赖氏经典英语语法—非谓语

在学习的道路上偶尔把英语捡起来学一下，淘到一本《赖氏经典英语语法》，摘取书中的一些东西，做一个记录，尽量做到时常温故而知新^_^
这本书我已经看完了，后面才发现有个公众号也对这本书做了一个分期拆解，把链接放上，因为不同的人对同一本书的理解，可能会有不一样的闪光点。
第14期——非谓语动词的种类及用法（不定式）

第15期——非谓语动词（不定式的特殊用法）

第16期——非谓语动词（分词的用法）

第17期——非谓语动词（动名词的用法）

以下是我自己对书本对应章节的笔记

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1.非谓语——现在分词/过去分词
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分词作形容词：

主被动概念。 现在分词：令人…的 doing 过去分词：感到…的，受到…的 done The competition is quite exciting. he was excited when he heard the news.

进行完成概念。 现在分词：正在…的，即将…的 doing 过去分词：已经…的 done He is sweeping fallen leaves in the falling rain. 他在雨中扫落叶。

 
分词作表语：
be动词和系动词之后作表语。

及物动词vt之后作宾补：

分词为及物动词vt时。 a.现在分词doing+宾语。 b.过去分词done I found him killing cockroaches. I found the cockroaches killed.

分词为不及物动词vi。 一律变成现在分词doing I found him trembling.

分词做名词：
The young should learn to cherish life.
Young people should learn to cherish life.
 
分词作副词，very
It's awful hot today.
The tea is boiling hot.
It's freezing cold today.
 
分词结构——2动词变化。
a.两个动词同时发生时，第二个动词一定要变成现在分词doing.
b.两个动词有先后顺序，第二个动词变成to do.
c.两个动词有逗号相隔，但连接时，不用考虑先后次序，第二个动词一定是现在分词doing。
He came home crying.
He sat in the corner reading a newspaper.
He came home tired.(being)
He stood up to smoke a cigarette.
He ran away quickly, looking as if something terrible had happened.
 
分词结构——两句无连词，单句化简法
a.主语相同删主语。主语不同要保留。
b.动词变现分doing，现在分词。
c.变being可省，不省"因为……"
 
He has nothing to do, he feels bored.×
→Having nothing to do he feels bored.
All things considered, I decided to major in business administration.
→All things were considered.
 
分词结构——定语从句化简法
条件：限定定从~关代作主。
删关代，动变doing。
The man who is talking to mary over there is my father.
→ the man talking to mary over there is my father.
 
分词结构——状语从句化简法。
主同，单句化简。
a.主语相同删主语。
b.动词变现分doing，现在分词。
c.变being可省，不省"因为……"
If I am free, i'll go with you.
→If free, i'll go with you.
 
少数现在分词可当介词使用。
包括including
除外excluding
考虑considering
关于regarding/concerning/about/on
Everyone likes the movie, excluding john/including john.
→Everyone likes the movie, john excluded /included.
Considering his performance, he can be a good teacher.
→His performance considered, he can be a good teacher.
He wrote an article regarding/concerning/about/on environmental pollution.
 
独立分词短语。
Generally speaking, 一般而言
strictly speaking, 严格来说。
frankly speaking, 老实说。
judging from his appearance, 从他的外表看来。
talking of novels, 谈到小说。
according to.根据。
Seeing that you have no time.既然你没时间。

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2.非谓语——动名词
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动名词可做主宾表。名词特性。
区分现在分词：a is b = b is a.
如：her hobby is dancing.
→dancing is her hobby.//dancing在此是动名词
记得/忘记/后悔曾……
remember/forget/regret + doing.
记得/忘记/遗憾要……
remember/forget/regret + to do.
 
喜欢爱恨继续开始
like dislike love heat continue again start
+doing/to do意思不变。
 
值得worth介词，值得的worthy与of连用，值得的worthwhile。
The issue is worth paying attention to.
The issue is worthy of everyone's attention.
That's a worthwhile book to read.
It's worthwhile to read that book.
 
所有格与动名词的关系。
a.that引导的名词性从句作主语。
That he didn't finish the work on time disappointed me.
→His not finishing the work on time disappointed me.
b.表示喜欢, 厌恶, 在乎之意的vt，不可接that从句作宾语。如like dislike enjoy mind.
I don't like that he smokes here.×
I don't enjoy that Jake joins us.×
Would you mind that I open the window.×
→I don't like his smoking here.
→I don't enjoying jack's joining us.
→Would you mind my opening the window.
 
that.从句，主语非人，不用所有格。
In spite of that the sun shone, the air was very cold.介宾×
In spite of the sun shining, the air was very cold.
尽管阳光普照，空气还是很冷。
 
doing + n:复合名词。
用来…正在…会…
手杖_用来走路的棍子，A walking stick.
卧铺车厢，A sleeping car.
饭厅，A dining room.
活字典，A walking dictionary.
睡中婴儿，A sleeping baby.
正在叫的狗，A barking dog.

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3.非谓语——to do不定式
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名词to do作主宾表
以下句型中be动词之后，to可省略，改用原形动词做表语。
All you have to do is (to) take a good rest.
All I can do is (to) wait.
All you should do is simply (to) apologize to him.
All I did yesterday was (to) eat and sleep.
 
形容词to do，后卫修饰
I have some work to do.
work做do的动宾/或介宾
He is a nice man to work with.
Give me a chair to set in.
 
be后to do作为形容词不定式的意义。
 

主动形式 表将来 He is to come tomorrow. He is going to come tomorrow. he will come tomorrow. 表义务=should. You are to do it=You should do it.

被动形式 表当然=should Such a lazy man is to be fired =such a lazy man should be fired. 表可能=can My hat was nowhere to be found. My hat could not be found anywhere.

 
副词to do，
修饰动词：多半后置表目的。移前主语得是人。
He sang a song ｜to please her.
-------------｜in order to please her
-------------｜so as to please her
-------------｜with an eye to pleasing her
-------------｜with a view to pleasing her.
To please her, he sang a song.√
To please her,a song was sung.×
 
修饰形容词，必在形容词后。
He is able to handle the problem.
this book is good to read.
 
修饰副词，必在副词后。
He is too old enough to go swimming alone.
 
独立不定式=插入语。
To tell the truth, I don't like him.老实说，我不喜欢他。
To be frank with you, he is good for nothing.
老实对你说，他一无是处。
To do him justice, he has done his best.
平心而论，他已经尽力。
To make matters worse, it began to rain.
更糟的是，开始下雨了。
 
that化简不定式to do
it……that
时态相同，to加原形
It seems that he works hard.
He seems to work hard.
他似乎很努力。
It was said that he loved music very much.
=he was said to love music very much.
据说以前他很喜欢音乐。
 
时态不同，to加have done(曾经)。
It seems that he worked hard.
=He seems to have worked hard.
他似乎曾经努力过。