python 全栈开发，Day62(外键的变种(三种关系),数据的增删改,单表查询,多表查询)

 一、外键的变种(三种关系)

本节重点：

• 如何找出两张表之间的关系

• 表的三种关系

一、介绍

因为有foreign key的约束，使得两张表形成了三种了关系：

• 多对一
• 多对多
• 一对一

二、重点理解如果找出两张表之间的关系

分析步骤：

#1、先站在左表的角度去找
是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录，如果是，则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段（通常是id）
 
#2、再站在右表的角度去找
是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录，如果是，则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段（通常是id）
 
#3、总结：
#多对一：
如果只有步骤1成立，则是左表多对一右表
如果只有步骤2成立，则是右表多对一左表
 
#多对多
如果步骤1和2同时成立，则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一，即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系
 
#一对一:
如果1和2都不成立，而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录，反之亦然。这种情况很简单，就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上，将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可

三、表的三种关系

（1）书和出版社

　　一对多（或多对一）：一个出版社可以出版多本书。看图说话。

　　关联方式：foreign key

一本书，对应一个出版社，是正常的。

一本书，对应多个出版社，那就是盗版的。

多本书，可以对应一个出版社，比如工业出版社。

总结：

左表的多条记录可以对应右边的一条记录，则左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段（通常是id）

 书和出版社（多对一）

create table press(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20)
);

create table book(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20),
    press_id int not null,
         constraint fk_book_press foreign key(press_id) references press(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade
);

# 先往被关联表中插入记录
insert into press(name) values
('北京工业地雷出版社'),
('人民音乐不好听出版社'),
('知识产权没有用出版社')
;

# 再往关联表中插入记录
insert into book(name,press_id) values
('九阳神功',1),
('九阴真经',2),
('九阴白骨爪',2),
('独孤九剑',3),
('降龙十巴掌',2),
('葵花宝典',3)
;

查询结果：
mysql> select * from book;
+----+-----------------+----------+
| id | name            | press_id |
+----+-----------------+----------+
|  1 | 九阳神功        |        1 |
|  2 | 九阴真经        |        2 |
|  3 | 九阴白骨爪      |        2 |
|  4 | 独孤九剑        |        3 |
|  5 | 降龙十巴掌      |        2 |
|  6 | 葵花宝典        |        3 |
+----+-----------------+----------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from press;
+----+--------------------------------+
| id | name                           |
+----+--------------------------------+
|  1 | 北京工业地雷出版社             |
|  2 | 人民音乐不好听出版社           |
|  3 | 知识产权没有用出版社           |
+----+--------------------------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

书和出版社（多对一）

（2）作者和书籍的关系

　　多对多：一个作者可以写多本书，一本书也可以有多个作者，双向的一对多，即多对多。看图说话。

看上图，egon写了2本书，那么如何表示他写了2本书呢？

新增一个字段book_id，填写1,3。它对应的是右边表的id。

一本书，也可以有多个作者，新增字段author_id，填写1,2。它对应的是左边的id。

由于2个表，相互关联，不知道先创建谁？

解决方案，看下图：

　　关联方式：foreign key+一张新的表

 

作者与书籍关系（多对多）

# 创建被关联表author表，之前的book表在讲多对一的关系已创建
create table author(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20)
);
#这张表就存放了author表和book表的关系，即查询二者的关系查这表就可以了
create table author2book(
    id int not null unique auto_increment,
    author_id int not null,
    book_id int not null,
    constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade,
    constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade,
    primary key(author_id,book_id)
);
#插入四个作者，id依次排开
insert into author(name) values('egon'),('alex'),('wusir'),('yuanhao');

# 每个作者的代表作
egon: 九阳神功、九阴真经、九阴白骨爪、独孤九剑、降龙十巴掌、葵花宝典
alex: 九阳神功、葵花宝典
wusir:独孤九剑、降龙十巴掌、葵花宝典
yuanhao:九阳神功

# 在author2book表中插入相应的数据

insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values
(1,1),
(1,2),
(1,3),
(1,4),
(1,5),
(1,6),
(2,1),
(2,6),
(3,4),
(3,5),
(3,6),
(4,1)
;
# 现在就可以查author2book对应的作者和书的关系了
mysql> select * from author2book;
+----+-----------+---------+
| id | author_id | book_id |
+----+-----------+---------+
|  1 |         1 |       1 |
|  2 |         1 |       2 |
|  3 |         1 |       3 |
|  4 |         1 |       4 |
|  5 |         1 |       5 |
|  6 |         1 |       6 |
|  7 |         2 |       1 |
|  8 |         2 |       6 |
|  9 |         3 |       4 |
| 10 |         3 |       5 |
| 11 |         3 |       6 |
| 12 |         4 |       1 |
+----+-----------+---------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

作者与书籍关系（多对多）

总结：

多对多：
先建多个主表，再通过第三张表（从表）将多个主表通过外键关系进行关联。

（3）用户和博客

　　一对一：一个用户只能注册一个博客，即一对一的关系。看图说话

　　关联方式：foreign key+unique

 

用户和博客（一对一）

#例如： 一个用户只能注册一个博客

#两张表： 用户表 （user）和 博客表(blog)
# 创建用户表
create table user(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20)
);
# 创建博客表,user_id 字段必须唯一
create table blog(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    url varchar(100),
    user_id int unique,
    constraint fk_user foreign key(user_id) references user(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade
);
#插入用户表中的记录
insert into user(name) values
('alex'),
('wusir'),
('egon'),
('xiaoma')
;
# 插入博客表的记录
insert into blog(url,user_id) values
('http://www.cnblog/alex',1),
('http://www.cnblog/wusir',2),
('http://www.cnblog/egon',3),
('http://www.cnblog/xiaoma',4)
;
# 查询wusir的博客地址
select url from blog where user_id=2;

总结：

在公司，一般不让用外键，影响性能，它会消耗硬盘。
下面的内容，将会介绍多表查询，来解决这个问题。

二、数据的增删改

本节重点：

• 插入数据 INSERT

• 更新数据 UPDATE

• 删除数据 DELETE

再来回顾一下之前我们练过的一些操作，相信大家都对插入数据、更新数据、删除数据有了全面的认识。那么在mysql中其实最重要的不是这三大操作，而是查数据最重要，下节课知晓

一、在MySQL管理软件中，通过SQL语句中的DML语言来实现数据的操作

1.使用INSERT实现数据的插入
2.UPDATE实现数据的更新
3.使用DELETE实现数据的删除
4.使用SELECT查询数据以及。

二、插入数据 INSERT

1. 插入完整数据（顺序插入）

语法一：

INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) VALUES(值1,值2,值3…值n);

语法二：

INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES (值1,值2,值3…值n);

2. 指定字段插入数据

语法一：

INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…) VALUES (值1,值2,值3…);

语法三：推荐使用

INSERT INTO 表名 set 字段1=值1,字段2=值2,字段3=值3...;

比如：

insert into book set name='玄冥神掌',author='玄冥二老'

使用这种方式，可以提高插入速度

3. 插入多条记录

语法：

INSERT INTO 表名 VALUES
    (值1,值2,值3…值n),
    (值1,值2,值3…值n),
    (值1,值2,值3…值n);

4. 插入查询结果

语法：

INSERT INTO 表名(字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) 
    SELECT (字段1,字段2,字段3…字段n) FROM 表2
    WHERE …;

三、更新数据UPDATE

语法：

UPDATE 表名 SET
    字段1=值1,
    字段2=值2,
    WHERE CONDITION;

示例：

UPDATE mysql.user SET password=password('123') 
    where user='root' and host='localhost';

　　

四、删除数据DELETE

语法：

DELETE FROM 表名 
    WHERE CONITION;

示例：

DELETE FROM mysql.user 
    WHERE password='';

delete一般和where配合使用，如果没有where，表示清空表数据。

五、清空数据TRUNCATE TABLE

语法：

TRUNCATE TABLE 表名;

示例：

TRUNCATE TABLE book;

注意：truncate table 在清理大表时，速度非常快!

使用truncate table 清理上千万数据时，存储空间不会立即释放。

这是因为删除操作后在数据文件中留下碎片所致，需要使用命令

OPTIMIZE TABLE 表名;

整理数据文件的碎片，在执行过程中，会锁表！请谨慎操作！

delete * from和truncate table都能清空表数据，那么二者之间的区别在于：

truncate table 不仅是删除表里面的数据，而且还会清空表里面主键的标识。也就是说使用过truncate table 的表在重新写入数据的时候，标识符会从0或1重新开始（看你设置的种子号）。

delete * from就是仅仅能删除数据，不能清空标识。不过delete * from可以后面加Where truncate table却不能加Where。。

三、单表查询

本节重点：

　　单表查询

一、单表查询的语法

SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
  WHERE 条件
  GROUP BY field
  HAVING 筛选
  ORDER BY field
  LIMIT 限制条数

二、关键字的执行优先级（重点）

重点中的重点：关键字的执行优先级

从上到下的顺序依次是：
from
where
group by
having
select
distinct
order by
limit

解释：

1.找到表:from
2.拿着where指定的约束条件，去文件/表中取出一条条记录
3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by，如果没有group by，则整体作为一组
4.将分组的结果进行having过滤
5.执行select
6.去重
7.将结果按条件排序：order by
8.限制结果的显示条数

　　

创建公司员工表，表的字段和数据类型

employee（员工表）

员工id	id	int
姓名	name	varchar
性别	sex	enum
年龄	age	int
入职日期	hire_date	date
岗位	post	varchar
职位描述	post_comment	varchar
薪水	salary	double
办公室	office	int
部门编号	depart_id	int

创建员工表，并插入记录

#创建表,设置字段的约束条件
create table employee(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name  varchar(20) not null,
    sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
    age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
    hire_date date not null,
    post varchar(50),
    post_comment varchar(100),
    salary  double(15,2),
    office int,#一个部门一个房间
    depart_id int
);
# 查看表结构
mysql> desc employee;
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field                | Type                              | Null | Key     | Default | Extra          |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id                      | int(11)                            | NO   | PRI     | NULL    | auto_increment |
| emp_name             | varchar(20)                   | NO   |             | NULL    |                |
| sex                  | enum('male','female')   | NO   |             | male    |                |
| age                  | int(3) unsigned               | NO   |             | 28         |                |
| hire_date        | date                              | NO   |             | NULL    |                |
| post                 | varchar(50)                   | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
| post_comment     | varchar(100)                  | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
| salart               | double(15,2)                  | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
| office              | int(11)                           | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
| depart_id        | int(11)                           | YES  |         | NULL    |                |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
rows in set (0.08 sec)

#插入记录
#三个部门：教学，销售，运营
insert into employee(name ,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('xiaomage','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),

('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),

('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
;

（1）where 约束

where子句中可以使用
1.比较运算符：>、<、>=、<=、<>、!=
2.between 80 and 100 ：值在80到100之间
3.in(80,90,100)值是80或90或100
4.like 'xiaomagepattern': pattern可以是%或者_。%小时任意多字符，_表示一个字符
5.逻辑运算符：在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not

验证结果：where约束

1. 单条件查询

mysql> select id,name from employee where id > 5;
+----+------------+
| id | name       |
+----+------------+
|  6 | jingliyang |
|  7 | jinxin     |
|  8 | xiaomage   |
|  9 | 歪歪       |
| 10 | 丫丫       |
| 11 | 丁丁       |
| 12 | 星星       |
| 13 | 格格       |
| 14 | 张野       |
| 15 | 程咬金     |
| 16 | 程咬银     |
| 17 | 程咬铜     |
| 18 | 程咬铁     |
+----+------------+
13 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2. 多条件查询

#查询老师薪资大于1万的名字
mysql> select name from employee where post='teacher' and salary>10000;
+--------+
| name   |
+--------+
| alex   |
| jinxin |
+--------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.关键字BETWEEN AND

举例1：

#查询薪资在1万到2万之间的，结果显示姓名和工资
SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;

#结果如下：
+-----------+----------+
| name      | salary   |
+-----------+----------+
| xiaomage  | 10000.00 |
| 张野      | 10000.13 |
| 程咬金    | 20000.00 |
| 程咬银    | 19000.00 |
| 程咬铜    | 18000.00 |
| 程咬铁    | 17000.00 |
+-----------+----------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

举例2：

#查询工资不在1万到2万之间的，结果显示姓名和工资
SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;

#结果如下：
+------------+------------+
| name       | salary     |
+------------+------------+
| egon       |    7300.33 |
| alex       | 1000000.31 |
| wupeiqi    |    8300.00 |
| yuanhao    |    3500.00 |
| liwenzhou  |    2100.00 |
| jingliyang |    9000.00 |
| jinxin     |   30000.00 |
| 歪歪       |    3000.13 |
| 丫丫       |    2000.35 |
| 丁丁       |    1000.37 |
| 星星       |    3000.29 |
| 格格       |    4000.33 |
+------------+------------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4. 注意''是空字符串，不是null

SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment='';

执行结果为空

Empty set (0.00 sec)

执行

update employee set post_comment='' where id=2;

再用上条查看，就会有结果了

mysql> update employee set post_comment='' where id=2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.10 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

#查看职位描述为空的，显示姓名和职位描述
mysql> SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee WHERE post_comment='';
+------+--------------+
| name | post_comment |
+------+--------------+
| alex |              |
+------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

5. 关键字IN集合查询

举例1：

#查询薪资为3千、3千5、4千、9千的，显示姓名和薪资
mysql> SELECT name,salary FROM employee WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;
+------------+---------+
| name       | salary  |
+------------+---------+
| yuanhao    | 3500.00 |
| jingliyang | 9000.00 |
+------------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

举例2：

#需求同上，推荐使用这种写法
mysql> SELECT name,salary FROM employee  WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
+------------+---------+
| name       | salary  |
+------------+---------+
| yuanhao    | 3500.00 |
| jingliyang | 9000.00 |
+------------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

举例3：

#查询薪资不是3000,3500,4000,9000的，显示姓名和薪资
mysql> SELECT name,salary FROM employee  WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;
+-----------+------------+
| name      | salary     |
+-----------+------------+
| egon      |    7300.33 |
| alex      | 1000000.31 |
| wupeiqi   |    8300.00 |
| liwenzhou |    2100.00 |
| jinxin    |   30000.00 |
| xiaomage  |   10000.00 |
| 歪歪      |    3000.13 |
| 丫丫      |    2000.35 |
| 丁丁      |    1000.37 |
| 星星      |    3000.29 |
| 格格      |    4000.33 |
| 张野      |   10000.13 |
| 程咬金    |   20000.00 |
| 程咬银    |   19000.00 |
| 程咬铜    |   18000.00 |
| 程咬铁    |   17000.00 |
+-----------+------------+
16 rows in set (0.00 sec)

6. 关键字LIKE模糊查询

通配符'%'

#查询姓名是jin开头的记录
mysql> SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'jin%';
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | name       | sex    | age | hire_date  | post    | post_comment | salary   | office | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
|  6 | jingliyang | female |  18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL         |  9000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  7 | jinxin     | male   |  18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL         | 30000.00 |    401 |         1 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

通配符'_'

注意：'_'只匹配一个字符

#查询以ale开头,结尾只有一个字符的，结果返回姓名和年龄
mysql> SELECT  name,age FROM employee WHERE name LIKE 'ale_';
+------+-----+
| name | age |
+------+-----+
| alex |  78 |
+------+-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

练习：

1. 查看岗位是teacher的员工姓名、年龄
2. 查看岗位是teacher且年龄大于30岁的员工姓名、年龄
3. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资在9000-1000范围内的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
4. 查看岗位描述不为NULL的员工信息
5. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
6. 查看岗位是teacher且薪资不是10000或9000或30000的员工姓名、年龄、薪资
7. 查看岗位是teacher且名字是jin开头的员工姓名、年薪

对应的sql语句

select name,age from employee where post = 'teacher';
select name,age from employee where post='teacher' and age > 30; 
select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary between 9000 and 10000;
select * from employee where post_comment is not null;
select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary in (10000,9000,30000);
select name,age,salary from employee where post='teacher' and salary not in (10000,9000,30000);
select name,salary*12 from employee where post='teacher' and name like 'jin%';

（2）group by 分组查询

#1、首先明确一点：分组发生在where之后，即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的

#2、分组指的是：将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类，比如针对员工信息表的职位分组，或者按照性别进行分组等

#3、为何要分组呢？
    取每个部门的最高工资
    取每个部门的员工数
    取男人数和女人数

小窍门：‘每’这个字后面的字段，就是我们分组的依据

#4、大前提：
    可以按照任意字段分组，但是分组完毕后，比如group by post，只能查看post字段，如果想查看组内信息，需要借助于聚合函数

当执行以下sql语句的时候，是以post字段查询了组中的第一条数据，没有任何意义，因为我们现在想查出当前组的多条记录。

mysql> select * from employee group by post;
+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name   | sex    | age | hire_date  | post                                    | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| 14 | 张野   | male   |  28 | 2016-03-11 | operation                               | NULL         |   10000.13 |    403 |         3 |
|  9 | 歪歪   | female |  48 | 2015-03-11 | sale                                    | NULL         |    3000.13 |    402 |         2 |
|  2 | alex   | male   |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher                                 |              | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
|  1 | egon   | male   |  18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              | NULL         |    7300.33 |    401 |         1 |
+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

查看MySQL 5.7默认的sql_mode如下：

mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| @@global.sql_mode                                             |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

由于没有设置ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,于是也可以有结果，默认都是组内的第一条记录，但其实这是没有意义的
如果想分组，则必须要设置全局的sql的模式为ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY

mysql> set global sql_mode='ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

设置成功后，一定要退出，然后重新登录方可生效

mysql> exit;
Bye

继续验证通过group by分组之后，只能查看当前字段,如果想查看组内信息，需要借助于聚合函数

#报错
mysql> select * from employee group by post;
ERROR 1055 (42000): Expression #1 of SELECT list is not in GROUP BY clause and contains nonaggregated column 'db1.employee.id' which is not functionally dependent on columns in GROUP BY clause; this is incompatible with sql_mode=only_full_group_by

#正确写法
mysql> select post from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+
| post                                    |
+-----------------------------------------+
| operation                               |
| sale                                    |
| teacher                                 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              |
+-----------------------------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

（3）聚合函数

max()求最大值
min()求最小值
avg()求平均值
sum() 求和
count() 求总个数

强调：聚合函数聚合的是组的内容，若是没有分组，则默认一组

举例：

# 每个部门有多少个员工
mysql> select post,count(id) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| post                                    | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| operation                               |         5 |
| sale                                    |         5 |
| teacher                                 |         7 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              |         1 |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 每个部门的最高薪水
mysql> select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| post                                    | max(salary) |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| operation                               |    20000.00 |
| sale                                    |     4000.33 |
| teacher                                 |  1000000.31 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              |     7300.33 |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 每个部门的最低薪水
mysql> select post,min(salary) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| post                                    | min(salary) |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| operation                               |    10000.13 |
| sale                                    |     1000.37 |
| teacher                                 |     2100.00 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              |     7300.33 |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 每个部门的平均薪水
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
| post                                    | avg(salary)   |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
| operation                               |  16800.026000 |
| sale                                    |   2600.294000 |
| teacher                                 | 151842.901429 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              |   7300.330000 |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 每个部门的所有薪水
mysql> select post,sum(age) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+----------+
| post                                    | sum(age) |
+-----------------------------------------+----------+
| operation                               |      100 |
| sale                                    |      150 |
| teacher                                 |      344 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              |       18 |
+-----------------------------------------+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

 注意：聚合函数，可以用在任何地方

给使用聚合函数的字段起别名

select post,avg(salary) as average from employee group by post having average > 15000;

小练习

1. 查询岗位名以及岗位包含的所有员工名字
2. 查询岗位名以及各岗位内包含的员工个数
3. 查询公司内男员工和女员工的个数
4. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的平均薪资
5. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最高薪资
6. 查询岗位名以及各岗位的最低薪资
7. 查询男员工与男员工的平均薪资，女员工与女员工的平均薪资

答案：

#题1：分组
mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| post                                    | group_concat(name)                                      |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| operation                               | 张野,程咬金,程咬银,程咬铜,程咬铁                        |
| sale                                    | 歪歪,丫丫,丁丁,星星,格格                                |
| teacher                                 | alex,wupeiqi,yuanhao,liwenzhou,jingliyang,jinxin,成龙   |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              | egon                                                    |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+


#题目2：
mysql> select post,count(id) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| post                                    | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| operation                               |         5 |
| sale                                    |         5 |
| teacher                                 |         7 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              |         1 |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+


#题目3：
mysql> select sex,count(id) from employee group by sex;
+--------+-----------+
| sex    | count(id) |
+--------+-----------+
| male   |        10 |
| female |         8 |
+--------+-----------+

#题目4：
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
| post                                    | avg(salary)   |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+
| operation                               |  16800.026000 |
| sale                                    |   2600.294000 |
| teacher                                 | 151842.901429 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              |   7300.330000 |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------+

#题目5
mysql> select post,max(salary) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| post                                    | max(salary) |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| operation                               |    20000.00 |
| sale                                    |     4000.33 |
| teacher                                 |  1000000.31 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              |     7300.33 |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+

#题目6
mysql> select post,min(salary) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| post                                    | min(salary) |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+
| operation                               |    10000.13 |
| sale                                    |     1000.37 |
| teacher                                 |     2100.00 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              |     7300.33 |
+-----------------------------------------+-------------+

#题目七
mysql> select sex,avg(salary) from employee group by sex;
+--------+---------------+
| sex    | avg(salary)   |
+--------+---------------+
| male   | 110920.077000 |
| female |   7250.183750 |
+--------+---------------+

（4）HAVING过滤

HAVING与WHERE不一样的地方在于

#！！！执行优先级从高到低：where > group by > having 
#1. Where 发生在分组group by之前，因而Where中可以有任意字段，但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。

#2. Having发生在分组group by之后，因而Having中可以使用分组的字段，无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数

验证：

#查询薪资大于100万的
mysql> select * from employee where salary>1000000;
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | sex  | age | hire_date  | post    | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
|  2 | alex | male |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher |              | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

#查询薪资大于100万的，效果同上
mysql> select * from employee having salary>1000000;
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name | sex  | age | hire_date  | post    | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
|  2 | alex | male |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher |              | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
+----+------+------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

#错误，分组后无法直接取到salary字段
#必须使用group by才能使用group_concat()函数，将所有的name值连接
mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from employee group by post having salary > 10000;
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'salary' in 'having clause'

#正确写法
mysql> select post,group_concat(name),salary from employee group by post,name,salary having salary > 10000;
+-----------+--------------------+------------+
| post      | group_concat(name) | salary     |
+-----------+--------------------+------------+
| operation | 张野               |   10000.13 |
| operation | 程咬金             |   20000.00 |
| operation | 程咬铁             |   17000.00 |
| operation | 程咬铜             |   18000.00 |
| operation | 程咬银             |   19000.00 |
| teacher   | alex               | 1000000.31 |
| teacher   | jinxin             |   30000.00 |
+-----------+--------------------+------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

小练习：

1. 查询各岗位内包含的员工个数小于2的岗位名、岗位内包含员工名字、个数
2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资
3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000且小于20000的岗位名、平均工资

小练习答案：

# 题1：
mysql> select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| post                                    | group_concat(name)                                        | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
| operation                               | 程咬铁,程咬铜,程咬银,程咬金,张野                          |         5 |
| sale                                    | 格格,星星,丁丁,丫丫,歪歪                                  |         5 |
| teacher                                 | xiaomage,jinxin,jingliyang,liwenzhou,yuanhao,wupeiqi,alex |         7 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              | egon                                                      |         1 |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------+-----------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select post,group_concat(name),count(id) from employee group by post having count(id)<2;
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| post                                    | group_concat(name) | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              | egon               |         1 |
+-----------------------------------------+--------------------+-----------+
row in set (0.00 sec)


#题2：
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
+-----------+---------------+
| post      | avg(salary)   |
+-----------+---------------+
| operation |  16800.026000 |
| teacher   | 151842.901429 |
+-----------+---------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

#题3：
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 and avg(salary) <20000;
+-----------+--------------+
| post      | avg(salary)  |
+-----------+--------------+
| operation | 16800.026000 |
+-----------+--------------+
row in set (0.00 sec)

（5）order by 查询排序

按单列排序
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY age;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY age ASC;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY age DESC;
按多列排序:先按照age升序排序，如果年纪相同，则按照id降序
    SELECT * from employee
        ORDER BY age ASC,
        id DESC;

验证多列排序

#先根据age进行升序排列，再根据id进行降序排列
SELECT * from employee ORDER BY age ASC,id DESC;
mysql> SELECT * from employee ORDER BY age ASC,id DESC;
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name       | sex    | age | hire_date  | post                                    | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| 18 | 程咬铁     | female |  18 | 2014-05-12 | operation                               | NULL         |   17000.00 |    403 |         3 |
| 17 | 程咬铜     | male   |  18 | 2015-04-11 | operation                               | NULL         |   18000.00 |    403 |         3 |
| 16 | 程咬银     | female |  18 | 2013-03-11 | operation                               | NULL         |   19000.00 |    403 |         3 |
| 15 | 程咬金     | male   |  18 | 1997-03-12 | operation                               | NULL         |   20000.00 |    403 |         3 |
| 12 | 星星       | female |  18 | 2016-05-13 | sale                                    | NULL         |    3000.29 |    402 |         2 |
| 11 | 丁丁       | female |  18 | 2011-03-12 | sale                                    | NULL         |    1000.37 |    402 |         2 |
|  7 | jinxin     | male   |  18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher                                 | NULL         |   30000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  6 | jingliyang | female |  18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    9000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  1 | egon       | male   |  18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              | NULL         |    7300.33 |    401 |         1 |
| 14 | 张野       | male   |  28 | 2016-03-11 | operation                               | NULL         |   10000.13 |    403 |         3 |
| 13 | 格格       | female |  28 | 2017-01-27 | sale                                    | NULL         |    4000.33 |    402 |         2 |
|  5 | liwenzhou  | male   |  28 | 2012-11-01 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    2100.00 |    401 |         1 |
| 10 | 丫丫       | female |  38 | 2010-11-01 | sale                                    | NULL         |    2000.35 |    402 |         2 |
|  9 | 歪歪       | female |  48 | 2015-03-11 | sale                                    | NULL         |    3000.13 |    402 |         2 |
|  8 | xiaomage   | male   |  48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher                                 | NULL         |   10000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  4 | yuanhao    | male   |  73 | 2014-07-01 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    3500.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  2 | alex       | male   |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher                                 |              | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
|  3 | wupeiqi    | male   |  81 | 2013-03-05 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    8300.00 |    401 |         1 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

小练习：

1. 查询所有员工信息，先按照age升序排序，如果age相同则按照hire_date降序排序
2. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资升序排列
3. 查询各岗位平均薪资大于10000的岗位名、平均工资,结果按平均薪资降序排列　

小练习答案

# 题目1
select * from employee ORDER BY age asc,hire_date desc;

# 题目2
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) asc;
+-----------+---------------+
| post      | avg(salary)   |
+-----------+---------------+
| operation |  16800.026000 |
| teacher   | 151842.901429 |
+-----------+---------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 题目3
mysql> select post,avg(salary) from employee group by post having avg(salary) > 10000 order by avg(salary) desc;
+-----------+---------------+
| post      | avg(salary)   |
+-----------+---------------+
| teacher   | 151842.901429 |
| operation |  16800.026000 |
+-----------+---------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

（5）limit  限制查询的记录数:

示例：

##默认初始位置为0
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC 
 LIMIT 3; 

#从第0开始，即先查询出第一条，然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
    LIMIT 0,5;

#从第5开始，即先查询出第6条，然后包含这一条在内往后查5条
SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
    LIMIT 5,5; 

小练习：

分页显示，每页5条

小练习答案

# 第1页数据
mysql> select * from  employee limit 0,5;
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | sex  | age | hire_date  | post                                    | post_comment | salary     | office | depart_id |
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
|  1 | egon      | male |  18 | 2017-03-01 | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              | NULL         |    7300.33 |    401 |         1 |
|  2 | alex      | male |  78 | 2015-03-02 | teacher                                 |              | 1000000.31 |    401 |         1 |
|  3 | wupeiqi   | male |  81 | 2013-03-05 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    8300.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  4 | yuanhao   | male |  73 | 2014-07-01 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    3500.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  5 | liwenzhou | male |  28 | 2012-11-01 | teacher                                 | NULL         |    2100.00 |    401 |         1 |
+----+-----------+------+-----+------------+-----------------------------------------+--------------+------------+--------+-----------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 第2页数据
mysql> select * from  employee limit 5,5;
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | name       | sex    | age | hire_date  | post    | post_comment | salary   | office | depart_id |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
|  6 | jingliyang | female |  18 | 2011-02-11 | teacher | NULL         |  9000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  7 | jinxin     | male   |  18 | 1900-03-01 | teacher | NULL         | 30000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  8 | xiaomage   | male   |  48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher | NULL         | 10000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  9 | 歪歪       | female |  48 | 2015-03-11 | sale    | NULL         |  3000.13 |    402 |         2 |
| 10 | 丫丫       | female |  38 | 2010-11-01 | sale    | NULL         |  2000.35 |    402 |         2 |
+----+------------+--------+-----+------------+---------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 第3页数据
mysql> select * from  employee limit 10,5;
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | name      | sex    | age | hire_date  | post      | post_comment | salary   | office | depart_id |
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| 11 | 丁丁      | female |  18 | 2011-03-12 | sale      | NULL         |  1000.37 |    402 |         2 |
| 12 | 星星      | female |  18 | 2016-05-13 | sale      | NULL         |  3000.29 |    402 |         2 |
| 13 | 格格      | female |  28 | 2017-01-27 | sale      | NULL         |  4000.33 |    402 |         2 |
| 14 | 张野      | male   |  28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL         | 10000.13 |    403 |         3 |
| 15 | 程咬金    | male   |  18 | 1997-03-12 | operation | NULL         | 20000.00 |    403 |         3 |
+----+-----------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql分页计算总页数公式

总记录数：totalRecord
每页最大记录数：maxResult
totalPage = (totalRecord + maxResult -1) / maxResult;

其中 maxResult  - 1 就是 totalRecord / maxResult 的最大的余数

四、多表查询

本节重点：

• 多表连接查询

• 符合条件连接查询

• 子查询

多表查询，就是为了解决外键问题

建表的时候，不需要考虑表的创建顺序，因为没有约束关系！

准备工作：准备两张表，部门表（department）、员工表（employee）

#删除已存在的表
mysql> drop table department;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.19 sec)

#删除已存在的表
mysql> drop table employee;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.19 sec)

#创建部门表
create table department(
id int,
name varchar(20) 
);

#创建员工表
create table employee(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male',
age int,
dep_id int
);

#插入数据
insert into department values
(200,'技术'),
(201,'人力资源'),
(202,'销售'),
(203,'运营');

insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values
('egon','male',18,200),
('alex','female',48,201),
('wupeiqi','male',38,201),
('yuanhao','female',28,202),
('nvshen','male',18,200),
('xiaomage','female',18,204)
;

#查看部门表结构
mysql> desc department;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)     | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(20) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

#查看员工表结构
mysql> desc employee;
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field  | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id     | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name   | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| sex    | enum('male','female') | NO   |     | male    |                |
| age    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| dep_id | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+--------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

#查看部门表记录
mysql> select * from department;
+------+--------------+
| id   | name         |
+------+--------------+
|  200 | 技术         |
|  201 | 人力资源     |
|  202 | 销售         |
|  203 | 运营         |
+------+--------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

#查看员工表记录
mysql> select * from employee;
+----+----------+--------+------+--------+
| id | name     | sex    | age  | dep_id |
+----+----------+--------+------+--------+
|  1 | egon     | male   |   18 |    200 |
|  2 | alex     | female |   48 |    201 |
|  3 | wupeiqi  | male   |   38 |    201 |
|  4 | yuanhao  | female |   28 |    202 |
|  5 | nvshen   | male   |   18 |    200 |
|  6 | xiaomage | female |   18 |    204 |
+----+----------+--------+------+--------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

ps:观察两张表，发现department表中id=203部门在employee中没有对应的员工，发现employee中id=6的员工在department表中没有对应关系。

一、多表连接查询

两张表的准备工作已完成，比如现在我要查询的员工信息以及该员工所在的部门。从该题中，我们看出既要查员工又要查该员工的部门，肯定要将两张表进行连接查询，多表连接查询。

重点：外链接语法，多表查询一定要加表名

语法：

SELECT 字段列表
    FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2
    ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;

（1）先看第一种情况交叉连接：不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积

关于笛卡尔积的含义，请参考以下链接

https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E4%B9%98%E7%A7%AF/6323173?fr=aladdin&fromid=1434391&fromtitle=%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E7%A7%AF

mysql> select * from employee,department;
+----+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id | name     | sex    | age  | dep_id | id   | name         |
+----+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
|  1 | egon     | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|  1 | egon     | male   |   18 |    200 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  1 | egon     | male   |   18 |    200 |  202 | 销售         |
|  1 | egon     | male   |   18 |    200 |  203 | 运营         |
|  2 | alex     | female |   48 |    201 |  200 | 技术         |
|  2 | alex     | female |   48 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  2 | alex     | female |   48 |    201 |  202 | 销售         |
|  2 | alex     | female |   48 |    201 |  203 | 运营         |
|  3 | wupeiqi  | male   |   38 |    201 |  200 | 技术         |
|  3 | wupeiqi  | male   |   38 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  3 | wupeiqi  | male   |   38 |    201 |  202 | 销售         |
|  3 | wupeiqi  | male   |   38 |    201 |  203 | 运营         |
|  4 | yuanhao  | female |   28 |    202 |  200 | 技术         |
|  4 | yuanhao  | female |   28 |    202 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  4 | yuanhao  | female |   28 |    202 |  202 | 销售         |
|  4 | yuanhao  | female |   28 |    202 |  203 | 运营         |
|  5 | nvshen   | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|  5 | nvshen   | male   |   18 |    200 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  5 | nvshen   | male   |   18 |    200 |  202 | 销售         |
|  5 | nvshen   | male   |   18 |    200 |  203 | 运营         |
|  6 | xiaomage | female |   18 |    204 |  200 | 技术         |
|  6 | xiaomage | female |   18 |    204 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|  6 | xiaomage | female |   18 |    204 |  202 | 销售         |
|  6 | xiaomage | female |   18 |    204 |  203 | 运营         |
+----+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
24 rows in set (0.00 sec)

（2）内连接：只连接匹配的行

#找两张表共有的部分，相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了匹配的结果
#department没有204这个部门，因而employee表中关于204这条员工信息没有匹配出来
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee inner join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+----+---------+------+--------+--------------+
| id | name    | age  | sex    | name         |
+----+---------+------+--------+--------------+
|  1 | egon    |   18 | male   | 技术         |
|  2 | alex    |   48 | female | 人力资源     |
|  3 | wupeiqi |   38 | male   | 人力资源     |
|  4 | yuanhao |   28 | female | 销售         |
|  5 | nvshen  |   18 | male   | 技术         |
+----+---------+------+--------+--------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

#上述sql等同于
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,employee.sex,department.name from employee,department where employee.dep_id=department.id;

（3）外链接之左连接：优先显示左表全部记录

#以左表为准，即找出所有员工信息，当然包括没有部门的员工
#本质就是：在内连接的基础上增加左边有，右边没有的结果
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee left join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+----+----------+--------------+
| id | name     | depart_name  |
+----+----------+--------------+
|  1 | egon     | 技术         |
|  5 | nvshen   | 技术         |
|  2 | alex     | 人力资源     |
|  3 | wupeiqi  | 人力资源     |
|  4 | yuanhao  | 销售         |
|  6 | xiaomage | NULL         |
+----+----------+--------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

从结果上来看，比较符合现实情况。left后面还可以再接一个表，比如三表查询

#注意： test表，此时不存在!
select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id;
    select * from department left join employee on employee.dep_id = department.id
        left join test on test.id=department.id;

（4） 外链接之右连接：优先显示右表全部记录

#以右表为准，即找出所有部门信息，包括没有员工的部门
#本质就是：在内连接的基础上增加右边有，左边没有的结果
mysql> select employee.id,employee.name,department.name as depart_name from employee right join department on employee.dep_id=department.id;
+------+---------+--------------+
| id   | name    | depart_name  |
+------+---------+--------------+
|    1 | egon    | 技术         |
|    2 | alex    | 人力资源     |
|    3 | wupeiqi | 人力资源     |
|    4 | yuanhao | 销售         |
|    5 | nvshen  | 技术         |
| NULL | NULL    | 运营         |
+------+---------+--------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

（5） 全外连接：显示左右两个表全部记录(了解)

#外连接：在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果
#注意：mysql不支持全外连接 full JOIN
#强调：mysql可以使用此种方式间接实现全外连接
语法：select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id 
       union all
      select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id;

 mysql> select * from employee left join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
          union
        select * from employee right join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
           ;
+------+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
| id   | name     | sex    | age  | dep_id | id   | name         |
+------+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
|    1 | egon     | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|    5 | nvshen   | male   |   18 |    200 |  200 | 技术         |
|    2 | alex     | female |   48 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|    3 | wupeiqi  | male   |   38 |    201 |  201 | 人力资源     |
|    4 | yuanhao  | female |   28 |    202 |  202 | 销售         |
|    6 | xiaomage | female |   18 |    204 | NULL | NULL         |
| NULL | NULL     | NULL   | NULL |   NULL |  203 | 运营         |
+------+----------+--------+------+--------+------+--------------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)

#注意 union与union all的区别：union会去掉相同的纪录

二、符合条件连接查询

示例1：以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且employee表中的age字段值必须大于25，即找出年龄大于25岁的员工以及员工所在的部门

select employee.name,employee.age,department.name from employee
 inner join department on employee.dep_id = department.id
where employee.age > 25;

#返回结果
+---------+------+--------------+
| name    | age  | name         |
+---------+------+--------------+
| alex    |   48 | 人力资源     |
| wupeiqi |   38 | 人力资源     |
| yuanhao |   28 | 销售         |
+---------+------+--------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

示例2：以内连接的方式查询employee和department表，并且以age字段的升序方式显示。

select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,department.name from employee,department
    where employee.dep_id = department.id
    and age > 25
    order by age asc;

#返回结果
+----+---------+------+--------------+
| id | name    | age  | name         |
+----+---------+------+--------------+
|  4 | yuanhao |   28 | 销售         |
|  3 | wupeiqi |   38 | 人力资源     |
|  2 | alex    |   48 | 人力资源     |
+----+---------+------+--------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)