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  • tar 命令

    tar命令可以为linux的文件和目录创建档案,是linux中一款强大的解压和压缩工具。

    语法

    tar (选项) (参数)

    选项

    -A或--catenate:新增文件到以存在的备份文件; 
    -B:设置区块大小; 
    -c或--create:建立新的备份文件; 
    -C <目录>:这个选项用在解压缩,若要在特定目录解压缩,可以使用这个选项。 
    -d:记录文件的差别; 
    -x或--extract或--get:从备份文件中还原文件; 
    -t或--list:列出备份文件的内容; 
    -z或--gzip或--ungzip:通过gzip指令处理备份文件; -Z或--compress或--uncompress:通过compress指令处理备份文件; -f<备份文件>或--file=<备份文件>:指定备份文件; 
    -v或--verbose:显示指令执行过程; 
    -r:添加文件到已经压缩的文件; 
    -u:添加改变了和现有的文件到已经存在的压缩文件; 
    -j:支持bzip2解压文件; 
    -v:显示操作过程; 
    -l:文件系统边界设置; 
    -k:保留原有文件不覆盖; 
    -m:保留文件不被覆盖; 
    -w:确认压缩文件的正确性; 
    -p或--same-permissions:用原来的文件权限还原文件;
    -P或--absolute-names:文件名使用绝对名称,不移除文件名称前的“/”号; 
    -N <日期格式> 或 --newer=<日期时间>:只将较指定日期更新的文件保存到备份文件里; 
    --exclude=<范本样式>:排除符合范本样式的文件。

    例子

    1. 将文件打包
    [root@cinder01 ~]# tar -cvf file.tar somefile.txt            # 仅打包,不压缩
    [root@cinder01 ~]# tar -zcvf file.tar.gz somefile.txt        # 打包后,以 gzip 压缩
    [root@cinder01 ~]# tar -jcvf file.tar.bz2 somefile.txt       # 打包后,以 bzip2 压缩
    1. 将压缩包解压
    [root@cinder01 ~]# tar -xvf file.tar           # 解压tar包
    [root@cinder01 ~]# tar -zxvf file.tar.gz       # 解压gzip包
    [root@cinder01 ~]# tar -jxvf file.tar.bz2      # 解压bzip2包
    1. 查看tar包里面的内容
    [root@cinder01 ~]# tar -tvf file.tar

    tar --help

    [root@cinder01 ~]# tar --help
    Usage: tar [OPTION...] [FILE]...
    GNU `tar' saves many files together into a single tape or disk archive, and can
    restore individual files from the archive.
    
    Examples:
      tar -cf archive.tar foo bar  # Create archive.tar from files foo and bar.
      tar -tvf archive.tar         # List all files in archive.tar verbosely.
      tar -xf archive.tar          # Extract all files from archive.tar.
    
     Main operation mode:
    
      -A, --catenate, --concatenate   append tar files to an archive
      -c, --create               create a new archive
      -d, --diff, --compare      find differences between archive and file system
          --delete               delete from the archive (not on mag tapes!)
      -r, --append               append files to the end of an archive
      -t, --list                 list the contents of an archive
          --test-label           test the archive volume label and exit
      -u, --update               only append files newer than copy in archive
      -x, --extract, --get       extract files from an archive
    
     Operation modifiers:
    
          --check-device         check device numbers when creating incremental
                                 archives (default)
      -g, --listed-incremental=FILE   handle new GNU-format incremental backup
      -G, --incremental          handle old GNU-format incremental backup
          --ignore-failed-read   do not exit with nonzero on unreadable files
          --level=NUMBER         dump level for created listed-incremental archive
      -n, --seek                 archive is seekable
          --no-check-device      do not check device numbers when creating
                                 incremental archives
          --no-seek              archive is not seekable
          --occurrence[=NUMBER]  process only the NUMBERth occurrence of each file
                                 in the archive; this option is valid only in
                                 conjunction with one of the subcommands --delete,
                                 --diff, --extract or --list and when a list of
                                 files is given either on the command line or via
                                 the -T option; NUMBER defaults to 1
          --sparse-version=MAJOR[.MINOR]
                                 set version of the sparse format to use (implies
                                 --sparse)
      -S, --sparse               handle sparse files efficiently
      
       Overwrite control:
    
      -k, --keep-old-files       don't replace existing files when extracting,
                                 treat them as errors
          --keep-newer-files     don't replace existing files that are newer than
                                 their archive copies
          --no-overwrite-dir     preserve metadata of existing directories
          --overwrite            overwrite existing files when extracting
          --overwrite-dir        overwrite metadata of existing directories when
                                 extracting (default)
          --recursive-unlink     empty hierarchies prior to extracting directory
          --remove-files         remove files after adding them to the archive
          --skip-old-files       don't replace existing files when extracting,
                                 silently skip over them
      -U, --unlink-first         remove each file prior to extracting over it
      -W, --verify               attempt to verify the archive after writing it
    
     Select output stream:
    
          --ignore-command-error ignore exit codes of children
          --no-ignore-command-error   treat non-zero exit codes of children as
                                 error
      -O, --to-stdout            extract files to standard output
          --to-command=COMMAND   pipe extracted files to another program
    
     Handling of file attributes:
    
          --acls                 Save the ACLs to the archive
          --atime-preserve[=METHOD]   preserve access times on dumped files, either
                                 by restoring the times after reading
                                 (METHOD='replace'; default) or by not setting the
                                 times in the first place (METHOD='system')
          --delay-directory-restore   delay setting modification times and
                                 permissions of extracted directories until the end
                                 of extraction
          --group=NAME           force NAME as group for added files
          --mode=CHANGES         force (symbolic) mode CHANGES for added files
          --mtime=DATE-OR-FILE   set mtime for added files from DATE-OR-FILE
      -m, --touch                don't extract file modified time
          --no-acls              Don't extract the ACLs from the archive
          --no-delay-directory-restore
                                 cancel the effect of --delay-directory-restore
                                 option
          --no-same-owner        extract files as yourself (default for ordinary
                                 users)
          --no-same-permissions  apply the user's umask when extracting permissions
                                 from the archive (default for ordinary users)
          --no-selinux           Don't extract the SELinux context from the archive
                                
          --no-xattrs            Don't extract the user/root xattrs from the
                                 archive
          --numeric-owner        always use numbers for user/group names
          --owner=NAME           force NAME as owner for added files
      -p, --preserve-permissions, --same-permissions
                                 extract information about file permissions
                                 (default for superuser)
          --preserve             same as both -p and -s
          --same-owner           try extracting files with the same ownership as
                                 exists in the archive (default for superuser)
      -s, --preserve-order, --same-order
                                 sort names to extract to match archive
          --selinux              Save the SELinux context to the archive
          --xattrs               Save the user/root xattrs to the archive
    
     Device selection and switching:
    
      -f, --file=ARCHIVE         use archive file or device ARCHIVE
          --force-local          archive file is local even if it has a colon
      -F, --info-script=NAME, --new-volume-script=NAME
                                 run script at end of each tape (implies -M)
      -L, --tape-length=NUMBER   change tape after writing NUMBER x 1024 bytes
      -M, --multi-volume         create/list/extract multi-volume archive
          --rmt-command=COMMAND  use given rmt COMMAND instead of rmt
          --rsh-command=COMMAND  use remote COMMAND instead of rsh
          --volno-file=FILE      use/update the volume number in FILE
    
     Device blocking:
    
      -b, --blocking-factor=BLOCKS   BLOCKS x 512 bytes per record
      -B, --read-full-records    reblock as we read (for 4.2BSD pipes)
      -i, --ignore-zeros         ignore zeroed blocks in archive (means EOF)
          --record-size=NUMBER   NUMBER of bytes per record, multiple of 512
    
     Archive format selection:
    
      -H, --format=FORMAT        create archive of the given format
    
     FORMAT is one of the following:
    
        gnu                      GNU tar 1.13.x format
        oldgnu                   GNU format as per tar <= 1.12
        pax                      POSIX 1003.1-2001 (pax) format
        posix                    same as pax
        ustar                    POSIX 1003.1-1988 (ustar) format
        v7                       old V7 tar format
    
          --old-archive, --portability
                                 same as --format=v7
          --pax-option=keyword[[:]=value][,keyword[[:]=value]]...
                                 control pax keywords
          --posix                same as --format=posix
      -V, --label=TEXT           create archive with volume name TEXT; at
                                 list/extract time, use TEXT as a globbing pattern
                                 for volume name
    
     Compression options:
    
      -a, --auto-compress        use archive suffix to determine the compression
                                 program
      -I, --use-compress-program=PROG
                                 filter through PROG (must accept -d)
      -j, --bzip2                filter the archive through bzip2
      -J, --xz                   filter the archive through xz
          --lzip                 filter the archive through lzip
          --lzma                 filter the archive through lzma
          --lzop
          --no-auto-compress     do not use archive suffix to determine the
                                 compression program
      -z, --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip   filter the archive through gzip
      -Z, --compress, --uncompress   filter the archive through compress
    
     Local file selection:
    
          --add-file=FILE        add given FILE to the archive (useful if its name
                                 starts with a dash)
          --backup[=CONTROL]     backup before removal, choose version CONTROL
      -C, --directory=DIR        change to directory DIR
          --exclude=PATTERN      exclude files, given as a PATTERN
          --exclude-backups      exclude backup and lock files
          --exclude-caches       exclude contents of directories containing
                                 CACHEDIR.TAG, except for the tag file itself
          --exclude-caches-all   exclude directories containing CACHEDIR.TAG
          --exclude-caches-under exclude everything under directories containing
                                 CACHEDIR.TAG
          --exclude-tag=FILE     exclude contents of directories containing FILE,
                                 except for FILE itself
          --exclude-tag-all=FILE exclude directories containing FILE
          --exclude-tag-under=FILE   exclude everything under directories
                                 containing FILE
          --exclude-vcs          exclude version control system directories
      -h, --dereference          follow symlinks; archive and dump the files they
                                 point to
          --hard-dereference     follow hard links; archive and dump the files they
                                 refer to
      -K, --starting-file=MEMBER-NAME
                                 begin at member MEMBER-NAME in the archive
          --newer-mtime=DATE     compare date and time when data changed only
          --no-null              disable the effect of the previous --null option
          --no-recursion         avoid descending automatically in directories
          --no-unquote           do not unquote filenames read with -T
          --null                 -T reads null-terminated names, disable -C
      -N, --newer=DATE-OR-FILE, --after-date=DATE-OR-FILE
                                 only store files newer than DATE-OR-FILE
          --one-file-system      stay in local file system when creating archive
      -P, --absolute-names       don't strip leading `/'s from file names
          --recursion            recurse into directories (default)
          --suffix=STRING        backup before removal, override usual suffix ('~'
                                 unless overridden by environment variable
                                 SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX)
      -T, --files-from=FILE      get names to extract or create from FILE
          --unquote              unquote filenames read with -T (default)
      -X, --exclude-from=FILE    exclude patterns listed in FILE
    
     File name transformations:
    
          --strip-components=NUMBER   strip NUMBER leading components from file
                                 names on extraction
          --transform=EXPRESSION, --xform=EXPRESSION
                                 use sed replace EXPRESSION to transform file
                                 names
    
     File name matching options (affect both exclude and include patterns):
    
          --anchored             patterns match file name start
          --ignore-case          ignore case
          --no-anchored          patterns match after any `/' (default for
                                 exclusion)
          --no-ignore-case       case sensitive matching (default)
          --no-wildcards         verbatim string matching
          --no-wildcards-match-slash   wildcards do not match `/'
          --wildcards            use wildcards (default)
          --wildcards-match-slash   wildcards match `/' (default for exclusion)
    
     Informative output:
    
          --checkpoint[=NUMBER]  display progress messages every NUMBERth record
                                 (default 10)
          --checkpoint-action=ACTION   execute ACTION on each checkpoint
          --index-file=FILE      send verbose output to FILE
      -l, --check-links          print a message if not all links are dumped
          --no-quote-chars=STRING   disable quoting for characters from STRING
          --quote-chars=STRING   additionally quote characters from STRING
          --quoting-style=STYLE  set name quoting style; see below for valid STYLE
                                 values
      -R, --block-number         show block number within archive with each
                                 message
          --show-defaults        show tar defaults
          --show-omitted-dirs    when listing or extracting, list each directory
                                 that does not match search criteria
          --show-transformed-names, --show-stored-names
                                 show file or archive names after transformation
          --totals[=SIGNAL]      print total bytes after processing the archive;
                                 with an argument - print total bytes when this
                                 SIGNAL is delivered; Allowed signals are: SIGHUP,
                                 SIGQUIT, SIGINT, SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2; the names
                                 without SIG prefix are also accepted
          --utc                  print file modification dates in UTC
      -v, --verbose              verbosely list files processed
          --warning=KEYWORD      warning control
      -w, --interactive, --confirmation
                                 ask for confirmation for every action
    
     Compatibility options:
    
      -o                         when creating, same as --old-archive; when
                                 extracting, same as --no-same-owner
    
     Other options:
    
      -?, --help                 give this help list
          --restrict             disable use of some potentially harmful options
          --usage                give a short usage message
          --version              print program version
    
    Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
    for any corresponding short options.
    
    The backup suffix is `~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.
    The version control may be set with --backup or VERSION_CONTROL, values are:
    
      none, off       never make backups
      t, numbered     make numbered backups
      nil, existing   numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise
      never, simple   always make simple backups
    
    Valid arguments for the --quoting-style option are:
    
      literal
      shell
      shell-always
      c
      c-maybe
      escape
      locale
      clocale
    
    *This* tar defaults to:
    --format=gnu -f- -b20 --quoting-style=escape --rmt-command=/sbin/rmt
    --rsh-command=/usr/bin/rsh
    
    Report bugs to <bug-tar@gnu.org>.
    [root@cinder01 ~]#
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/xieshengsen/p/6562369.html
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