Linux操作系统-CentOS7启动流程和服务管理
作者：尹正杰
版权声明：原创作品，谢绝转载！否则将追究法律责任。
一.systemd
POST --> Boot Sequence --> Bootloader --> kernel + initramfs(initrd) --> rootfs --> /sbin/init /sbin/init在各版本是不同的:
CentOS 5 SysV init CentOS 6 Upstart CentOS 7 Systemd
什么是Systemd：
系统启动和服务器守护进程管理器，负责在系统启动或运行时，激活系统资源，服务器进程和其它进程
Systemd新特性 系统引导时实现服务并行启动 按需启动守护进程 自动化的服务依赖关系管理 同时采用socket式与D-Bus总线式激活服务 系统状态快照 核心概念：unit unit表示不同类型的systemd对象，通过配置文件进行标识和配置；文件中主要包含了系统服务、监听socket、保存的系统快照以及其它与init相关的信息
配置文件: /usr/lib/systemd/system:
每个服务最主要的启动脚本设置，类似于之前的/etc/init.d/ /run/systemd/system：
系统执行过程中所产生的服务脚本，比上面目录优先运行 /etc/systemd/system：
管理员建立的执行脚本，类似于/etc/rcN.d/Sxx的功能，比上面目录优先运行
1>.systemd管理瞬态服务(即替代CentOS 6.x系列的非独立服务xinetd管理程序)
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# yum -y install telnet-server #注意，CentOS 7.x版本安装telnet server服务时并不会安装xinetd服务，原因就是xinetd有了替代角色，那就是systemd程序。 Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn * extras: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn * updates: mirror.jdcloud.com Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package telnet-server.x86_64 1:0.17-64.el7 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================================================================================ Installing: telnet-server x86_64 1:0.17-64.el7 base 41 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================================================================================ Install 1 Package Total download size: 41 k Installed size: 55 k Downloading packages: telnet-server-0.17-64.el7.x86_64.rpm | 41 kB 00:00:00 Running transaction check Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded Running transaction Installing : 1:telnet-server-0.17-64.el7.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : 1:telnet-server-0.17-64.el7.x86_64 1/1 Installed: telnet-server.x86_64 1:0.17-64.el7 Complete! [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status telnet.socket ● telnet.socket - Telnet Server Activation Socket Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/telnet.socket; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: inactive (dead) Docs: man:telnetd(8) Listen: [::]:23 (Stream) Accepted: 0; Connected: 0 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl start telnet.socket #注意启动tenlet服务是telnet.socket哟~若启动过程中没有输出就是最好的信号，若有输出基本上就是启动出错了 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status telnet.socket ● telnet.socket - Telnet Server Activation Socket Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/telnet.socket; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (listening) since Fri 2019-12-06 06:37:35 CST; 1s ago Docs: man:telnetd(8) Listen: [::]:23 (Stream) Accepted: 0; Connected: 0 Dec 06 06:37:35 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Listening on Telnet Server Activation Socket. [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ss -ntl | grep 23 LISTEN 0 128 :::23 :::* [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ss -ntlp | grep 23 #不难发现，在CentOS 6.x操作系统上是由xinetd服务管理，但在CentOS7.x操作系统上是由systemd进程来管理啦~ LISTEN 0 128 :::23 :::* users:(("systemd",pid=1,fd=23)) [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
2>.system可以自动化的服务依赖关系管理案例
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status rpcbind nfs-server #查看rpcbind和nfs-server服务，不难发现前者是开启的，后者是关闭的 ● rpcbind.service - RPC bind service Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rpcbind.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: active (running) since Fri 2019-12-06 06:49:44 CST; 28s ago Process: 12068 ExecStart=/sbin/rpcbind -w $RPCBIND_ARGS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 12069 (rpcbind) Tasks: 1 CGroup: /system.slice/rpcbind.service └─12069 /sbin/rpcbind -w Dec 06 06:49:44 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Starting RPC bind service... Dec 06 06:49:44 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Started RPC bind service. ● nfs-server.service - NFS server and services Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: inactive (dead) since Fri 2019-12-06 06:50:00 CST; 12s ago Process: 12081 ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -f (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12079 ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -au (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12076 ExecStop=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd 0 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12008 ExecStartPost=/bin/sh -c if systemctl -q is-active gssproxy; then systemctl restart gssproxy ; fi (code=exited, status=0/SUCCES S) Process: 11991 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd $RPCNFSDARGS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 11989 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/exportfs -r (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 11991 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Dec 06 06:48:15 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Starting NFS server and services... Dec 06 06:48:15 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Started NFS server and services. Dec 06 06:50:00 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Stopping NFS server and services... Dec 06 06:50:00 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Stopped NFS server and services. [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# rpm -ql telnet-server /usr/lib/systemd/system/telnet.socket #"/usr/lib/systemd/system/"是CentOS 7存放每个服务的启动脚本，类似于CentOS的"/etc/init.d/" /usr/lib/systemd/system/telnet@.service /usr/sbin/in.telnetd /usr/share/man/man5/issue.net.5.gz /usr/share/man/man8/in.telnetd.8.gz /usr/share/man/man8/telnetd.8.gz [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl start nfs-server #在rpcbind服务启动着的情况下启动nfs-server是可以正常启动的 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status rpcbind nfs-server ● rpcbind.service - RPC bind service Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rpcbind.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: active (running) since Fri 2019-12-06 06:49:44 CST; 2min 2s ago Process: 12068 ExecStart=/sbin/rpcbind -w $RPCBIND_ARGS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 12069 (rpcbind) Tasks: 1 CGroup: /system.slice/rpcbind.service └─12069 /sbin/rpcbind -w Dec 06 06:49:44 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Starting RPC bind service... Dec 06 06:49:44 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Started RPC bind service. ● nfs-server.service - NFS server and services Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (exited) since Fri 2019-12-06 06:51:44 CST; 1s ago Process: 12081 ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -f (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12079 ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -au (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12076 ExecStop=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd 0 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12145 ExecStartPost=/bin/sh -c if systemctl -q is-active gssproxy; then systemctl restart gssproxy ; fi (code=exited, status=0/SUCCES S) Process: 12128 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd $RPCNFSDARGS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12126 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/exportfs -r (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 12128 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Tasks: 0 CGroup: /system.slice/nfs-server.service Dec 06 06:51:44 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Starting NFS server and services... Dec 06 06:51:44 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Started NFS server and services. [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status rpcbind nfs-server ● rpcbind.service - RPC bind service Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rpcbind.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: active (running) since Fri 2019-12-06 06:49:44 CST; 3min 1s ago Process: 12068 ExecStart=/sbin/rpcbind -w $RPCBIND_ARGS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 12069 (rpcbind) Tasks: 1 CGroup: /system.slice/rpcbind.service └─12069 /sbin/rpcbind -w Dec 06 06:49:44 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Starting RPC bind service... Dec 06 06:49:44 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Started RPC bind service. ● nfs-server.service - NFS server and services Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (exited) since Fri 2019-12-06 06:51:44 CST; 1min 0s ago Process: 12081 ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -f (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12079 ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -au (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12076 ExecStop=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd 0 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12145 ExecStartPost=/bin/sh -c if systemctl -q is-active gssproxy; then systemctl restart gssproxy ; fi (code=exited, status=0/SUCCES S) Process: 12128 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd $RPCNFSDARGS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12126 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/exportfs -r (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 12128 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Tasks: 0 CGroup: /system.slice/nfs-server.service Dec 06 06:51:44 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Starting NFS server and services... Dec 06 06:51:44 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Started NFS server and services. [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl stop rpcbind.socket nfs-server #接下来我们将rpcbind和nfs-server服务关闭掉 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status rpcbind nfs-server ● rpcbind.service - RPC bind service Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rpcbind.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: inactive (dead) since Fri 2019-12-06 06:53:09 CST; 1s ago Process: 12185 ExecStart=/sbin/rpcbind -w $RPCBIND_ARGS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 12186 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Dec 06 06:52:49 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Starting RPC bind service... Dec 06 06:52:49 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Started RPC bind service. Dec 06 06:53:09 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Stopping RPC bind service... Dec 06 06:53:09 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Stopped RPC bind service. ● nfs-server.service - NFS server and services Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: inactive (dead) since Fri 2019-12-06 06:52:49 CST; 21s ago Process: 12181 ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -f (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12179 ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -au (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12175 ExecStop=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd 0 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12145 ExecStartPost=/bin/sh -c if systemctl -q is-active gssproxy; then systemctl restart gssproxy ; fi (code=exited, status=0/SUCCES S) Process: 12128 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd $RPCNFSDARGS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12126 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/exportfs -r (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 12128 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Dec 06 06:51:44 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Starting NFS server and services... Dec 06 06:51:44 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Started NFS server and services. Dec 06 06:52:49 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Stopping NFS server and services... Dec 06 06:52:49 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Stopped NFS server and services. [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status rpcbind nfs-server ● rpcbind.service - RPC bind service Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rpcbind.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: inactive (dead) since Fri 2019-12-06 06:53:09 CST; 1min 27s ago Process: 12185 ExecStart=/sbin/rpcbind -w $RPCBIND_ARGS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 12186 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Dec 06 06:52:49 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Starting RPC bind service... Dec 06 06:52:49 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Started RPC bind service. Dec 06 06:53:09 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Stopping RPC bind service... Dec 06 06:53:09 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Stopped RPC bind service. ● nfs-server.service - NFS server and services Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: inactive (dead) since Fri 2019-12-06 06:52:49 CST; 1min 47s ago Process: 12181 ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -f (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12179 ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -au (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12175 ExecStop=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd 0 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12145 ExecStartPost=/bin/sh -c if systemctl -q is-active gssproxy; then systemctl restart gssproxy ; fi (code=exited, status=0/SUCCES S) Process: 12128 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd $RPCNFSDARGS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12126 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/exportfs -r (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 12128 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Dec 06 06:51:44 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Starting NFS server and services... Dec 06 06:51:44 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Started NFS server and services. Dec 06 06:52:49 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Stopping NFS server and services... Dec 06 06:52:49 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Stopped NFS server and services. [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl start nfs-server #咱们单独启动nfs-server服务时，他会自动去启动未启动的依赖服务，即会自动地将rpcbind服务启动。 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status rpcbind nfs-server ● rpcbind.service - RPC bind service Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/rpcbind.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) Active: active (running) since Fri 2019-12-06 06:54:42 CST; 1s ago Process: 12244 ExecStart=/sbin/rpcbind -w $RPCBIND_ARGS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 12245 (rpcbind) Tasks: 1 CGroup: /system.slice/rpcbind.service └─12245 /sbin/rpcbind -w Dec 06 06:54:42 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Starting RPC bind service... Dec 06 06:54:42 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Started RPC bind service. ● nfs-server.service - NFS server and services Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nfs-server.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: active (exited) since Fri 2019-12-06 06:54:42 CST; 1s ago Process: 12181 ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -f (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12179 ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/exportfs -au (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12175 ExecStop=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd 0 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12268 ExecStartPost=/bin/sh -c if systemctl -q is-active gssproxy; then systemctl restart gssproxy ; fi (code=exited, status=0/SUCCES S) Process: 12251 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/rpc.nfsd $RPCNFSDARGS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Process: 12249 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/exportfs -r (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Main PID: 12251 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Tasks: 0 CGroup: /system.slice/nfs-server.service Dec 06 06:54:42 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Starting NFS server and services... Dec 06 06:54:42 node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn systemd[1]: Started NFS server and services. [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
二.Unit类型
1>.常见的unit类型概述
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl -t help #查看unit类型 Available unit types: service socket busname target snapshot device mount automount swap timer path slice scope [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
常见的unit类型介绍 service unit:
文件扩展名为".service",用于定义系统服务 Target unit:
文件扩展名为".target",用于模拟实现运行级别 Device unit:
文件扩展名为".device",用于定义内核识别的设备 Mount unit:
文件扩展名为".mount",定义文件系统挂载点 Socket unit:
文件扩展名为".socket",用于标识进程间通信用的socket文件，也可在系统启动时，延迟启动服务，实现按需启动。因为socket与服务程序是分离的。 Snapshot unit:
文件扩展名为".snapshot",管理系统快照，保存各个unit的当前状态信息于持久存储设备中。 Swap unit:
文件扩展名为".swap",用于标识swap设备 Automount unit:
文件扩展名为".automount"文件系统的自动挂载点 Path unit:
文件扩展名为".path",用于定义文件系统中的一个文件或目录使用,常用于当文件系统变化时，延迟激活服务，如:spool目录
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /usr/lib /lib -d lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Aug 1 21:59 /lib -> usr/lib dr-xr-xr-x. 43 root root 4096 Aug 1 22:35 /usr/lib [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /lib/systemd/system | wc -l 430 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /usr/lib/systemd/system | wc -l 430 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ls /lib/systemd/system #存放unit类型的服务 abrt-ccpp.service iscsi.service serial-getty@.service abrtd.service iscsi-shutdown.service shutdown.target abrt-oops.service iscsiuio.service shutdown.target.wants abrt-pstoreoops.service iscsiuio.socket sigpwr.target abrt-vmcore.service kdump.service sleep.target abrt-xorg.service kexec.target -.slice accounts-daemon.service kexec.target.wants slices.target alsa-restore.service kmod-static-nodes.service smartcard.target alsa-state.service kpatch.service smartd.service anaconda-direct.service ksm.service sockets.target anaconda-nm-config.service ksmtuned.service sockets.target.wants anaconda-noshell.service libstoragemgmt.service sound.target anaconda-pre.service libvirtd.service sound.target.wants anaconda.service lldpad.service speech-dispatcherd.service anaconda-shell@.service lldpad.socket spice-vdagentd.service anaconda-sshd.service local-fs-pre.target spice-vdagentd.socket anaconda.target local-fs.target sshd-keygen.service anaconda-tmux@.service local-fs.target.wants sshd.service arp-ethers.service lvm2-lvmetad.service sshd@.service atd.service lvm2-lvmetad.socket sshd.socket auditd.service lvm2-lvmpolld.service sssd-autofs.service auth-rpcgss-module.service lvm2-lvmpolld.socket sssd-autofs.socket autofs.service lvm2-monitor.service sssd-nss.service autovt@.service lvm2-pvscan@.service sssd-nss.socket avahi-daemon.service machine.slice sssd-pac.service avahi-daemon.socket machines.target sssd-pac.socket basic.target mdadm-grow-continue@.service sssd-pam-priv.socket basic.target.wants mdadm-last-resort@.service sssd-pam.service blk-availability.service mdadm-last-resort@.timer sssd-pam.socket bluetooth.service mdmonitor.service sssd-secrets.service bluetooth.target mdmon@.service sssd-secrets.socket bolt.service messagebus.service sssd.service brandbot.path microcode.service sssd-ssh.service brandbot.service ModemManager.service sssd-ssh.socket brltty.service multipathd.service sssd-sudo.service canberra-system-bootup.service multi-user.target sssd-sudo.socket canberra-system-shutdown-reboot.service multi-user.target.wants suspend.target canberra-system-shutdown.service ndctl-monitor.service swap.target certmonger.service netcf-transaction.service sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount cgconfig.service NetworkManager-dispatcher.service sysinit.target cgdcbxd.service NetworkManager.service sysinit.target.wants cgred.service NetworkManager-wait-online.service sys-kernel-config.mount chrony-dnssrv@.service network-online.target sys-kernel-debug.mount chrony-dnssrv@.timer network-pre.target syslog.socket chronyd.service network.target syslog.target.wants chrony-wait.service nfs-blkmap.service sysstat.service clean-mount-point@.service nfs-client.target systemd-ask-password-console.path colord.service nfs-config.service systemd-ask-password-console.service configure-printer@.service nfs-idmapd.service systemd-ask-password-plymouth.path console-getty.service nfs-idmap.service systemd-ask-password-plymouth.service console-shell.service nfs-lock.service systemd-ask-password-wall.path containerd.service nfslock.service systemd-ask-password-wall.service container-getty@.service nfs-mountd.service systemd-backlight@.service cpupower.service nfs-rquotad.service systemd-binfmt.service crond.service nfs-secure.service systemd-bootchart.service cryptsetup-pre.target nfs-server.service systemd-firstboot.service cryptsetup.target nfs.service systemd-fsck-root.service ctrl-alt-del.target nfs-utils.service systemd-fsck@.service cups-browsed.service nss-lookup.target systemd-halt.service cups.path nss-user-lookup.target systemd-hibernate-resume@.service cups.service ntpdate.service systemd-hibernate.service cups.socket ntpd.service systemd-hostnamed.service dbus-org.freedesktop.hostname1.service numad.service systemd-hwdb-update.service dbus-org.freedesktop.import1.service oddjobd.service systemd-hybrid-sleep.service dbus-org.freedesktop.locale1.service packagekit-offline-update.service systemd-importd.service dbus-org.freedesktop.login1.service packagekit.service systemd-initctl.service dbus-org.freedesktop.machine1.service paths.target systemd-initctl.socket dbus-org.freedesktop.timedate1.service plymouth-halt.service systemd-journal-catalog-update.service dbus.service plymouth-kexec.service systemd-journald.service dbus.socket plymouth-poweroff.service systemd-journald.socket dbus.target.wants plymouth-quit.service systemd-journal-flush.service debug-shell.service plymouth-quit-wait.service systemd-kexec.service default.target plymouth-read-write.service systemd-localed.service default.target.wants plymouth-reboot.service systemd-logind.service dev-hugepages.mount plymouth-start.service systemd-machined.service dev-mqueue.mount plymouth-switch-root.service systemd-machine-id-commit.service dm-event.service polkit.service systemd-modules-load.service dm-event.socket postfix.service systemd-nspawn@.service dmraid-activation.service poweroff.target systemd-poweroff.service dnsmasq.service poweroff.target.wants systemd-quotacheck.service docker.service printer.target systemd-random-seed.service docker.socket proc-fs-nfsd.mount systemd-readahead-collect.service dracut-cmdline.service proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount systemd-readahead-done.service dracut-initqueue.service proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount systemd-readahead-done.timer dracut-mount.service psacct.service systemd-readahead-drop.service dracut-pre-mount.service qemu-guest-agent.service systemd-readahead-replay.service dracut-pre-pivot.service quotaon.service systemd-reboot.service dracut-pre-trigger.service radvd.service systemd-remount-fs.service dracut-pre-udev.service rc-local.service systemd-rfkill@.service dracut-shutdown.service rdisc.service systemd-shutdownd.service ebtables.service rdma-hw.target systemd-shutdownd.socket emergency.service rdma-load-modules@.service systemd-suspend.service emergency.target rdma-ndd.service systemd-sysctl.service fcoe.service rdma.service systemd-timedated.service final.target realmd.service systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service firewalld.service reboot.target systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer firstboot-graphical.service reboot.target.wants systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service flatpak-system-helper.service remote-cryptsetup.target systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service fprintd.service remote-fs-pre.target systemd-udevd-control.socket fstrim.service remote-fs.target systemd-udevd-kernel.socket fstrim.timer rescue.service systemd-udevd.service fwupdate-cleanup.service rescue.target systemd-udev-settle.service fwupd-offline-update.service rescue.target.wants systemd-udev-trigger.service fwupd.service rhel-autorelabel-mark.service systemd-update-done.service gdm.service rhel-autorelabel.service systemd-update-utmp-runlevel.service geoclue.service rhel-configure.service systemd-update-utmp.service getty-pre.target rhel-dmesg.service systemd-user-sessions.service getty@.service rhel-domainname.service systemd-vconsole-setup.service getty.target rhel-import-state.service system.slice graphical.target rhel-loadmodules.service system-update.target graphical.target.wants rhel-readonly.service system-update.target.wants gssproxy.service rngd.service target.service halt-local.service rpcbind.service tcsd.service halt.target rpcbind.socket teamd@.service halt.target.wants rpcbind.target telnet@.service hibernate.target rpc-gssd.service telnet.socket hybrid-sleep.target rpcgssd.service timers.target hypervfcopyd.service rpcidmapd.service timers.target.wants hypervkvpd.service rpc_pipefs.target time-sync.target hypervvssd.service rpc-rquotad.service tmp.mount initial-setup-graphical.service rpc-statd-notify.service tuned.service initial-setup-reconfiguration.service rpc-statd.service udisks2.service initial-setup.service rsyncd.service umount.target initial-setup-text.service rsyncd@.service unbound-anchor.service initrd-cleanup.service rsyncd.socket unbound-anchor.timer initrd-fs.target rsyslog.service upower.service initrd-parse-etc.service rtkit-daemon.service usb_modeswitch@.service initrd-root-fs.target runlevel0.target usbmuxd.service initrd-switch-root.service runlevel1.target user.slice initrd-switch-root.target runlevel1.target.wants var-lib-nfs-rpc_pipefs.mount initrd-switch-root.target.wants runlevel2.target vdo.service initrd.target runlevel2.target.wants vgauthd.service initrd.target.wants runlevel3.target virt-guest-shutdown.target initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service runlevel3.target.wants virtlockd-admin.socket instperf.service runlevel4.target virtlockd.service iprdump.service runlevel4.target.wants virtlockd.socket iprinit.service runlevel5.target virtlogd-admin.socket iprupdate.service runlevel5.target.wants virtlogd.service iprutils.target runlevel6.target virtlogd.socket ipsec.service saned@.service vmtoolsd.service irqbalance.service saned.socket wacom-inputattach@.service iscsid.service saslauthd.service wpa_supplicant.service iscsid.socket selinux-policy-migrate-local-changes@.service zram.service [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
2>.service unit文件格式
/etc/systemd/system： 系统管理员和用户使用 /usr/lib/systemd/system： 发行版打包者使用 通用参数: 以"#"开头的行后面的内容会被认为是注释 相关布尔值，"1,yes,on,true"都是开启,"0,no,off,false"都是关闭 时间单位默认是秒，所以要用毫秒（ms）分钟（m）等须显式说明 service unit file文件通常由三部分组成： [Unit]： 定义与Unit类型无关的通用选项；用于提供unit的描述信息、unit行为及依赖关系等 Unit段的常用选项： Description：描述信息 After：定义unit的启动次序，表示当前unit应该晚于哪些unit启动，其功能与Before相反 Requires：依赖到的其它units，强依赖，被依赖的units无法激活时，当前unit也无法激活 Wants：依赖到的其它units，弱依赖 Conflicts：定义units间的冲突关系 [Service]： 与特定类型相关的专用选项；此处为Service类型 Service段的常用选项： Type：定义影响ExecStart及相关参数的功能的unit进程启动类型 simple：默认值，这个daemon主要由ExecStart接的指令串来启动，启动后常驻于内存中 forking：由ExecStart启动的程序透过spawns延伸出其他子程序来作为此daemon的主要服务。原生父程序在启动结束后就会终止 oneshot：与simple类似，不过这个程序在工作完毕后就结束了，不会常驻在内存中 dbus：与simple类似，但这个daemon必须要在取得一个D-Bus的名称后，才会继续运作.因此通常也要同时设定"BusNname= "才行 notify：在启动完成后会发送一个通知消息。还需要配合NotifyAccess来让Systemd接收消息 idle：与simple类似，要执行这个daemon必须要所有的工作都顺利执行完毕后才会执行。这类的daemon通常是开机到最后才执行即可的服务 EnvironmentFile：环境配置文件 ExecStart：指明启动unit要运行命令或脚本的绝对路径 ExecStartPre： ExecStart前运行 ExecStartPost： ExecStart后运行 ExecStop：指明停止unit要运行的命令或脚本 Restart：当设定Restart=1 时，则当次daemon服务意外终止后，会再次自动启动此服务 [Install]： 定义由“systemctl enable”以及"systemctl disable“命令在实现服务启用或禁用时用到的一些选项 Install段的常用选项： Alias：别名，可使用systemctl command Alias.service RequiredBy：被哪些units所依赖，强依赖 WantedBy：被哪些units所依赖，弱依赖 Also：安装本服务的时候还要安装别的相关服务 注意：
对于新创建的unit文件，或者修改了的unit文件，要通知systemd重载(systemctl daemon-reload)此配置文件,而后可以选择重启
3>.编写服务Unit文件案例让systemctl命令来管理
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cat /etc/systemd/system/bak.service #编写service类型脚本 [Unit] Description= Add backup "/etc" service by yinzhengjie. Requires=atd.service [Service] Type=simple ExecStart=/bin/bash -c "echo /script/backup.sh|at now" [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# cat /script/backup.sh #编写备份脚本 #!/bin/bash # #******************************************************************** #Author: yinzhengjie #QQ: 1053419035 #Date: 2019-11-28 #FileName： backup.sh #URL: http://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie #Description： The test script #Copyright notice: original works, no reprint! Otherwise, legal liability will be investigated. #******************************************************************** tar cvf /data/etc-`date +%F`.tar /etc &> /dev/null [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# chmod +x /script/backup.sh [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /script/backup.sh -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 515 Dec 6 08:42 /script/backup.sh [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl daemon-reload #重新加载配置 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl status bak #观察这个输出，不难发现第一行是咱们上面脚本中的描述信息 ● bak.service - Add backup "/etc" service by yinzhengjie. Loaded: loaded (/etc/systemd/system/bak.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: inactive (dead) [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /data/ total 0 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemctl start bak [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# ll /data/ total 37512 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 38410240 Dec 6 09:22 etc-2019-12-06.tar [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
4>.运行级别
target units： unit配置文件：.target ls /usr/lib/systemd/system/*.target systemctl list-unit-files --type target --all 运行级别： 0 ==> runlevel0.target, poweroff.target 1 ==> runlevel1.target, rescue.target 2 ==> runlevel2.target, multi-user.target #字符集界面 3 ==> runlevel3.target, multi-user.target #字符集界面 4 ==> runlevel4.target, multi-user.target #字符集界面 5 ==> runlevel5.target, graphical.target #图形界面 6 ==> runlevel6.target, reboot.target 查看依赖性： systemctl list-dependencies graphical.target 级别切换：init N ==> systemctl isolate name.target systemctl isolate multi-user.target #CentOS 7.x切换到字符界面，命令支持tab键补齐 注：只有/lib/systemd/system/*.target文件中AllowIsolate=yes 才能切换(修改文件需执行systemctl daemon-reload才能生效) 查看target： runlevel who -r systemctl list-units --type target 获取默认运行级别： /etc/inittab ==> systemctl get-default 修改默认级别： /etc/inittab ==> systemctl set-default name.target systemctl set-default multi-user.target #CentOS 7.x修改默认级别字符界面，命令支持tab键补齐 ls –l /etc/systemd/system/default.target 切换至紧急救援模式：(类似于单用户模式) systemctl rescue 切换至emergency模式：(紧急模式，比单用户模式还要紧急，但该模式功能较弱) systemctl emergency 其它常用命令： 传统命令init，poweroff，halt，reboot都成为systemctl的软链接 关机： systemctl halt、systemctl poweroff 重启： systemctl reboot 挂起： systemctl suspend 休眠： systemctl hibernate 休眠并挂起： systemctl hybrid-sleep
三.systemctl命令服务管理
1>.systemctl命令的不兼容性
systemctl命令固定不变，不可扩展(因为它是一个已经编译好的二进制程序，除非你修改源代码重新编译) 我们知道CentOS 6.x系列可以编写脚本交由service命令来管理，但CentOS 7.x系列非由systemd启动的服务，systemctl无法与之通信和控制。
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# which systemctl /usr/bin/systemctl [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# file /usr/bin/systemctl /usr/bin/systemctl: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.32, BuildID [sha1]=52ec5dc13ed3617e0c04474fef2aa1f17252d446, stripped [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
2>.管理服务举例
CentOS 7.x也可以使用"service unit"的方式来管理服务，但只能兼容早期的服务脚本。 在CentOS 7.X咱们推荐使用命令："systemctl COMMAND name.service" 常见的Centos 6.x对应Centos 7.x管理服务命令如下所示: 启动： service name start ==> systemctl start name.service 停止：
service name stop ==> systemctl stop name.service 重启：
service name restart ==> systemctl restart name.service 状态：
service name status ==> systemctl status name.service 条件式重启(已启动才重启，否则不做操作): service name condrestart ==> systemctl try-restart name.service 重载或重启服务(先加载，再启动): systemctl reload-or-restart name.service 重载或条件式重启服务: systemctl reload-or-try-restart name.service 禁止自动和手动启动： systemctl mask name.service 取消禁止： systemctl unmask name.service
3>.服务查看
查看某服务当前激活与否的状态： systemctl is-active name.service 查看所有已经激活的服务： systemctl list-units --type|-t service 查看所有服务： systemctl list-units --type service --all|-a chkconfig命令的对应关系： 设定某服务开机自启： chkconfig name on ==> systemctl enable name.service 设定某服务开机禁止启动： chkconfig name off ==> systemctl disable name.service 查看所有服务的开机自启状态： chkconfig --list ==> systemctl list-unit-files --type service 用来列出该服务在哪些运行级别下启用和禁用 chkconfig sshd –list ==> ls /etc/systemd/system/*.wants/sshd.service 查看服务是否开机自启： systemctl is-enabled name.service 其它命令： 查看服务的依赖关系： systemctl list-dependencies name.service 杀掉进程： systemctl kill unitname
4>.服务状态
systemctl list-unit-files --type service --all
显示状态
loaded
Unit配置文件已处理
active(running)
一次或多次持续处理的运行
active(exited)
成功完成一次性的配置
active(waiting)
运行中，等待一个事件
inactive
不运行
enabled
开机启动
disabled
开机不启动
static
开机不启动，但可被另一个启用的服务激活
5>.systemctl 命令示例
显示所有单元状态 systemctl 或 systemctl list-units 只显示服务单元的状态 systemctl --type=service 显示sshd服务单元 systemctl –l status sshd.service 验证sshd服务当前是否活动 systemctl is-active sshd 启动，停止和重启sshd服务 systemctl start sshd.service systemctl stop sshd.service systemctl restart sshd.service 重新加载配置 systemctl reload sshd.service 列出活动状态的所有服务单元 systemctl list-units --type=service 列出所有服务单元 systemctl list-units --type=service --all 查看服务单元的启用和禁用状态 systemctl list-unit-files --type=service 列出失败的服务 systemctl --failed --type=service 列出依赖的单元 systemctl list-dependencies sshd 验证sshd服务是否开机启动 systemctl is-enabled sshd 禁用network，使之不能自动启动,但手动可以 systemctl disable network 启用network systemctl enable network 禁用network，使之不能手动或自动启动 systemctl mask network 启用network systemctl unmask network
四.CentOS7启动流程
1>.CentOS7引导顺序
UEFi或BIOS初始化，运行POST开机自检 选择启动设备 引导装载程序, centos7是grub2 加载装载程序的配置文件： /etc/grub.d/ /etc/default/grub /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 加载initramfs驱动模块 加载内核选项 内核初始化，centos7使用systemd代替init 执行initrd.target所有单元，包括挂载/etc/fstab 从initramfs根文件系统切换到磁盘根目录 systemd执行默认target配置，配置文件/etc/systemd/system/default.target systemd执行sysinit.target初始化系统及basic.target准备操作系统 systemd启动multi-user.target下的本机与服务器服务 systemd执行multi-user.target下的/etc/rc.d/rc.local Systemd执行multi-user.target下的getty.target及登录服务 systemd执行graphical需要的服务
2>.查看Centos操作系统的启动时间
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemd-analyze #如下所示，改命令可以简短的显示启动内核用时1.287s,启动initrd进程勇士1.831s，而启动用户空间用时8.909s，因此开机启动共计用时12.028s。 Startup finished in 1.287s (kernel) + 1.831s (initrd) + 8.909s (userspace) = 12.028s [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemd-analyze plot <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> <svg width="1555px" height="4090px" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <!-- This file is a systemd-analyze SVG file. It is best rendered in a --> <!-- browser such as Chrome, Chromium or Firefox. Other applications --> <!-- that render these files properly but much slower are ImageMagick, --> <!-- gimp, inkscape, etc. To display the files on your system, just --> <!-- point your browser to this file. --> <!-- This plot was generated by systemd-analyze version 219 --> <defs> <style type="text/css"> <![CDATA[ rect { stroke- 1; stroke-opacity: 0; } rect.background { fill: rgb(255,255,255); } rect.activating { fill: rgb(255,0,0); fill-opacity: 0.7; } rect.active { fill: rgb(200,150,150); fill-opacity: 0.7; } rect.deactivating { fill: rgb(150,100,100); fill-opacity: 0.7; } rect.kernel { fill: rgb(150,150,150); fill-opacity: 0.7; } rect.initrd { fill: rgb(150,150,150); fill-opacity: 0.7; } rect.firmware { fill: rgb(150,150,150); fill-opacity: 0.7; } rect.loader { fill: rgb(150,150,150); fill-opacity: 0.7; } rect.userspace { fill: rgb(150,150,150); fill-opacity: 0.7; } rect.security { fill: rgb(144,238,144); fill-opacity: 0.7; } rect.generators { fill: rgb(102,204,255); fill-opacity: 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class="unitsload" x="0.000" y="3960.000" width="30.000" height="19.000" /> <text class="left" x="45.000" y="3974.000">Loading unit files</text> </g> </svg> [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# systemd-analyze plot > boot.html [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# sz boot.html #下载本地用浏览器打开如下图所示。 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#
3>.设置内核参数
设置内核参数，只影响当次启动 启动时，在linux16行后添加systemd.unit=desired.target systemd.unit=emergency.target systemd.unit=rescue.target rescue.target 比emergency 支持更多的功能，例如日志等 systemctl default 进入默认target
五.故障排除
1>.启动排错
文件系统损坏 先尝试自动修复，失败则进入emergency shell，提示用户修复 在/etc/fstab不存在对应的设备和UUID 等一段时间，如不可用，进入emergency shell 在/etc/fstab不存在对应挂载点 systemd 尝试创建挂载点，否则提示进入emergency shell. 在/etc/fstab不正确的挂载选项 提示进入emergency shell
2>.破解CentOS7的root口令方法两种方案
破解CentOS7的root口令方法一: 启动时任意键暂停启动 按e键进入编辑模式 将光标移动linux16开始的行，添加内核参数rd.break 按ctrl-x启动 mount –o remount,rw /sysroot chroot /sysroot passwd root touch /.autorelabel exit reboot 破解CentOS7的root口令方法二: 启动时任意键暂停启动 按e键进入编辑模式 将光标移动linux16开始的行，改为rw init=/sysroot/bin/sh 按ctrl-x启动 chroot /sysroot passwd root touch /.autorelabel exit reboot 博主推荐阅读:（有图解说明哟~） https://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/p/11997262.html https://www.cnblogs.com/yinzhengjie/p/7457286.html
3>.修复GRUB2
GRUB“the Grand Unified Bootloader” 引导提示时可以使用命令行界面 可从文件系统引导 主要配置文件: /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 修复配置文件 grub2-mkconfig > /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 修复grub grub2-install /dev/sda BIOS环境 grub2-install UEFI环境 调整默认启动内核 vim /etc/default/grub GRUB_DEFAULT=0 #注意:这个参数表示指定默认内核编号来启动相应的内核。该参数是参考"/boot/grub2/grub.cfg"中的菜单项(以"menuentry"开头)，编号从0开始哟~关于内核的编译可参考我之前的笔记。修改该参数后，别忘记使用"grub2-mkconfig"来使得配置生效哟~
[root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# grep GRUB_DEFAULT /etc/default/grub GRUB_DEFAULT=saved [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# vim /etc/default/grub #调整默认启动内核 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# grep GRUB_DEFAULT /etc/default/grub GRUB_DEFAULT=0 [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg Generating grub configuration file ... Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64 Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64.img Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-0-rescue-22848f95520c44db9caaa9661a12ef33 Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-22848f95520c44db9caaa9661a12ef33.img done [root@node101.yinzhengjie.org.cn ~]#