/* ***********************************************
Author :xryz
Email :523689985@qq.com
Created Time :4-14 21:16:41
File Name :DroppingBalls.cpp
************************************************ */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
#include <queue>
#include <set>
#include <map>
#include <string>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int n,i,k,t,m;
scanf("%d",&t);
while(~scanf("%d",&n))
{
if(n==-1) break;
scanf("%d",&m);
k=1;
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
if(m%2) {k=2*k;m=(m+1)/2;}
else {k=2*k+1;m=m/2;}
}
printf("%d
",k);
}
return 0;
}
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