    --number-of-queries=N  #总的测试查询次数(并发客户数×每客户查询次数)
    --query=name,-q   #使用自定义脚本执行测试,例如可以调用自定义的存储过程或者sql语句来执行测试
    --create-schema  #代表自定义的测试库名称,测试的schema
    --commint=N #多少条DML后提交一次
    --compress, -C #如服务器和客户端都支持压缩,则压缩信息
    --concurrency=N, -c N #表示并发量,即模拟多少个客户端同时执行select。可指定多个值,以逗号 
    或者--delimiter参数指定值做为分隔符,如:--concurrency=100,200,500
    --engine=engine_name, -e engine_name #代表要测试的引擎,可以有多个,用分隔符隔开。例 如:--engines=myisam,innodb
    --iterations=N, -i N #测试执行的迭代次数,代表要在不同并发环境下,各自运行测试多少次
    --only-print #只打印测试语句而不实际执行。
    --detach=N #执行N条语句后断开重连
    --debug-info, -T #打印内存和CP
    

    mysqlslap示例

    #单线程测试
    mysqlslap -a -uroot -pmagedu
    #多线程测试。使用--concurrency来模拟并发连接
    mysqlslap -a -c 100 -uroot -pmagedu
    #迭代测试。用于需要多次执行测试得到平均值
    mysqlslap -a -i 10 -uroot -pmagedu
    mysqlslap ---auto-generate-sql-add-autoincrement -a
    mysqlslap -a --auto-generate-sql-load-type=read
    mysqlslap -a --auto-generate-secondary-indexes=3
    mysqlslap -a --auto-generate-sql-write-number=1000
    mysqlslap --create-schema world -q "select count(*) from City"
    mysqlslap -a -e innodb -uroot -pmagedu
    mysqlslap -a --number-of-queries=10 -uroot -pmagedu
    #测试同时不同的存储引擎的性能进行对比
    mysqlslap -a --concurrency=50,100 --number-of-queries 1000 --iterations=5 --
    engine=myisam,innodb --debug-info -uroot -pmagedu
    #执行一次测试,分别50和100个并发,执行1000次总查询
    mysqlslap -a --concurrency=50,100 --number-of-queries 1000 --debug-info -uroot -
    pmagedu
    #50和100个并发分别得到一次测试结果(Benchmark),并发数越多,执行完所有查询的时间越长。为了准确
    起见,可以多迭代测试几次
    mysqlslap -a --concurrency=50,100 --number-of-queries 1000 --iterations=5 --
    debug-info -uroot -pmagedu
    

    生产环境 my.cnf 配置案例

    • 硬件:内存32G
    #打开独立表空间
    innodb_file_per_table = 1
    #MySQL 服务所允许的同时会话数的上限,经常出现Too Many Connections的错误提示,则需要增大此值
    max_connections = 8000
    #所有线程所打开表的数量
    open_files_limit = 10240
    #back_log 是操作系统在监听队列中所能保持的连接数
    back_log = 300
    #每个客户端连接最大的错误允许数量,当超过该次数,MYSQL服务器将禁止此主机的连接请求,直到MYSQL
    服务器重启或通过flush hosts命令清空此主机的相关信息
    max_connect_errors = 1000
    #每个连接传输数据大小.最大1G,须是1024的倍数,一般设为最大的BLOB的值
    max_allowed_packet = 32M
    #指定一个请求的最大连接时间
    wait_timeout = 10
    # 排序缓冲被用来处理类似ORDER BY以及GROUP BY队列所引起的排序
    sort_buffer_size = 16M
    #不带索引的全表扫描.使用的buffer的最小值
    join_buffer_size = 16M
    #查询缓冲大小
    query_cache_size = 128M
    #指定单个查询能够使用的缓冲区大小,缺省为1M
    query_cache_limit = 4M
    # 设定默认的事务隔离级别
    transaction_isolation = REPEATABLE-READ
    # 线程使用的堆大小. 此值限制内存中能处理的存储过程的递归深度和SQL语句复杂性,此容量的内存在每次
    连接时被预留.
    thread_stack = 512K
    # 二进制日志功能
    log-bin
    #二进制日志格式
    binlog_format=row
    #InnoDB使用一个缓冲池来保存索引和原始数据, 可设置这个变量到物理内存大小的80%
    innodb_buffer_pool_size = 24G
    #用来同步IO操作的IO线程的数量
    innodb_file_io_threads = 4
    #在InnoDb核心内的允许线程数量,建议的设置是CPU数量加上磁盘数量的两倍
    innodb_thread_concurrency = 16
    # 用来缓冲日志数据的缓冲区的大小
    innodb_log_buffer_size = 16M
    在日志组中每个日志文件的大小
    innodb_log_file_size = 512M
    # 在日志组中的文件总数
    innodb_log_files_in_group = 3
    # SQL语句在被回滚前,InnoDB事务等待InnoDB行锁的时间
    innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120
    #慢查询时长
    long_query_time = 2
    #将没有使用索引的查询也记录下来
    log-queries-not-using-indexes
    

    MySQL配置最佳实践

    高并发大数据的互联网业务,架构设计思路是“解放数据库CPU,将计算转移到服务层”,并发量大的情况下,这些功能很可能将数据库拖死,业务逻辑放到服务层具备更好的扩展性,能够轻易实现“增机器就加性能”
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/www233ii/p/11978513.html
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