1 oracle常用经典SQL查询 2 常用SQL查询： 3 4 1、查看表空间的名称及大小 5 6 select t.tablespace_name, round(sum(bytes/(1024*1024)),0) ts_size 7 from dba_tablespaces t, dba_data_files d 8 where t.tablespace_name = d.tablespace_name 9 group by t.tablespace_name; 10 11 2、查看表空间物理文件的名称及大小 12 13 select tablespace_name, file_id, file_name, 14 round(bytes/(1024*1024),0) total_space 15 from dba_data_files 16 order by tablespace_name; 17 18 3、查看回滚段名称及大小 19 20 select segment_name, tablespace_name, r.status, 21 (initial_extent/1024) InitialExtent,(next_extent/1024) NextExtent, 22 max_extents, v.curext CurExtent 23 From dba_rollback_segs r, v$rollstat v 24 Where r.segment_id = v.usn(+) 25 order by segment_name; 26 27 4、查看控制文件 28 29 select name from v$controlfile; 30 31 5、查看日志文件 32 33 select member from v$logfile; 34 35 6、查看表空间的使用情况 36 37 select sum(bytes)/(1024*1024) as free_space,tablespace_name 38 from dba_free_space 39 group by tablespace_name; 40 41 SELECT A.TABLESPACE_NAME,A.BYTES TOTAL,B.BYTES USED, C.BYTES FREE, 42 (B.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% USED",(C.BYTES*100)/A.BYTES "% FREE" 43 FROM SYS.SM$TS_AVAIL A,SYS.SM$TS_USED B,SYS.SM$TS_FREE C 44 WHERE A.TABLESPACE_NAME=B.TABLESPACE_NAME AND A.TABLESPACE_NAME=C.TABLESPACE_NAME; 45 46 7、查看数据库库对象 47 48 select owner, object_type, status, count(*) count# from all_objects group by owner, object_type, status; 49 50 8、查看数据库的版本 51 52 Select version FROM Product_component_version 53 Where SUBSTR(PRODUCT,1,6)='Oracle'; 54 55 9、查看数据库的创建日期和归档方式 56 57 Select Created, Log_Mode, Log_Mode From V$Database; 58 59 10、捕捉运行很久的SQL 60 61 column username format a12 62 column opname format a16 63 column progress format a8 64 65 select username,sid,opname, 66 round(sofar*100 / totalwork,0) || '%' as progress, 67 time_remaining,sql_text 68 from v$session_longops , v$sql 69 where time_remaining <> 0 70 and sql_address = address 71 and sql_hash_value = hash_value 72 / 73 11。查看数据表的参数信息 74 SELECT partition_name, high_value, high_value_length, tablespace_name, 75 pct_free, pct_used, ini_trans, max_trans, initial_extent, 76 next_extent, min_extent, max_extent, pct_increase, FREELISTS, 77 freelist_groups, LOGGING, BUFFER_POOL, num_rows, blocks, 78 empty_blocks, avg_space, chain_cnt, avg_row_len, sample_size, 79 last_analyzed 80 FROM dba_tab_partitions 81 --WHERE table_name = :tname AND table_owner = :towner 82 ORDER BY partition_position 83 84 12.查看还没提交的事务 85 select * from v$locked_object; 86 select * from v$transaction; 87 88 13。查找object为哪些进程所用 89 select 90 p.spid, 91 s.sid, 92 s.serial# serial_num, 93 s.username user_name, 94 a.type object_type, 95 s.osuser os_user_name, 96 a.owner, 97 a.object object_name, 98 decode(sign(48 - command), 99 1, 100 to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action, 101 p.program oracle_process, 102 s.terminal terminal, 103 s.program program, 104 s.status session_status 105 from v$session s, v$access a, v$process p 106 where s.paddr = p.addr and 107 s.type = 'USER' and 108 a.sid = s.sid and 109 a.object='SUBSCRIBER_ATTR' 110 order by s.username, s.osuser 111 112 14。回滚段查看 113 select rownum, sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name Name, v$rollstat.extents 114 Extents, v$rollstat.rssize Size_in_Bytes, v$rollstat.xacts XActs, 115 v$rollstat.gets Gets, v$rollstat.waits Waits, v$rollstat.writes Writes, 116 sys.dba_rollback_segs.status status from v$rollstat, sys.dba_rollback_segs, 117 v$rollname where v$rollname.name(+) = sys.dba_rollback_segs.segment_name and 118 v$rollstat.usn (+) = v$rollname.usn order by rownum 119 120 15。耗资源的进程（top session） 121 select s.schemaname schema_name, decode(sign(48 - command), 1, 122 to_char(command), 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action, status 123 session_status, s.osuser os_user_name, s.sid, p.spid , s.serial# serial_num, 124 nvl(s.username, '[Oracle process]') user_name, s.terminal terminal, 125 s.program program, st.value criteria_value from v$sesstat st, v$session s , v$process p 126 where st.sid = s.sid and st.statistic# = to_number('38') and ('ALL' = 'ALL' 127 or s.status = 'ALL') and p.addr = s.paddr order by st.value desc, p.spid asc, s.username asc, s.osuser asc 128 129 16。查看锁（lock）情况 130 select /*+ RULE */ ls.osuser os_user_name, ls.username user_name, 131 decode(ls.type, 'RW', 'Row wait enqueue lock', 'TM', 'DML enqueue lock', 'TX', 132 'Transaction enqueue lock', 'UL', 'User supplied lock') lock_type, 133 o.object_name object, decode(ls.lmode, 1, null, 2, 'Row Share', 3, 134 'Row Exclusive', 4, 'Share', 5, 'Share Row Exclusive', 6, 'Exclusive', null) 135 lock_mode, o.owner, ls.sid, ls.serial# serial_num, ls.id1, ls.id2 136 from sys.dba_objects o, ( select s.osuser, s.username, l.type, 137 l.lmode, s.sid, s.serial#, l.id1, l.id2 from v$session s, 138 v$lock l where s.sid = l.sid ) ls where o.object_id = ls.id1 and o.owner 139 <> 'SYS' order by o.owner, o.object_name 140 141 17。查看等待（wait）情况 142 SELECT v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count count, SUM(v$sysstat.value) sum_value 143 FROM v$waitstat, v$sysstat WHERE v$sysstat.name IN ('db block gets', 144 'consistent gets') group by v$waitstat.class, v$waitstat.count 145 146 18。查看sga情况 147 SELECT NAME, BYTES FROM SYS.V_$SGASTAT ORDER BY NAME ASC 148 149 19。查看catched object 150 SELECT owner, name, db_link, namespace, 151 type, sharable_mem, loads, executions, 152 locks, pins, kept FROM v$db_object_cache 153 154 20。查看V$SQLAREA 155 SELECT SQL_TEXT, SHARABLE_MEM, PERSISTENT_MEM, RUNTIME_MEM, SORTS, 156 VERSION_COUNT, LOADED_VERSIONS, OPEN_VERSIONS, USERS_OPENING, EXECUTIONS, 157 USERS_EXECUTING, LOADS, FIRST_LOAD_TIME, INVALIDATIONS, PARSE_CALLS, DISK_READS, 158 BUFFER_GETS, ROWS_PROCESSED FROM V$SQLAREA 159 160 21。查看object分类数量 161 select decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 162 'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) object_type , count(*) quantity from 163 sys.obj$ o where o.type# > 1 group by decode (o.type#,1,'INDEX' , 2,'TABLE' , 3 164 , 'CLUSTER' , 4, 'VIEW' , 5 , 'SYNONYM' , 6 , 'SEQUENCE' , 'OTHER' ) union select 165 'COLUMN' , count(*) from sys.col$ union select 'DB LINK' , count(*) from 166 167 22。按用户查看object种类 168 select u.name schema, sum(decode(o.type#, 1, 1, NULL)) indexes, 169 sum(decode(o.type#, 2, 1, NULL)) tables, sum(decode(o.type#, 3, 1, NULL)) 170 clusters, sum(decode(o.type#, 4, 1, NULL)) views, sum(decode(o.type#, 5, 1, 171 NULL)) synonyms, sum(decode(o.type#, 6, 1, NULL)) sequences, 172 sum(decode(o.type#, 1, NULL, 2, NULL, 3, NULL, 4, NULL, 5, NULL, 6, NULL, 1)) 173 others from sys.obj$ o, sys.user$ u where o.type# >= 1 and u.user# = 174 o.owner# and u.name <> 'PUBLIC' group by u.name order by 175 sys.link$ union select 'CONSTRAINT' , count(*) from sys.con$ 176 177 23。有关connection的相关信息 178 1）查看有哪些用户连接 179 select s.osuser os_user_name, decode(sign(48 - command), 1, to_char(command), 180 'Action Code #' || to_char(command) ) action, p.program oracle_process, 181 status session_status, s.terminal terminal, s.program program, 182 s.username user_name, s.fixed_table_sequence activity_meter, '' query, 183 0 memory, 0 max_memory, 0 cpu_usage, s.sid, s.serial# serial_num 184 from v$session s, v$process p where s.paddr=p.addr and s.type = 'USER' 185 order by s.username, s.osuser 186 2）根据v.sid查看对应连接的资源占用等情况 187 select n.name, 188 v.value, 189 n.class, 190 n.statistic# 191 from v$statname n, 192 v$sesstat v 193 where v.sid = 71 and 194 v.statistic# = n.statistic# 195 order by n.class, n.statistic# 196 3）根据sid查看对应连接正在运行的sql 197 select /*+ PUSH_SUBQ */ 198 command_type, 199 sql_text, 200 sharable_mem, 201 persistent_mem, 202 runtime_mem, 203 sorts, 204 version_count, 205 loaded_versions, 206 open_versions, 207 users_opening, 208 executions, 209 users_executing, 210 loads, 211 first_load_time, 212 invalidations, 213 parse_calls, 214 disk_reads, 215 buffer_gets, 216 rows_processed, 217 sysdate start_time, 218 sysdate finish_time, 219 '>' || address sql_address, 220 'N' status 221 from v$sqlarea 222 where address = (select sql_address from v$session where sid = 71) 223 224 24．查询表空间使用情况 225 select a.tablespace_name "表空间名称", 226 100-round((nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/a.bytes_alloc)*100,2) "占用率(%)", 227 round(a.bytes_alloc/1024/1024,2) "容量(M)", 228 round(nvl(b.bytes_free,0)/1024/1024,2) "空闲(M)", 229 round((a.bytes_alloc-nvl(b.bytes_free,0))/1024/1024,2) "使用(M)", 230 Largest "最大扩展段(M)", 231 to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') "采样时间" 232 from (select f.tablespace_name, 233 sum(f.bytes) bytes_alloc, 234 sum(decode(f.autoextensible,'YES',f.maxbytes,'NO',f.bytes)) maxbytes 235 from dba_data_files f 236 group by tablespace_name) a, 237 (select f.tablespace_name, 238 sum(f.bytes) bytes_free 239 from dba_free_space f 240 group by tablespace_name) b, 241 (select round(max(ff.length)*16/1024,2) Largest, 242 ts.name tablespace_name 243 from sys.fet$ ff, sys.file$ tf,sys.ts$ ts 244 where ts.ts#=ff.ts# and ff.file#=tf.relfile# and ts.ts#=tf.ts# 245 group by ts.name, tf.blocks) c 246 where a.tablespace_name = b.tablespace_name and a.tablespace_name = c.tablespace_name 247 248 25. 查询表空间的碎片程度 249 250 select tablespace_name,count(tablespace_name) from dba_free_space group by tablespace_name 251 having count(tablespace_name)>10; 252 253 alter tablespace name coalesce; 254 alter table name deallocate unused; 255 256 create or replace view ts_blocks_v as 257 select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,'free space' segment_name from dba_free_space 258 union all 259 select tablespace_name,block_id,bytes,blocks,segment_name from dba_extents; 260 261 select * from ts_blocks_v; 262 263 select tablespace_name,sum(bytes),max(bytes),count(block_id) from dba_free_space 264 group by tablespace_name; 265 266 26。查询有哪些数据库实例在运行 267 select inst_name from v$active_instances; 268 269 =========================================================== 270 ######### 创建数据库----look $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/buildall.sql ############# 271 272 create database db01 273 maxlogfiles 10 274 maxdatafiles 1024 275 maxinstances 2 276 logfile 277 GROUP 1 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_01_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M, 278 GROUP 2 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_02_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M, 279 GROUP 3 ('/u01/oradata/db01/log_03_db01.rdo') SIZE 15M, 280 datafile 'u01/oradata/db01/system_01_db01.dbf') SIZE 100M, 281 undo tablespace UNDO 282 datafile '/u01/oradata/db01/undo_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 40M 283 default temporary tablespace TEMP 284 tempfile '/u01/oradata/db01/temp_01_db01.dbf' SIZE 20M 285 extent management local uniform size 128k 286 character set AL32UTE8 287 national character set AL16UTF16 288 set time_zone='America/New_York'; 289 290 ############### 数据字典 ########## 291 292 set wrap off 293 294 select * from v$dba_users; 295 296 grant select on table_name to user/rule; 297 298 select * from user_tables; 299 300 select * from all_tables; 301 302 select * from dba_tables; 303 304 revoke dba from user_name; 305 306 shutdown immediate 307 308 startup nomount 309 310 select * from v$instance; 311 312 select * from v$sga; 313 314 select * from v$tablespace; 315 316 alter session set nls_language=american; 317 318 alter database mount; 319 320 select * from v$database; 321 322 alter database open; 323 324 desc dictionary 325 326 select * from dict; 327 328 desc v$fixed_table; 329 330 select * from v$fixed_table; 331 332 set oracle_sid=foxconn 333 334 select * from dba_objects; 335 336 set serveroutput on 337 338 execute dbms_output.put_line('sfasd'); 339 340 ############# 控制文件 ########### 341 342 select * from v$database; 343 344 select * from v$tablespace; 345 346 select * from v$logfile; 347 348 select * from v$log; 349 350 select * from v$backup; 351 352 /*备份用户表空间*/ 353 alter tablespace users begin backup; 354 355 select * from v$archived_log; 356 357 select * from v$controlfile; 358 359 alter system set control_files='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl', 360 '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl' scope=spfile; 361 362 cp $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl01.ctl $ORACLE_HOME/oradata/u01/ctrl02.ctl 363 364 startup pfile='../initSID.ora' 365 366 select * from v$parameter where name like 'control%' ; 367 368 show parameter control; 369 370 select * from v$controlfile_record_section; 371 372 select * from v$tempfile; 373 374 /*备份控制文件*/ 375 alter database backup controlfile to '../filepath/control.bak'; 376 377 /*备份控制文件，并将二进制控制文件变为了asc 的文本文件*/ 378 alter database backup controlfile to trace; 379 380 ############### redo log ############## 381 382 archive log list; 383 384 alter system archive log start;--启动自动存档 385 386 alter system switch logfile;--强行进行一次日志switch 387 388 alter system checkpoint;--强制进行一次checkpoint 389 390 alter tablspace users begin backup; 391 392 alter tablespace offline; 393 394 /*checkpoint 同步频率参数FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET,同步频率越高，系统恢复所需时间越短*/ 395 show parameter fast; 396 397 show parameter log_checkpoint; 398 399 /*加入一个日志组*/ 400 alter database add logfile group 3 ('/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' size 10M); 401 402 /*加入日志组的一个成员*/ 403 alter database add logfile member '/$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to group 3; 404 405 /*删除日志组:当前日志组不能删；活动的日志组不能删；非归档的日志组不能删*/ 406 alter database drop logfile group 3; 407 408 /*删除日志组中的某个成员，但每个组的最后一个成员不能被删除*/ 409 alter databse drop logfile member '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo'; 410 411 /*清除在线日志*/ 412 alter database clear logfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo'; 413 414 alter database clear logfile group 3; 415 416 /*清除非归档日志*/ 417 alter database clear unarchived logfile group 3; 418 419 /*重命名日志文件*/ 420 alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.rdo' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6a.rdo'; 421 422 show parameter db_create; 423 424 alter system set db_create_online_log_dest_1='path_name'; 425 426 select * from v$log; 427 428 select * from v$logfile; 429 430 /*数据库归档模式到非归档模式的互换,要启动到mount状态下才能改变;startup mount;然后再打开数据库.*/ 431 alter database noarchivelog/archivelog; 432 433 achive log start;---启动自动归档 434 435 alter system archive all;－－手工归档所有日志文件 436 437 select * from v$archived_log; 438 439 show parameter log_archive; 440 441 ###### 分析日志文件logmnr ############## 442 443 1) 在init.ora中set utl_file_dir 参数 444 2) 重新启动oracle 445 3) create 目录文件 446 desc dbms_logmnr_d; 447 dbms_logmnr_d.build; 448 4) 加入日志文件 add/remove log file 449 dhms_logmnr.add_logfile 450 dbms_logmnr.removefile 451 5) start logmnr 452 dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr 453 6) 分析出来的内容查询 v$logmnr_content --sqlredo/sqlundo 454 455 实践： 456 457 desc dbms_logmnr_d; 458 459 /*对数据表做一些操作，为恢复操作做准备*/ 460 update 表 set qty=10 where stor_id=6380; 461 462 delete 表 where stor_id=7066; 463 /***********************************/ 464 utl_file_dir的路径 465 execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('foxdict.ora','$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump'); 466 467 execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/ora_log_file6.log',dbms_logmnr.newfile); 468 469 execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'$ORACLE_HOME/oracle/admin/fox/cdump/foxdict.ora'); 470 471 ######### tablespace ############## 472 473 select * form v$tablespace; 474 475 select * from v$datafile; 476 477 /*表空间和数据文件的对应关系*/ 478 select t1.name,t2.name from v$tablespace t1,v$datafile t2 where t1.ts#=t2.ts#; 479 480 alter tablespace users add datafile 'path' size 10M; 481 482 select * from dba_rollback_segs; 483 484 /*限制用户在某表空间的使用限额*/ 485 alter user user_name quota 10m on tablespace_name; 486 487 create tablespace xxx [datafile 'path_name/datafile_name'] [size xxx] [extent management local/dictionary] [default storage(xxx)]; 488 489 exmple: create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M AUTOEXTEND ON NEXT 5M MAXSIZE 200M; 490 create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management dictionary default storage(initial 100k next 100k pctincrease 10) offline; 491 /*9i以后，oracle建议使用local管理，而不使用dictionary管理，因为local采用bitmap管理表空间 ，不会产生系统表空间的自愿争用;*/ 492 create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local uniform size 1m; 493 create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local autoallocate; 494 /*在创建表空间时，设置表空间内的段空间管理模式，这里用的是自动管理*/ 495 create tablespace userdata datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/userdata01.dbf' size 100M extent management local uniform size 1m segment space management auto; 496 497 alter tablespace userdata mininum extent 10; 498 499 alter tablespace userdata default storage(initial 1m next 1m pctincrease 20); 500 501 /*undo tablespace(不能被用在字典管理模下) */ 502 create undo tablespace undo1 datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 40M extent management local; 503 504 show parameter undo; 505 506 /*temporary tablespace*/ 507 create temporary tablespace userdata tempfile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' size 10m extent management local; 508 509 /*设置数据库缺省的临时表空间*/ 510 alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name; 511 512 /*系统/临时/在线的undo表空间不能被offline*/ 513 alter tablespace tablespace_name offline/online; 514 515 alter tablespace tablespace_name read only; 516 517 /*重命名用户表空间*/ 518 alter tablespace tablespace_name rename datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo101.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf'; 519 520 /*重命名系统表空间 ,但在重命名前必须将数据库shutdown,并重启到mount状态*/ 521 alter database rename file '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system01.dbf' to '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/system02.dbf'; 522 523 drop tablespace userdata including contents and datafiles;---drop tablespce 524 525 /*resize tablespace,autoextend datafile space*/ 526 alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500M; 527 528 /*resize datafile*/ 529 alter database datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' resize 50m; 530 531 /*给表空间扩展空间*/ 532 alter tablespace userdata add datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf' size 10m; 533 534 /*将表空间设置成OMF状态*/ 535 alter system set db_create_file_dest='$ORACLE_HOME/oradata'; 536 537 create tablespace userdata;---use OMF status to create tablespace; 538 539 drop tablespace userdata;---user OMF status to drop tablespace; 540 541 select * from dba_tablespace/v$tablespace/dba_data_files; 542 543 /*将表的某分区移动到另一个表空间*/ 544 alter table table_name move partition partition_name tablespace tablespace_name; 545 546 ###### ORACLE storage structure and relationships ######### 547 548 /*手工分配表空间段的分区(extend)大小*/ 549 alter table kong.test12 allocate extent(size 1m datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf'); 550 551 alter table kong.test12 deallocate unused; ---释放表中没有用到的分区 552 553 show parameter db; 554 555 alter system set db_8k_cache_size=10m; ---配置8k块的内存空间块参数 556 557 select * from dba_extents/dba_segments/data_tablespace; 558 559 select * from dba_free_space/dba_data_file/data_tablespace; 560 561 /*数据对象所占用的字节数*/ 562 select sum(bytes) from dba_extents where onwer='kong' and segment_name ='table_name'; 563 564 ############ UNDO Data ################ 565 566 show parameter undo; 567 568 alter tablespace users offline normal; 569 570 alter tablespace users offline immediate; 571 572 recover datafile '$ORACLE_HOME/oradata/undo102.dbf'; 573 574 alter tablespace users online ; 575 576 select * from dba_rollback_segs; 577 578 alter system set undo_tablespace=undotbs1; 579 580 /*忽略回滚段的错误提示*/ 581 alter system set undo_suppress_errors=true; 582 583 /*在自动管理模式下,不会真正建立rbs1;在手工管理模式则可以建立,且是私有回滚段*/ 584 create rollback segment rbs1 tablespace undotbs; 585 586 desc dbms_flashback; 587 588 /*在提交了修改的数据后,9i提供了旧数据的回闪操作,将修改前的数据只读给用户看,但这部分数据不会又恢复在表中,而是旧数据的一个映射*/ 589 execute dbms_flashback.enable_at_time('26-JAN-04:12:17:00 pm'); 590 591 execute dbms_flashback.disable; 592 593 /*回滚段的统计信息*/ 594 select end_time,begin_time,undoblks from v$undostat; 595 596 /*undo表空间的大小计算公式: UndoSpace=[UR * (UPS * DBS)] + (DBS * 24) 597 UR :UNDO_RETENTION 保留的时间(秒) 598 UPS :每秒的回滚数据块 599 DBS:系统EXTENT和FILE SIZE(也就是db_block_size)*/ 600 601 select * from dba_rollback_segs/v$rollname/v$rollstat/v$undostat/v$session/v$transaction; 602 603 show parameter transactions; 604 605 show parameter rollback; 606 607 /*在手工管理模式下,建立公共的回滚段*/ 608 create public rollback segment prbs1 tablespace undotbs; 609 610 alter rollback segment rbs1 online;----在手工管理模式 611 612 /*在手工管理模式中,initSID.ora中指定 undo_management=manual 、rollback_segment=('rbs1','rbs2',...)、 613 transactions=100 、transactions_per_rollback_segment=10 614 然后 shutdown immediate ,startup pfile=....???.ora */ 615 616 ########## Managing Tables ########### 617 618 /*char type maxlen=2000;varchar2 type maxlen=4000 bytes 619 rowid 是18位的64进制字符串 (10个bytes 80 bits) 620 rowid组成: object#(对象号)--32bits,6位 621 rfile#(相对文件号)--10bits,3位 622 block#(块号)--22bits,6位 623 row#(行号)--16bits,3位 624 64进制: A-Z,a-z,0-9,/,+ 共64个符号 625 626 dbms_rowid 包中的函数可以提供对rowid的解释*/ 627 628 select rowid,dbms_rowid.rowid_block_number(rowid),dbms_rowid.rowid_row_number(rowid) from table_name; 629 630 create table test2 631 ( 632 id int, 633 lname varchar2(20) not null, 634 fname varchar2(20) constraint ck_1 check(fname like 'k%'), 635 empdate date default sysdate) 636 ) tablespace tablespace_name; 637 638 639 create global temporary table test2 on commit delete/preserve rows as select * from kong.authors; 640 641 create table user.table(...) tablespace tablespace_name storage(...) pctfree10 pctused 40; 642 643 alter table user.tablename pctfree 20 pctused 50 storage(...);---changing table storage 644 645 /*手工分配分区,分配的数据文件必须是表所在表空间内的数据文件*/ 646 alter table user.table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile '...'); 647 648 /*释放表中没有用到的空间*/ 649 alter table table_name deallocate unused; 650 651 alter table table_name deallocate unused keep 8k; 652 653 /*将非分区表的表空间搬到新的表空间,在移动表空间后，原表中的索引对象将会不可用，必须重建*/ 654 alter table user.table_name move tablespace new_tablespace_name; 655 656 create index index_name on user.table_name(column_name) tablespace users; 657 658 alter index index_name rebuild; 659 660 drop table table_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS]; 661 662 alter table user.table_name drop column col_name [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS CHECKPOINT 1000];---drop column 663 664 /*给表中不用的列做标记*/ 665 alter table user.table_name set unused column comments CASCADE CONSTRAINTS; 666 667 /*drop表中不用的做了标记列*/ 668 alter table user.table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000; 669 670 /*当在drop col是出现异常，使用CONTINUE，防止重删前面的column*/ 671 ALTER TABLE USER.TABLE_NAME DROP COLUMNS CONTINUE CHECKPOINT 1000; 672 673 select * from dba_tables/dba_objects; 674 675 ######## managing indexes ########## 676 677 /*create index*/ 678 example: 679 /*创建一般索引*/ 680 create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name; 681 /*创建位图索引*/ 682 create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name; 683 /*索引中不能用pctused*/ 684 create [bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ; 685 /*大数据量的索引最好不要做日志*/ 686 create [bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging; 687 /*创建反转索引*/ 688 create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse; 689 /*创建函数索引*/ 690 create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name; 691 /*建表时创建约束条件*/ 692 create table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace tablespace_name; 693 694 /*给创建bitmap index分配的内存空间参数，以加速建索引*/ 695 show parameter create_bit; 696 697 /*改变索引的存储参数*/ 698 alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k); 699 700 /*给索引手工分配一个分区*/ 701 alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile '$ORACLE/oradata/..'); 702 703 /*释放索引中没用的空间*/ 704 alter index index_name deallocate unused; 705 706 /*索引重建*/ 707 alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name; 708 709 /*普通索引和反转索引的互换*/ 710 alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse; 711 712 /*重建索引时，不锁表*/ 713 alter index index_name rebuild online; 714 715 /*给索引整理碎片*/ 716 alter index index_name COALESCE; 717 718 /*分析索引,事实上是更新统计的过程*/ 719 analyze index index_name validate structure; 720 721 desc index_state; 722 723 drop index index_name; 724 725 alter index index_name monitoring usage;-----监视索引是否被用到 726 727 alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;----取消监视 728 729 /*有关索引信息的视图*/ 730 select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage; 731 732 ########## 数据完整性的管理(Maintaining data integrity) ########## 733 734 alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop 约束 735 736 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name primary key(column_name1,column_name2);-----创建主键 737 738 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---创建唯一约束 739 740 /*创建外键约束*/ 741 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) references table_name(column_name1); 742 743 /*不效验老数据，只约束新的数据[enable/disable：约束/不约束新数据;novalidate/validate:不对/对老数据进行验证]*/ 744 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like 'B%') enable/disable novalidate/validate; 745 746 /*修改约束条件，延时验证，commit时验证*/ 747 alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred; 748 749 /*修改约束条件，立即验证*/ 750 alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate; 751 752 alter session set constraints=deferred/immediate; 753 754 /*drop一个有外键的主键表,带cascade constraints参数级联删除*/ 755 drop table table_name cascade constraints; 756 757 /*当truncate外键表时，先将外键设为无效，再truncate;*/ 758 truncate table table_name; 759 760 /*设约束条件无效*/ 761 alter table table_name disable constraint constraint_name; 762 763 alter table table_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name; 764 765 /*将无效约束的数据行放入exception的表中，此表记录了违反数据约束的行的行号；在此之前，要先建exceptions表*/ 766 alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enable validate exceptions into exceptions; 767 768 /*运行创建exceptions表的脚本*/ 769 start $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql; 770 771 /*获取约束条件信息的表或视图*/ 772 select * from user_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns; 773 774 ################## managing password security and resources #################### 775 776 alter user user_name account unlock/open;----锁定/打开用户; 777 778 alter user user_name password expire;---设定口令到期 779 780 /*建立口令配置文件,failed_login_attempts口令输多少次后锁，password_lock_times指多少天后口令被自动解锁*/ 781 create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440; 782 /*创建口令配置文件*/ 783 create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5; 784 /*建立资源配置文件*/ 785 create profile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480; 786 787 alter user user_name profile profile_name; 788 789 /*设置口令解锁时间*/ 790 alter profile profile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24; 791 792 /*password_life_time指口令文件多少时间到期，password_grace_time指在第一次成功登录后到口令到期有多少天时间可改变口令*/ 793 alter profile profile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3; 794 795 /*password_reuse_time指口令在多少天内可被重用,password_reuse_max口令可被重用的最大次数*/ 796 alter profile profile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3]; 797 798 alter user user_name identified by input_password;-----修改用户口令 799 800 drop profile profile_name; 801 802 /*建立了profile后，且指定给某个用户，则必须用CASCADE才能删除*/ 803 drop profile profile_name CASCADE; 804 805 alter system set resource_limit=true;---启用自愿限制,缺省是false 806 807 /*配置资源参数*/ 808 alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5; 809 /*资源参数(session级) 810 cpu_per_session 每个session占用cpu的时间 单位1/100秒 811 sessions_per_user 允许每个用户的并行session数 812 connect_time 允许连接的时间 单位分钟 813 idle_time 连接被空闲多少时间后，被自动断开 单位分钟 814 logical_reads_per_session 读块数 815 private_sga 用户能够在SGA中使用的私有的空间数 单位bytes 816 817 (call级) 818 cpu_per_call 每次(1/100秒)调用cpu的时间 819 logical_reads_per_call 每次调用能够读的块数 820 */ 821 822 alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10; 823 824 desc dbms_resouce_manager;---资源管理器包 825 826 /*获取资源信息的表或视图*/ 827 select * from dba_users/dba_profiles; 828 829 ###### Managing users ############ 830 831 show parameter os; 832 833 create user testuser1 identified by kxf_001; 834 835 grant connect,createtable to testuser1; 836 837 alter user testuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name; 838 839 /*创建用户*/ 840 create user user_name identified by password default tablespace tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire; 841 842 /*数据库级设定缺省临时表空间*/ 843 alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name; 844 845 /*制定数据库级的缺省表空间*/ 846 alter database default tablespace tablespace_name; 847 848 /*创建os级审核的用户，需知道os_authent_prefix，表示oracle和os口令对应的前缀,'OPS$'为此参数的值，此值可以任意设置*/ 849 create user user_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire; 850 851 /*修改用户使用表空间的限额,回滚表空间和临时表空间不允许授予限额*/ 852 alter user user_name quota 5m on tablespace_name; 853 854 /*删除用户或删除级联用户(用户对象下有对象的要用CASCADE，将其下一些对象一起删除)*/ 855 drop user user_name [CASCADE]; 856 857 /*每个用户在哪些表空间下有些什么限额*/ 858 desc dba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username='...'; 859 860 /*改变用户的缺省表空间*/ 861 alter user user_name default tablespace tablespace_name; 862 863 ######### Managing Privileges ############# 864 865 grant create table,create session to user_name; 866 867 grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name; 868 869 /*授予权限语法,public 标识所有用户,with admin option允许能将权限授予第三者的权限*/ 870 grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option]; 871 872 select * from v$pwfile_users; 873 874 /*当 O7_dictionary_accessiblity参数为True时，标识select any table时，包括系统表也能select ,否则，不包含系统表;缺省为false*/ 875 show parameter O7; 876 877 /*由于 O7_dictionary_accessiblity为静态参数，不能动态改变，故加scope=spfile,下次启动时才生效*/ 878 alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile; 879 880 /*授予对象中的某些字段的权限，如select 某表中的某些字段的权限*/ 881 grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option; 882 883 /*oracle不允许授予select某列的权限,但可以授insert ,update某列的权限*/ 884 grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option; 885 886 select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs; 887 888 /*db/os/none 审计被记录在 数据库/操作系统/不审计 缺省是none*/ 889 show parameter audit_trail; 890 891 /*启动对表的select动作*/ 892 audit select on user.table_name by session; 893 894 /*by session在每个session中发出command只记录一次，by access则每个command都记录*/ 895 audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful]; 896 897 desc dbms_fga;---进一步设计，则可使用dbms_fgs包 898 899 /*取消审计*/ 900 noaudit select on user.table_name; 901 902 /*查被审计信息*/ 903 select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts; 904 905 /*获取审计记录*/ 906 select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement; 907 908 ########### Managing Role ################# 909 910 create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name; 911 912 create role role_name; 913 create role role_name identified by password; 914 create role role_name identified externally; 915 916 set role role_name ; ----激活role 917 set role role_name identified by password; 918 919 alter role role_name not identified; 920 alter role role_name identified by password; 921 alter role role_name identified externally; 922 923 grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION]; 924 grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name; 925 grant role_name1 to role_name2; 926 927 /*建立default role,用户登录时，缺省激活default role*/ 928 alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...; 929 alter user user_name default role all; 930 alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...; 931 alter user user_name default role none; 932 933 set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....; 934 set role all; 935 set role except role1,role2,...; 936 set role none; 937 938 revoke role_name from user_name; 939 revoke role_name from public; 940 941 drop role role_name; 942 943 select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles; 944 945 ########### Basic SQL SELECT ################ 946 947 select col_name as col_alias from table_name ; 948 949 select col_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_'匹配单个字符 950 951 /*使用字符函数(右边截取,字段中包含某个字符,左边填充某字符到固定位数,右边填充某字符到固定位数)*/ 952 select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') from table_name; 953 954 /*使用数字函数(往右/左几位四舍五入,取整,取余)*/ 955 select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ; 956 957 /*使用日期函数(计算两个日期间相差几个星期,两个日期间相隔几个月,在某个月份上加几个月,某个日期的下一个日期, 958 某日期所在月的最后的日期,对某个日期的月分四舍五入，对某个日期的月份进行取整)*/ 959 select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate), 960 round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH') from table_name; 961 962 /*使用NULL函数(当expr1为空取expr2/当expr1为空取expr2,否则取expr3/当expr1=expr2返回空)*/ 963 select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name; 964 965 select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when '50' then column2*1.1 966 when '30' then column2*2.1 967 when '10' then column3/20 968 else column3 969 end as ttt 970 from table_name ; ------使用case函数 971 972 select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1 973 [CROSS JOIN table2] | -----笛卡儿连接 974 [NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----用两个表中的同名列连接 975 [JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----用两个表中的同名列中的某一列或几列连接 976 [JOIN table2 977 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] | 978 [LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------相当于(+)=,=(+)连接,全外连接 979 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999中的JOIN语法; 980 981 example: 982 select col1,col2 from table1 t1 983 join table2 t2 984 on t1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1 985 join table3 t3 986 on t2.col1=t3.col3; 987 988 select * from table_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3); 989 990 select * from table_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3); 991 992 insert into (select col1,col2,col3 form table_name where col1> 50 with check option) values (value1,value2,value3); 993 994 MERGE INTO table_name table1 995 USING table_name2 table2 996 ON (table1.col1=table2.col2) 997 WHEN MATCHED THEN 998 UPDATE SET 999 table1.col1=table2.col2, 1000 table1.col2=table2.col3, 1001 ... 1002 WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN 1003 INSERT VALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----合并语句 1004 1005 ##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE ####################### 1006 1007 alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column 1008 1009 alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----设置列无效，这个比较快。 1010 alter table table_name drop unused columns;---删除被设为无效的列 1011 1012 rename table_name1 to table_name2; ---重命名表 1013 1014 comment on table table_name is 'comment message';----给表放入注释信息 1015 1016 create table table_name 1017 (col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20), 1018 constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----定义表中的约束条件 1019 1020 alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----创建主键 1021 1022 /*建立外键*/ 1023 create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id)); 1024 1025 alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%'); 1026 1027 alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name; 1028 1029 alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;----级联删除主键 1030 1031 alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----使约束暂时无效 1032 1033 /*删除列，并级联删除此列下的约束条件*/ 1034 alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint; 1035 1036 select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;---约束条件相关视图 1037 1038 ############## Create Views ##################### 1039 1040 CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)] 1041 AS subquery 1042 [WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]] 1043 [WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------创建视图的语法 1044 1045 example: Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name; ------创建视图 1046 /*使用别名*/ 1047 Create or replace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name; 1048 /*创建复杂视图*/ 1049 Create view view_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as select d.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),avg(e.col1) from table_name1 e,table_name2 d where e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1; 1050 /*当用update修改数据时，必须满足视图的col1>10的条件，不满足则不能被改变.*/ 1051 Create or replace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with check option; 1052 1053 /*改变视图的值.对于简单视图可以用update语法修改表数据，但复杂视图则不一定能改。如使用了函数，group by ,distinct等的列*/ 1054 update view_name set col1=value1; 1055 1056 /*TOP-N分析*/ 1057 select [column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order by Top-N_column) where rownum<=N; 1058 1059 /*找出某列三条最大值的记录*/ 1060 example: select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name order by col2 desc) where rownum<=3; 1061 1062 ############# Other database Object ############### 1063 1064 CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n] 1065 [START WITH n] 1066 [{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}] 1067 [{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}] 1068 [{CYCEL | NOCYCLE}] 1069 [{CACHE n | NOCACHE}]; -----创建SEQUENCE 1070 1071 example: 1072 CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10 1073 START WITH 120 1074 MAXVALUE 9999 1075 NOCACHE 1076 NOCYCLE; 1077 1078 select * from user_sequences ;---当前用户下记录sequence的视图 1079 1080 select sequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence的引用 1081 1082 alter sequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20 1083 MAXVALUE 999999 1084 NOCACHE 1085 NOCYCLE; -----修改sequence,不能改变起始序号 1086 1087 drop sequence sequence_name; ----删除sequence 1088 1089 CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------创建同义词 1090 1091 DROP [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name;----删除同义词 1092 1093 CREATE PUBLIC DATABASE LINK link_name USEING OBJECT;----创建DBLINK 1094 1095 select * from object_name@link_name; ----访问远程数据库中的对象 1096 1097 /*union 操作，它将两个集合的交集部分压缩，并对数据排序*/ 1098 select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 1099 1100 /*union all 操作，两个集合的交集部分不压缩，且不对数据排序*/ 1101 select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name union all select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 1102 1103 /*intersect 操作，求两个集合的交集,它将对重复数据进行压缩，且排序*/ 1104 select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name intersect select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 1105 1106 /*minus 操作，集合减,它将压缩两个集合减后的重复记录, 且对数据排序*/ 1107 select col1,col2,col3 from table1_name minus select col1,col2,col3 from table2_name; 1108 1109 /*EXTRACT 抽取时间函数. 此例是抽取当前日期中的年*/ 1110 select EXTRACT(YEAR FROM SYSDATE) from dual; 1111 /*EXTRACT 抽取时间函数. 此例是抽取当前日期中的月*/ 1112 select EXTRACT(MONTH FROM SYSDATE) from dual; 1113 1114 ########################## 增强的 group by 子句 ######################### 1115 1116 select [column,] group_function(column)... 1117 from table 1118 [WHERE condition] 1119 [GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression] 1120 [HAVING having_expression]; 1121 [ORDER BY column]; -------ROLLUP操作字，对group by子句的各字段从右到左进行再聚合 1122 1123 example: 1124 /*其结果看起来象对col1做小计*/ 1125 select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup(col1,col2); 1126 /*复合rollup表达式*/ 1127 select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by rollup((col1,col2)); 1128 1129 select [column,] group_function(column)... 1130 from table 1131 [WHERE condition] 1132 [GROUP BY [CUBE] group_by_expression] 1133 [HAVING having_expression]; 1134 [ORDER BY column]; -------CUBE操作字，除完成ROLLUP的功能外，再对ROLLUP后的结果集从右到左再聚合 1135 1136 example: 1137 /*其结果看起来象对col1做小计后，再对col2做小计，最后算总计*/ 1138 select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube(col1,col2); 1139 /*复合rollup表达式*/ 1140 select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by cube((col1,col2)); 1141 /*混合rollup,cube表达式*/ 1142 select col1,col2,col3,sum(col4) from table group by col1,rollup(col2),cube(col3); 1143 1144 /*GROUPING(expr)函数，查看select语句种以何字段聚合，其取值为0或1*/ 1145 select [column,] group_function(column)...,GROUPING(expr) 1146 from table 1147 [WHERE condition] 1148 [GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression] 1149 [HAVING having_expression]; 1150 [ORDER BY column]; 1151 1152 example: 1153 select col1,col2,sum(col3),grouping(col1),grouping(col2) from table group by cube(col1,col2); 1154 1155 /*grouping sets操作，对group by结果集先对col1求和，再对col2求和，最后将其结果集并在一起*/ 1156 select col1,col2,sum(col3) from table group by grouping sets((col1),(col2));