一键备份脚本 backup.sh

做网站最重要的是什么？数据！数据，是网站之本，备份，是每一个站长都应该重视的事情。但同时，备份也是一件繁琐和重复的事情。所以，这些事情，肯定能做到自动化的。
下面来介绍一下这个一键备份脚本 backup.sh。

总结一下 backup.sh 特点：

1、支持 MySQL/MariaDB/Percona 的数据库全量备份或选择备份；
2、支持指定目录或文件的备份；
3、支持加密备份文件（需安装 openssl 命令，可选）；
4、支持上传至 Google Drive（需先安装 gdrive 并配置，可选）；
5、支持在删除指定天数本地旧的备份文件的同时，也删除 Google Drive 上的同名文件（可选）。

 

2016 年 8 月 21 日更新：
1、新增：指定 MySQL/MariaDB 的数据库名进行备份，可以同时指定多个；
2、新增：删除指定天数本地旧的备份文件。
2016 年 9 月 8 日更新：
1、新增：删除指定天数本地旧的备份文件的同时，可选删除 Google Drive 上的同名文件。
2016 年 11 月 29 日更新：
1、新增：上传备份文件到 FTP 选项；
2、新增：删除指定天数本地旧的备份文件的同时，可选删除 Google Drive 及 FTP 上的同名文件。

教程模式开启：

1、下载该脚本并赋予执行权限

wget --no-check-certificate https://github.com/teddysun/across/raw/master/backup.sh
chmod +x backup.sh

2、修改并配置脚本

请使用 vim 或 nano 等工具来修改。

关于变量名的一些说明：

 

ENCRYPTFLG （加密FLG，true 为加密，false 为不加密，默认是加密）
BACKUPPASS （加密密码，重要，务必要修改）
LOCALDIR （备份目录，可自己指定）
TEMPDIR （备份目录的临时目录，可自己指定）
LOGFILE （脚本运行产生的日志文件路径）
MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD （MySQL/MariaDB/Percona 的 root 用户密码）
MYSQL_DATABASE_NAME （指定 MySQL/MariaDB/Percona 的数据库名，留空则是备份所有数据库）
※ MYSQL_DATABASE_NAME 是一个数组变量，可以指定多个。举例如下：

MYSQL_DATABASE_NAME[0]="phpmyadmin"
MYSQL_DATABASE_NAME[1]="test"

BACKUP （需要备份的指定目录或文件列表，留空就是不备份目录或文件）
※ BACKUP 是一个数组变量，可以指定多个。举例如下：

BACKUP[0]="/data/www/default/test.tgz"
BACKUP[1]="/data/www/default/test/"
BACKUP[2]="/data/www/default/test2/"

LOCALAGEDAILIES （指定多少天之后删除本地旧的备份文件，默认为 7 天）
DELETE_REMOTE_FILE_FLG （删除 Google Drive 或 FTP 上的备份文件 FLG，true 为删除，false 为不删除）

FTP_FLG （上传文件至 FTP 的 FLG，true 为上传，false 为不上传）
FTP_HOST （连接的 FTP 域名或 IP 地址）
FTP_USER （连接的 FTP 的用户名）
FTP_PASS （连接的 FTP 的用户的密码）
FTP_DIR （连接的 FTP 的远程目录，比如： public_html）

一些注意事项的说明：

1）脚本需要用 root 用户来执行；
2）脚本需要用到 openssl 来加密，请事先安装好；
3）脚本默认备份所有的数据库（全量备份）；
4）备份文件的解密命令如下：

openssl enc -aes256 -in [ENCRYPTED BACKUP] -out decrypted_backup.tgz -pass pass:[BACKUPPASS] -d -md sha1

5）备份文件解密后，解压命令如下：

tar -zxPf [DECRYPTION BACKUP FILE]

解释一下参数 -P：
tar 压缩文件默认都是相对路径的。加个 -P 是为了 tar 能以绝对路径压缩文件。因此，解压的时候也要带个 -P 参数。

3、配置 gdrive 命令

gdrive 是一个命令行工具，用于 Google Drive 的上传下载等操作。官网网站：
https://github.com/prasmussen/gdrive

当然，你可以用以下的命令来安装 gdrive。

x86_64（64位）：

wget -O /usr/bin/gdrive http://dl.lamp.sh/files/gdrive-linux-x64
chmod +x /usr/bin/gdrive

i386（32位）

wget -O /usr/bin/gdrive http://dl.lamp.sh/files/gdrive-linux-386
chmod +x /usr/bin/gdrive

然后，运行以下命令开始获取授权：

gdrive about

根据提示用浏览器打开 gdrive 给出的 URL，点击接受（Accept），然后将浏览器上显示出来的字符串粘贴回命令行里，完成授权。

4、运行脚本开始备份

./backup.sh

脚本默认会显示备份进度，并在最后统计出所需时间。
如果你想将脚本加入到 cron 自动运行的话，就不需要前台显示备份进度，只写日志就可以了。
这个时候你需要稍微改一下脚本中的 log 函数。

log() {
    echo "$(date "+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")" "$1"
    echo -e "$(date "+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")" "$1" >> ${LOGFILE}
}

改为：

log() {
    echo -e "$(date "+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")" "$1" >> ${LOGFILE}
}

关于如何使用 cron 自动备份，这里就不再赘述了 以 CentOS 6 来举例说明。

修改文件 /etc/crontab，内容如下：

SHELL=/bin/bash
PATH=/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:~/bin
MAILTO=root
HOME=/root

# For details see man 4 crontabs

# Example of job definition:
# .---------------- minute (0 - 59)
# |  .------------- hour (0 - 23)
# |  |  .---------- day of month (1 - 31)
# |  |  |  .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...
# |  |  |  |  .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat
# |  |  |  |  |
# *  *  *  *  * user-name command to be executed
30  1  *  *  * root bash /root/backup.sh

以上表示，每天凌晨 1 点 30 分，root 用户执行一次 backup.sh 脚本。
注意：
一定要修改其中的 PATH 和 HOME 变量的值。
尤其是 HOME 变量，gdrive 命令能否正确执行，是要依赖于其配置文件的。默认用 root 配置的话，其配置文件夹应该是 /root/.gdrive/ ，所以要更改 HOME 的值。

backup.sh 代码如下所示：

#!/usr/bin/env bash
#
# Auto backup script
#
# Copyright (C) 2016 Teddysun <i@teddysun.com>
#
# URL: https://teddysun.com/469.html
#
# You must to modify the config before run it!!!
# Backup MySQL/MariaDB/Percona datebases, files and directories
# Backup file is encrypted with AES256-cbc with SHA1 message-digest (option)
# Auto transfer backup file to Google Drive (need install gdrive command) (option)
# Auto transfer backup file to FTP server (option)
# Auto delete Google Drive's or FTP server's remote file (option)
#

[[ $EUID -ne 0 ]] && echo "Error: This script must be run as root!" && exit 1

########## START OF CONFIG ##########

# Encrypt flag (true: encrypt, false: not encrypt)
ENCRYPTFLG=true

# WARNING: KEEP THE PASSWORD SAFE!!!
# The password used to encrypt the backup
# To decrypt backups made by this script, run the following command:
# openssl enc -aes256 -in [encrypted backup] -out decrypted_backup.tgz -pass pass:[backup password] -d -md sha1
BACKUPPASS="mypassword"

# Directory to store backups
LOCALDIR="/root/backups/"

# Temporary directory used during backup creation
TEMPDIR="/root/backups/temp/"

# File to log the outcome of backups
LOGFILE="/root/backups/backup.log"

# OPTIONAL: If you want backup MySQL database, enter the MySQL root password below
MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=""

# Below is a list of MySQL database name that will be backed up
# If you want backup ALL databases, leave it blank.
MYSQL_DATABASE_NAME[0]=""

# Below is a list of files and directories that will be backed up in the tar backup
# For example:
# File: /data/www/default/test.tgz
# Directory: /data/www/default/test
BACKUP[0]=""

# Number of days to store daily local backups (default 7 days)
LOCALAGEDAILIES="7"

# Delete Googole Drive's & FTP server's remote file flag (true: delete, false: not delete)
DELETE_REMOTE_FILE_FLG=false

# Upload to FTP server flag (true: upload, false: not upload)
FTP_FLG=false

# FTP server
# OPTIONAL: If you want upload to FTP server, enter the Hostname or IP address below
FTP_HOST=""

# FTP username
# OPTIONAL: If you want upload to FTP server, enter the FTP username below
FTP_USER=""

# FTP password
# OPTIONAL: If you want upload to FTP server, enter the username's password below
FTP_PASS=""

# FTP server remote folder
# OPTIONAL: If you want upload to FTP server, enter the FTP remote folder below
# For example: public_html
FTP_DIR=""

########## END OF CONFIG ##########



# Date & Time
DAY=$(date +%d)
MONTH=$(date +%m)
YEAR=$(date +%C%y)
BACKUPDATE=$(date +%Y%m%d%H%M%S)
# Backup file name
TARFILE="${LOCALDIR}""$(hostname)"_"${BACKUPDATE}".tgz
# Encrypted backup file name
ENC_TARFILE="${TARFILE}.enc"
# Backup MySQL dump file name
SQLFILE="${TEMPDIR}mysql_${BACKUPDATE}.sql"

log() {
    echo "$(date "+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")" "$1"
    echo -e "$(date "+%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")" "$1" >> ${LOGFILE}
}

# Check for list of mandatory binaries
check_commands() {
    # This section checks for all of the binaries used in the backup
    BINARIES=( cat cd du date dirname echo openssl mysql mysqldump pwd rm tar )
    
    # Iterate over the list of binaries, and if one isn't found, abort
    for BINARY in "${BINARIES[@]}"; do
        if [ ! "$(command -v "$BINARY")" ]; then
            log "$BINARY is not installed. Install it and try again"
            exit 1
        fi
    done

    # check gdrive command
    GDRIVE_COMMAND=false
    if [ "$(command -v "gdrive")" ]; then
        GDRIVE_COMMAND=true
    fi

    # check ftp command
    if ${FTP_FLG}; then
        if [ ! "$(command -v "ftp")" ]; then
            log "ftp is not installed. Install it and try again"
            exit 1
        fi
    fi
}

calculate_size() {
    local file_name=$1
    local file_size=$(du -h $file_name 2>/dev/null | awk '{print $1}')
    if [ "x${file_size}" = "x" ]; then
        echo "unknown"
    else
        echo "${file_size}"
    fi
}

# Backup MySQL databases
mysql_backup() {
    if [ -z ${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD} ]; then
        log "MySQL root password not set, MySQL backup skipped"
    else
        log "MySQL dump start"
        mysql -u root -p"${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD}" 2>/dev/null <<EOF
exit
EOF
        if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
            log "MySQL root password is incorrect. Please check it and try again"
            exit 1
        fi
    
        if [ "${MYSQL_DATABASE_NAME[*]}" == "" ]; then
            mysqldump -u root -p"${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD}" --all-databases > "${SQLFILE}" 2>/dev/null
            if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
                log "MySQL all databases backup failed"
                exit 1
            fi
            log "MySQL all databases dump file name: ${SQLFILE}"
            #Add MySQL backup dump file to BACKUP list
            BACKUP=(${BACKUP[*]} ${SQLFILE})
        else
            for db in ${MYSQL_DATABASE_NAME[*]}
            do
                unset DBFILE
                DBFILE="${TEMPDIR}${db}_${BACKUPDATE}.sql"
                mysqldump -u root -p"${MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD}" ${db} > "${DBFILE}" 2>/dev/null
                if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
                    log "MySQL database name [${db}] backup failed, please check database name is correct and try again"
                    exit 1
                fi
                log "MySQL database name [${db}] dump file name: ${DBFILE}"
                #Add MySQL backup dump file to BACKUP list
                BACKUP=(${BACKUP[*]} ${DBFILE})
            done
        fi
        log "MySQL dump completed"
    fi
}

start_backup() {
    [ "${BACKUP[*]}" == "" ] && echo "Error: You must to modify the [$(basename $0)] config before run it!" && exit 1

    log "Tar backup file start"
    tar -zcPf ${TARFILE} ${BACKUP[*]}
    if [ $? -gt 1 ]; then
        log "Tar backup file failed"
        exit 1
    fi
    log "Tar backup file completed"

    # Encrypt tar file
    if ${ENCRYPTFLG}; then
        log "Encrypt backup file start"
        openssl enc -aes256 -in "${TARFILE}" -out "${ENC_TARFILE}" -pass pass:"${BACKUPPASS}" -md sha1
        log "Encrypt backup file completed"

        # Delete unencrypted tar
        log "Delete unencrypted tar file: ${TARFILE}"
        rm -f ${TARFILE}
    fi

    # Delete MySQL temporary dump file
    for sql in `ls ${TEMPDIR}*.sql`
    do
        log "Delete MySQL temporary dump file: ${sql}"
        rm -f ${sql}
    done

    if ${ENCRYPTFLG}; then
        OUT_FILE="${ENC_TARFILE}"
    else
        OUT_FILE="${TARFILE}"
    fi
    log "File name: ${OUT_FILE}, File size: `calculate_size ${OUT_FILE}`"
}

# Transfer backup file to Google Drive
# If you want to install gdrive command, please visit website:
# https://github.com/prasmussen/gdrive
# of cause, you can use below command to install it
# For x86_64: wget -O /usr/bin/gdrive http://dl.lamp.sh/files/gdrive-linux-x64; chmod +x /usr/bin/gdrive
# For i386: wget -O /usr/bin/gdrive http://dl.lamp.sh/files/gdrive-linux-386; chmod +x /usr/bin/gdrive
gdrive_upload() {
    if ${GDRIVE_COMMAND}; then
        log "Tranferring backup file to Google Drive"
        gdrive upload --no-progress ${OUT_FILE} >> ${LOGFILE}
        if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
            log "Error: Tranferring backup file to Google Drive failed"
            exit 1
        fi
        log "Tranferring backup file to Google Drive completed"
    fi
}

# Tranferring backup file to FTP server
ftp_upload() {
    if ${FTP_FLG}; then
        [ -z ${FTP_HOST} ] && log "Error: FTP_HOST can not be empty!" && exit 1
        [ -z ${FTP_USER} ] && log "Error: FTP_USER can not be empty!" && exit 1
        [ -z ${FTP_PASS} ] && log "Error: FTP_PASS can not be empty!" && exit 1
        [ -z ${FTP_DIR} ] && log "Error: FTP_DIR can not be empty!" && exit 1

        local FTP_OUT_FILE=$(basename ${OUT_FILE})
        log "Tranferring backup file to FTP server"
        ftp -in ${FTP_HOST} 2>&1 >> ${LOGFILE} <<EOF
user $FTP_USER $FTP_PASS
binary
lcd $LOCALDIR
cd $FTP_DIR
put $FTP_OUT_FILE
quit
EOF
        log "Tranferring backup file to FTP server completed"
    fi
}

# Get file date
get_file_date() {
    #Approximate a 30-day month and 365-day year
    DAYS=$(( $((10#${YEAR}*365)) + $((10#${MONTH}*30)) + $((10#${DAY})) ))

    unset FILEYEAR FILEMONTH FILEDAY FILEDAYS FILEAGE
    FILEYEAR=$(echo "$1" | cut -d_ -f2 | cut -c 1-4)
    FILEMONTH=$(echo "$1" | cut -d_ -f2 | cut -c 5-6)
    FILEDAY=$(echo "$1" | cut -d_ -f2 | cut -c 7-8)

    if [[ "${FILEYEAR}" && "${FILEMONTH}" && "${FILEDAY}" ]]; then
        #Approximate a 30-day month and 365-day year
        FILEDAYS=$(( $((10#${FILEYEAR}*365)) + $((10#${FILEMONTH}*30)) + $((10#${FILEDAY})) ))
        FILEAGE=$(( 10#${DAYS} - 10#${FILEDAYS} ))
        return 0
    fi

    return 1
}

# Delete Google Drive's old backup file
delete_gdrive_file() {
    local FILENAME=$1
    if ${DELETE_REMOTE_FILE_FLG} && ${GDRIVE_COMMAND}; then
        local FILEID=$(gdrive list -q "name = '${FILENAME}'" --no-header | awk '{print $1}')
        if [ -n ${FILEID} ]; then
            gdrive delete ${FILEID} >> ${LOGFILE}
            log "Google Drive's old backup file name: ${FILENAME} has been deleted"
        fi
    fi
}

# Delete FTP server's old backup file
delete_ftp_file() {
    local FILENAME=$1
    if ${DELETE_REMOTE_FILE_FLG} && ${FTP_FLG}; then
        ftp -in ${FTP_HOST} 2>&1 >> ${LOGFILE} <<EOF
user $FTP_USER $FTP_PASS
cd $FTP_DIR
del $FILENAME
quit
EOF
        log "FTP server's old backup file name: ${FILENAME} has been deleted"
    fi
}

# Clean up old file
clean_up_files() {
    cd ${LOCALDIR} || exit

    if ${ENCRYPTFLG}; then
        LS=($(ls *.enc))
    else
        LS=($(ls *.tgz))
    fi

    for f in ${LS[@]}
    do
        get_file_date ${f}
        if [ $? == 0 ]; then
            if [[ ${FILEAGE} -gt ${LOCALAGEDAILIES} ]]; then
                rm -f ${f}
                log "Old backup file name: ${f} has been deleted"
                delete_gdrive_file ${f}
                delete_ftp_file ${f}
            fi
        fi
    done
}

# Main progress
STARTTIME=$(date +%s)

# Check if the backup folders exist and are writeable
if [ ! -d "${LOCALDIR}" ]; then
    mkdir -p ${LOCALDIR}
fi
if [ ! -d "${TEMPDIR}" ]; then
    mkdir -p ${TEMPDIR}
fi

log "Backup progress start"
check_commands
mysql_backup
start_backup
log "Backup progress complete"

log "Upload progress start"
gdrive_upload
ftp_upload
log "Upload progress complete"

clean_up_files

ENDTIME=$(date +%s)
DURATION=$((ENDTIME - STARTTIME))
log "All done"
log "Backup and transfer completed in ${DURATION} seconds"

最后，欢迎交流和提出意见。

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