一、Serializer
1.序列化准备:
模型层:models.py
class User(models.Model):
SEX_CHOICES = [
[0, '男'],
[1, '女'],
]
name = models.CharField(max_length=64)
pwd = models.CharField(max_length=32)
phone = models.CharField(max_length=11, null=True, default=None)
sex = models.IntegerField(choices=SEX_CHOICES, default=0)
icon = models.ImageField(upload_to='icon', default='icon/default.jpg')
class Meta:
db_table = 'old_boy_user'
verbose_name = '用户'
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
def __str__(self):
return '%s' % self.name
后台管理层:admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from . import models
admin.site.register(models.User)
配置层:settings.py
# 注册rest_framework
INSTALLED_APPS = [
# ...
'rest_framework',
]
# 配置数据库
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
'NAME': 'day70',
'USER': 'root',
'PASSWORD': '123'
}
}
# media资源
MEDIA_URL = '/media/' # 后期高级序列化类与视图类,会使用该配置
MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'media') # media资源路径
# 国际化配置
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans'
TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'
USE_I18N = True
USE_L10N = True
USE_TZ = False
主路由:项目下urls.py
urlpatterns = [
# ...
url(r'^api/', include('api.urls')),
url(r'^media/(?P<path>.*)', serve, {'document_root': settings.MEDIA_ROOT}),
]
子路由:应用下urls.py
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^users/$', views.User.as_view()),
url(r'^users/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.User.as_view()),
]
2.序列化使用
序列化层:api/serializers.py
"""
1)设置需要返回给前台 那些model类有对应的 字段,不需要返回的就不用设置了
2)设置方法字段,字段名可以随意,字段值有 get_字段名 提供,来完成一些需要处理在返回的数据
"""
# 序列化组件 - 为每一个model类通过一套序列化工具类
# 序列化组件的工作方式与django froms组件非常相似
from rest_framework import serializers, exceptions
from django.conf import settings
from . import models
class UserSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
name = serializers.CharField()
phone = serializers.CharField()
# 序列化提供给前台的字段个数由后台决定,可以少提供,
# 但是提供的数据库对应的字段,名字一定要与数据库字段相同
# sex = serializers.IntegerField()
# icon = serializers.ImageField()
# 自定义序列化属性
# 属性名随意,值由固定的命名规范方法提供:
# get_属性名(self, 参与序列化的model对象)
# 返回值就是自定义序列化属性的值
gender = serializers.SerializerMethodField()
def get_gender(self, obj):
# choice类型的解释型值 get_字段_display() 来访问
return obj.get_sex_display()
icon = serializers.SerializerMethodField()
def get_icon(self, obj):
# settings.MEDIA_URL: 自己配置的 /media/,给后面高级序列化与视图类准备的
# obj.icon不能直接作为数据返回,因为内容虽然是字符串,但是类型是ImageFieldFile类型
return '%s%s%s' % (r'http://127.0.0.1:8000', settings.MEDIA_URL, str(obj.icon))
视图层
"""
1)从数据库中将要序列化给前台的model对象,或是对个model对象查询出来
user_obj = models.User.objects.get(pk=pk) 或者
user_obj_list = models.User.objects.all()
2)将对象交给序列化处理,产生序列化对象,如果序列化的是多个数据,要设置many=True
user_ser = serializers.UserSerializer(user_obj) 或者
user_ser = serializers.UserSerializer(user_obj_list, many=True)
3)序列化 对象.data 就是可以返回给前台的序列化数据
return Response({
'status': 0,
'msg': 0,
'results': user_ser.data
})
"""
class User(APIView):
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
pk = kwargs.get('pk')
if pk:
try:
# 用户对象不能直接作为数据返回给前台
user_obj = models.User.objects.get(pk=pk)
# 序列化一下用户对象
user_ser = serializers.UserSerializer(user_obj)
# print(user_ser, type(user_ser))
return Response({
'status': 0,
'msg': 0,
'results': user_ser.data
})
except:
return Response({
'status': 2,
'msg': '用户不存在',
})
else:
# 用户对象列表(queryset)不能直接作为数据返回给前台
user_obj_list = models.User.objects.all()
# 序列化一下用户对象
user_ser_data = serializers.UserSerializer(user_obj_list, many=True).data
return Response({
'status': 0,
'msg': 0,
'results': user_ser_data
})
二、ModelSerializer
配置:settings.py
INSTALLED_APPS = [
# ...
'rest_framework',
]
DATABASES = {
'default': {
'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
'NAME': 'dg_proj',
'USER': 'root',
'PASSWORD': '123',
}
}
"""
任何__init__文件
import pymysql
pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()
"""
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans'
TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'
USE_I18N = True
USE_L10N = True
USE_TZ = False
MEDIA_URL = '/media/'
MEDIA_ROOT = os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'media')
View Code
路由
# 主
from django.conf.urls import url, include
from django.contrib import admin
from django.views.static import serve
from django.conf import settings
urlpatterns = [
url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),
url(r'^api/', include('api.urls')),
url(r'^media/(?P<path>.*)', serve, {'document_root': settings.MEDIA_ROOT}),
]
# 子
from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views
urlpatterns = [
]
View Code
多表设计
""" Book表:name、price、img、authors、publish、is_delete、create_time
Publish表:name、address、is_delete、create_time Author表:name、age、is_delete、create_time
AuthorDetail表:mobile, author、is_delete、create_time BaseModel基表 is_delete、create_time 上面四表继承基表,可以继承两个字段 """
基表
class BaseModel(models.Model): is_delete = models.BooleanField(default=False) create_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
# 设置 abstract = True 来声明基表,作为基表的Model不能在数据库中形成对应的表
class Meta:
abstract = True
断关联多表关系
""" 1、外键位置: 一对多 - 外键放多的一方
一对一 - 从逻辑正反向考虑,如作者表与作者详情表,作者删除级联删除详情,详情删除作者依旧存在,所以建议外键在详情表中
多对多 - 外键在关系表中
2、ORM正向方向连表查找:
正向:通过外键字段 eg: author_detial_obj.author
反向:通过related_name的值 eg:author_obj.detail
注:依赖代码见下方
3、连表操作关系:
1)作者删除,详情级联 - on_delete=models.CASCADE
2)作者删除,详情置空 - null=True, on_delete=models.SET_NULL
3)作者删除,详情重置 - default=0, on_delete=models.SET_DEFAULT
4)作者删除,详情不动 - on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING
注:拿作者与作者详情表举例
4、外键关联字段的参数 - 如何实现 断关联、目前表间操作关系、方向查询字段
i)作者详情表中的 author = models.OneToOneField( to='Author', related_name='detail', db_constraint=False, on_delete=models.CASCADE )
ii)图书表中的
publish = models.ForeignKey(
to='Publish',
related_name='books',
db_constraint=False,
on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING,
)
authors = models.ManyToManyField(
to='Author'
related_name='books',
db_constraint=False,
)
注:ManyToManyField不能设置on_delete,OneToOneField、ForeignKey必须设置on_delete(django1.x系统默认级联,但是django2.x必须手动明确)
"""
model类
from django.db import models
图书管理系统:Book、Author、AuthorDetail、Publish
""" Book表: name、price、img、authors、publish、is_delete、create_time Publish表: name、address、is_delete、create_time Author表: name、age、is_delete、create_time AuthorDetail表: mobile, author、is_delete、create_time """
class BaseModel(models.Model): is_delete = models.BooleanField(default=False) create_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
# 作为基表的Model不能在数据库中形成对应的表,设置 abstract = True
class Meta:
abstract = True
class Book(BaseModel): """name、price、img、authors、publish、is_delete、create_time""" name = models.CharField(max_length=64) price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2) img = models.ImageField(upload_to='img', default='img/default.jpg') publish = models.ForeignKey( to='Publish', db_constraint=False, # 断关联 related_name='books', # 反向查询字段:publish_obj.books 就能访问所有出版的书 on_delete=models.DO_NOTHING, # 设置连表操作关系 ) authors = models.ManyToManyField( to='Author', db_constraint=False, related_name='books' )
# 序列化插拔式属性 - 完成自定义字段名完成连表查询
@property
def publish_name(self):
return self.publish.name
@property
def author_list(self):
return self.authors.values('name', 'age', 'detail__mobile').all()
class Meta:
db_table = 'book'
verbose_name = '书籍'
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
def __str__(self):
return self.name
class Publish(BaseModel): """name、address、is_delete、create_time""" name = models.CharField(max_length=64) address = models.CharField(max_length=64)
class Meta:
db_table = 'publish'
verbose_name = '出版社'
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
def __str__(self):
return self.name
class Author(BaseModel): """name、age、is_delete、create_time""" name = models.CharField(max_length=64) age = models.IntegerField()
class Meta:
db_table = 'author'
verbose_name = '作者'
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
def __str__(self):
return self.name
class AuthorDetail(BaseModel): """mobile, author、is_delete、create_time""" mobile = models.CharField(max_length=11) author = models.OneToOneField( to='Author', db_constraint=False, related_name='detail', on_delete=models.CASCADE, )
class Meta:
db_table = 'author_detail'
verbose_name = '作者详情'
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
def __str__(self):
return '%s的详情' % self.author.name
View Code
序列化
序列化层:api/serializers.py
from rest_framework.serializers import ModelSerializer, SerializerMethodField from rest_framework.exceptions import ValidationError from . import models
class PublishModelSerializer(ModelSerializer): class Meta: model = models.Publish fields = ('name', 'address')
class BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer): # 了解: 该方式设置的序列化字段,必须在fields中声明 # publish_address = SerializerMethodField() # def get_publish_address(self, obj): # return obj.publish.address
# 自定义连表深度 - 子序列化方式 - 该方式不能参与反序列化,使用在序列化反序列化共存时,不能书写
publish = PublishModelSerializer()
class Meta:
# 序列化类关联的model类
model = models.Book
# 参与序列化的字段
fields = ('name', 'price', 'img', 'author_list', 'publish')
# 了解知识点
# 所有字段
# fields = '__all__'
# 与fields不共存,exclude排除哪些字段
# exclude = ('id', 'is_delete', 'create_time')
# 自动连表深度
# depth = 1
视图层:api/views.py
# 序列化
class Book(APIView):
def get(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
pk = kwargs.get('pk')
if pk:
try:
book_obj = models.Book.objects.get(pk=pk,is_delete=False)
book_data = serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data
except:
return Response({
'status':1,
'msg':'书籍不存在'
})
else:
book_query = models.Book.objects.filter(is_delete=False).all()
book_data = serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_query,many=True).data
return Response({
'status':0,
'msg':'ok',
'results':book_data
})
路由层:api/urls.py
urlpatterns = [ url(r'^books/$', views.Book.as_view()), url(r'^books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.Book.as_view()), ]
反序列化
序列化层:api/serializers.py
# 反序列化
class BookModelDeserializer(ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
fields = ('name','price','publish','authors')
# extra_kwargs 用来完成反序列化字段 系统检测规则
extra_kwargs = {
'name':{
'required':True,
'min_length':1,
'error_messages':{
'required':'必填项',
'min_length':'太短',
}
}
}
# 局部钩子
def validate_name(self,value):
if 'g' in value.lower():
raise ValidationError('该书不能出版')
return value
# 全局钩子
def validate(self,attrs):
publish = attrs.get('publish')
name = attrs.get('name')
if models.Book.objects.filter(name=name,publish=publish):
raise ValidationError({'book':'该书已存在'})
return attrs
视图层:api/views.py
# 反序列化
def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
request_data = request.data
book_ser = serializers.BookModelDeserializer(data=request_data)
# raise_exception=True 当校验失败,马上终止当前视图方法
book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
book_obj = book_ser.save()
return Response({
'status':0,
'msg':'ok',
'results':serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data
})
路由层:api/urls.py
urlpatterns = [ url(r'^books/$', views.Book.as_view()), url(r'^books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.Book.as_view()), ]
序列化与反序列化整合(重点)
"""
1) fields中设置所有序列化与反序列化字段
2) extra_kwargs划分只序列化或只反序列化字段
write_only:只反序列化
read_only:只序列化
自定义字段默认只序列化(read_only)
3) 设置反序列化所需的 系统、局部钩子、全局钩子 等校验规则
"""
序列化层:api/serializers.py
class V2BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.Book
fields = ('name', 'price', 'img', 'author_list', 'publish_name', 'publish', 'authors')
extra_kwargs = {
'name': {
'required': True,
'min_length': 1,
'error_messages': {
'required': '必填项',
'min_length': '太短',
}
},
'publish': {
'write_only': True
},
'authors': {
'write_only': True
},
'img': {
'read_only': True,
},
'author_list': {
'read_only': True,
},
'publish_name': {
'read_only': True,
}
}
def validate_name(self, value):
# 书名不能包含 g 字符
if 'g' in value.lower():
raise ValidationError('该g书不能出版')
return value
def validate(self, attrs):
publish = attrs.get('publish')
name = attrs.get('name')
if models.Book.objects.filter(name=name, publish=publish):
raise ValidationError({'book': '该书已存在'})
return attrs
视图层:api/views.py
# 单增:传的数据是与model对应的字典
# 群增:传的数据是 装多个 model对应字典 的列表
def post(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
request_data = request.data
if isinstance(request_data,dict):
many = False
elif isinstance(request_data,list):
many = True
else:
return Response({
'status':1,
'msg':'数据有误',
})
book_ser = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(data=request_data,many=many)
book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
book_result = book_ser.save()
return Response({
'status':0,
'msg':'ok',
'results':serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_result,many=many).data
})
# 单删:有pk
# 群删:有pks | {"pks": [1, 2, 3]}
def delete(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
pk = kwargs.get('pk')
if pk:
pks = [pk]
else:
pks = request.data.get('pks')
if models.Book.objects.filter(pk__in=pks,is_delete=False).update(is_delete=True):
return Response({
'status':0,
'msg':'删除成功'
})
return Response({
'status':1,
'msg':'删除失败'
})
路由层:api/urls.py
urlpatterns = [ url(r'^v2/books/$', views.V2Book.as_view()), url(r'^v2/books/(?P<pk>.*)/$', views.V2Book.as_view()), ]
三、ListModelSerializer
整体单改
路由层、模型层、序列化层不需要做修改,只需要处理视图层:views.py
"""
1) 单整体改,说明前台要提供修改的数据,那么数据就需要校验,校验的数据应该在实例化“序列化类对象”时,赋值给data
2)修改,就必须明确被修改的模型类对象,并在实例化“序列化类对象”时,赋值给instance
3)整体修改,所有校验规则有required=True的字段,都必须提供,因为在实例化“序列化类对象”时,参数partial默认为False
注:如果partial值设置为True,就是可以局部改
1)单整体修改,一般用put请求:
V2BookModelSerializer(
instance=要被更新的对象,
data=用来更新的数据,
partial=默认False,必须的字段全部参与校验
)
2)单局部修改,一般用patch请求:
V2BookModelSerializer(
instance=要被更新的对象,
data=用来更新的数据,
partial=设置True,必须的字段都变为选填字段
)
注:partial设置True的本质就是使字段 required=True 校验规则失效
"""
class V2Book(APIView):
# 单整体改: 对 v2/books/(pk)/ 传的数据是与model对应的字典{name|price|publish|authors}
def put(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
request_data = request.data
pk = kwargs.get('pk')
old_book_obj = models.Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
# 目的:将众多数据的校验交给序列化类来处理 - 让序列化类扮演反序列化角色,校验成功后,序列化类来帮你入库
book_ser = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(instance=old_book_obj, data=request_data, partial=False)
book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
# 校验通过,完成数据的更新:要更新的目标,用来更新的新数据
book_obj = book_ser.save()
return Response({
'status': 0,
'msg': 'ok',
'results': serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_obj).data
})
单与整体局部修改
序列化层:serializers.py
# 重点:ListSerializer与ModelSerializer建立关联的是:
# ModelSerializer的Meta类的 - list_serializer_class
class V2BookListSerializer(ListSerializer):
def update(self, instance, validated_data):
# print(instance) # 要更新的对象们
# print(validated_data) # 更新的对象对应的数据们
# print(self.child) # 服务的模型序列化类 - V2BookModelSerializer
for index, obj in enumerate(instance):
self.child.update(obj, validated_data[index])
return instance
# 原模型序列化类变化
class V2BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
# ...
# 群改,需要设置 自定义ListSerializer,重写群改的 update 方法
list_serializer_class = V2BookListSerializer
# ...
视图层:views.py
class V2Book(APIView):
# 单局部改:对 v2/books/(pk)/ 传的数据,数据字段key都是选填
# 群局部改:对 v2/books/
# 请求数据 - [{pk:1, name:123}, {pk:3, price:7}, {pk:7, publish:2}]
def patch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
request_data = request.data
pk = kwargs.get('pk')
# 将单改,群改的数据都格式化成 pks=[要需要的对象主键标识] | request_data=[每个要修改的对象对应的修改数据]
if pk and isinstance(request_data, dict): # 单改
pks = [pk, ]
request_data = [request_data, ]
elif not pk and isinstance(request_data, list): # 群改
pks = []
for dic in request_data: # 遍历前台数据[{pk:1, name:123}, {pk:3, price:7}, {pk:7, publish:2}],拿一个个字典
pk = dic.pop('pk', None)
if pk:
pks.append(pk)
else:
return Response({
'status': 1,
'msg': '数据有误',
})
else:
return Response({
'status': 1,
'msg': '数据有误',
})
# pks与request_data数据筛选,
# 1)将pks中的没有对应数据的pk与数据已删除的pk移除,request_data对应索引位上的数据也移除
# 2)将合理的pks转换为 objs
objs = []
new_request_data = []
for index, pk in enumerate(pks):
try:
# pk对应的数据合理,将合理的对象存储
obj = models.Book.objects.get(pk=pk)
objs.append(obj)
# 对应索引的数据就需要保存下来
new_request_data.append(request_data[index])
except:
# 重点:反面教程 - pk对应的数据有误,将对应索引的data中request_data中移除
# index = pks.index(pk)
# request_data.pop(index)
continue
book_ser = serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(instance=objs, data=new_request_data, partial=True, many=True)
book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
book_objs = book_ser.save()
return Response({
'status': 0,
'msg': 'ok',
'results': serializers.V2BookModelSerializer(book_objs, many=True).data
})
四、视图类传递参数给序列化类
1)在视图类中实例化序列化对象时,可以设置context内容
2)在序列化类中的局部钩子、全局钩子、create、update方法中,都可以用self.context访问视图类传递过来的内容
需求:
1) 在视图类中,可以通过request得到登陆用户request.user
2) 在序列化类中,要完成数据库数据的校验与入库操作,可能会需要知道当前的登陆用户,但序列化类无法访问request
3) 在视图类中实例化序列化对象时,将request对象传递进去
视图层:views.py
class Book(APIView):
def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
book_ser = serializers.BookModelSerializer(data=request_data,context={'request':request})
book_ser.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
book_result = book_ser.save()
return Response({
'status': 0,
'msg': 'ok',
'results': serializers.BookModelSerializer(book_result).data
})
序列化层:serializers.py
class BookModelSerializer(ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = models.Book
fields = ('name', 'price')
def validate_name(self, value):
print(self.context.get('request').method)
return value