本节课程大纲：
1.模块介绍 2.time &datetime模块 3.random 4.os 5.sys 6.shutil 7.json & picle 8.shelve 9.xml处理 10.yaml处理 11.configparser 12.hashlib 13.subprocess 14.logging模块 15.re正则表达式
一、模块介绍
1.定义：
用来从逻辑上组织Python代码（变量，函数，类，逻辑：实现一个功能），本质就是.py结尾的Python文件（例如test.py 对应的模块名就是test）
包的定义：用来从逻辑上组织模块的，本质就是一个目录（必须带有一个__init__.py文件）。
2.导入方法：
import module_name import module1_name,import modulel2_name from module_name import * from module_name import m1,m2.m3
3.import本质（路径搜索和搜索路径）
导入模块的本质就是把python文件解释一遍，如：
import module_name --->module_name.py----->module_name.py的路径---->sys.path
导入包的本质就是执行该包下的__init__.py文件。
4.导入优化
from module_test import test
5.模块分类
A.标准库
B.开源模块
C.自定义模块
二、time 与 datetime模块
Python中，通常有这几种方式来表示时间：
1）时间戳
2）格式化的时间字符串
3）元组（struct_time）共九个元素。
由于Python的time模块实现主要调用C库，所以各个平台可能有所不同。
UTC（Coordinated Universal Time，世界协调时）亦即格林威治天文时间，世界标准时间。
在中国为UTC+8。
DST（Daylight Saving Time）即夏令时。
时间戳（timestamp）的方式：
通常来说，时间戳表示的是从1970年1月1日00:00:00开始按秒计算的偏移量。
我们运行“type(time.time())”，返回的是float类型。返回时间戳方式的函数主要有time()，clock()等。
元组（struct_time）方式：struct_time元组共有9个元素，返回struct_time的函数主要有gmtime()，localtime()，strptime()。
下面列出这种方式元组中的几个元素：
1.time：
>>> time.time() #返回当前时间戳 1471938474.8799927
>>> time.localtime() #返回本地时间 的struct time对象格式
time.struct_time(tm_year=2016, tm_mon=8, tm_mday=23, tm_hour=15, tm_min=18, tm_sec=10, tm_wday=1, tm_yday=236, tm_isdst=0)
>>> time.gmtime() #当前时间戳转化为UTC time.struct_time(tm_year=2016, tm_mon=8, tm_mday=23, tm_hour=7, tm_min=52, tm_sec=15, tm_wday=1, tm_yday=236, tm_isdst=0) >>> time.localtime()#当前时间utc+8 time.struct_time(tm_year=2016, tm_mon=8, tm_mday=23, tm_hour=15, tm_min=53, tm_sec=59, tm_wday=1, tm_yday=236, tm_isdst=0)
>>> time.localtime() time.struct_time(tm_year=2016, tm_mon=8, tm_mday=23, tm_hour=16, tm_min=6, tm_sec=54, tm_wday=1, tm_yday=236, tm_isdst=0) >>> time.mktime(x) #元组转时间戳 1471939614.0
>>> time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',time.localtime()) #元组转化格式化字符串 '2016-08-23 16:06:54' >>> time.strptime('2016-08-23 16:06:54','%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S') #格式化字符串转化原组 time.struct_time(tm_year=2016, tm_mon=8, tm_mday=23, tm_hour=16, tm_min=6, tm_sec=54, tm_wday=1, tm_yday=236, tm_isdst=-1)
strftime("格式"，struct_time)--->"格式化字符串"
strptime("格式化字符串"，“格式”)--->struct_time
>>> time.asctime() 'Tue Aug 23 16:44:04 2016' >>> time.ctime() 'Tue Aug 23 16:44:20 2016' >>> time.ctime(1471941808.3526566) #时间戳转特殊格式 'Tue Aug 23 16:43:28 2016'
2.datetime
>>> import datetime >>> datetime.datetime.now() datetime.datetime(2016, 8, 23, 17, 2, 0, 51242) >>> print(datetime.datetime.now()) 2016-08-23 17:02:12.747968 >>> print(datetime.datetime.now()+datetime.timedelta(+3)) #三天后的时间 2016-08-26 17:04:02.340236 >>> print(datetime.datetime.now()+datetime.timedelta(-3)) #三天前的时间 2016-08-20 17:04:08.062563 >>> print(datetime.datetime.now()+datetime.timedelta(hours=3)) #三小时后 2016-08-23 20:05:09.227062 >>> print(datetime.datetime.now()+datetime.timedelta(hours=-3))#三小时前
二、random模块
1.随机浮点数
>>> import random >>> random.random() 0.38741916300777435 >>> random.random() 0.2726009482506605 >>> random.random() 0.8928518510787847 >>> random.random() 0.12703455294635024 >>> random.random() 0.054001403811667514
2.整数随机数
>>> random.randint(1,9) #随机1-9不包括9 3 >>> random.uniform(1,9) #指定区间 6.532363738442411
>>>random.randrange(0,5)#指基数递增集合中取随机数
3.随机获取元素
>>> random.choice('YoungCheung') 'C'
4.从序列中随机取指定长度的片
>>> random.sample('Young',5) ['g', 'o', 'Y', 'n', 'u']
实践：生成随机数
#!/usr/bin/python # -*- conding:utf-8 -*- __Author__ = "YoungCheung" import random checkcode='' for i in range(5): current=random.randrange(0,9) if current == i: tmp=chr(random.randint(65,90)) else: tmp=random.randint(0,9) checkcode+=str(tmp) print(checkcode)
三、OS模块
os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录，即当前python脚本工作的目录路径 os.chdir("dirname") 改变当前脚本工作目录；相当于shell下cd os.curdir 返回当前目录: ('.') os.pardir 获取当前目录的父目录字符串名：('..') os.makedirs('dirname1/dirname2') 可生成多层递归目录 os.removedirs('dirname1') 若目录为空，则删除，并递归到上一级目录，如若也为空，则删除，依此类推 os.mkdir('dirname') 生成单级目录；相当于shell中mkdir dirname os.rmdir('dirname') 删除单级空目录，若目录不为空则无法删除，报错；相当于shell中rmdir dirname os.listdir('dirname') 列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录，包括隐藏文件，并以列表方式打印 os.remove() 删除一个文件 os.rename("oldname","newname") 重命名文件/目录 os.stat('path/filename') 获取文件/目录信息 os.sep 输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符，win下为"\",Linux下为"/" os.linesep 输出当前平台使用的行终止符，win下为" ",Linux下为" " os.pathsep 输出用于分割文件路径的字符串 os.name 输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix' os.system("bash command") 运行shell命令，直接显示 os.environ 获取系统环境变量 os.path.abspath(path) 返回path规范化的绝对路径 os.path.split(path) 将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回 os.path.dirname(path) 返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素 os.path.basename(path) 返回path最后的文件名。如何path以／或结尾，那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素 os.path.exists(path) 如果path存在，返回True；如果path不存在，返回False os.path.isabs(path) 如果path是绝对路径，返回True os.path.isfile(path) 如果path是一个存在的文件，返回True。否则返回False os.path.isdir(path) 如果path是一个存在的目录，则返回True。否则返回False os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]]) 将多个路径组合后返回，第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略 os.path.getatime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间 os.path.getmtime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间
四、sys
sys.argv 命令行参数List，第一个元素是程序本身路径 sys.exit(n) 退出程序，正常退出时exit(0) sys.version 获取Python解释程序的版本信息 sys.maxint 最大的Int值 sys.path 返回模块的搜索路径，初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值 sys.platform 返回操作系统平台名称 sys.stdout.write('please:') val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]
五、shutil
高级的 文件、文件夹、压缩包 处理模块
shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length])
将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中，可以部分内容
def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024): """copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst""" while 1: buf = fsrc.read(length) if not buf: break fdst.write(buf)
shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
拷贝文件
def copyfile(src, dst): """Copy data from src to dst""" if _samefile(src, dst): raise Error("`%s` and `%s` are the same file" % (src, dst)) for fn in [src, dst]: try: st = os.stat(fn) except OSError: # File most likely does not exist pass else: # XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...) if stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode): raise SpecialFileError("`%s` is a named pipe" % fn) with open(src, 'rb') as fsrc: with open(dst, 'wb') as fdst: copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)
shutil.copymode(src, dst)
仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变
def copymode(src, dst): """Copy mode bits from src to dst""" if hasattr(os, 'chmod'): st = os.stat(src) mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode) os.chmod(dst, mode)
shutil.copystat(src, dst)
拷贝状态的信息，包括：mode bits, atime, mtime, flags
def copystat(src, dst): """Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst""" st = os.stat(src) mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode) if hasattr(os, 'utime'): os.utime(dst, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime)) if hasattr(os, 'chmod'): os.chmod(dst, mode) if hasattr(os, 'chflags') and hasattr(st, 'st_flags'): try: os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags) except OSError, why: for err in 'EOPNOTSUPP', 'ENOTSUP': if hasattr(errno, err) and why.errno == getattr(errno, err): break else: raise
shutil.copy(src, dst)
拷贝文件和权限
def copy(src, dst): """Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst"). The destination may be a directory. """ if os.path.isdir(dst): dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src)) copyfile(src, dst) copymode(src, dst)
shutil.copy2(src, dst)
拷贝文件和状态信息
def copy2(src, dst): """Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst"). The destination may be a directory. """ if os.path.isdir(dst): dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src)) copyfile(src, dst) copystat(src, dst)
shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns)
shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None)
递归的去拷贝文件
例如：copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))
def ignore_patterns(*patterns): """Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter. Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns that are used to exclude files""" def _ignore_patterns(path, names): ignored_names = [] for pattern in patterns: ignored_names.extend(fnmatch.filter(names, pattern)) return set(ignored_names) return _ignore_patterns def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None): """Recursively copy a directory tree using copy2(). The destination directory must not already exist. If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons. If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic links are copied. The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of `src` contents, as returned by os.listdir(): callable(src, names) -> ignored_names Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a list of names relative to the `src` directory that should not be copied. XXX Consider this example code rather than the ultimate tool. """ names = os.listdir(src) if ignore is not None: ignored_names = ignore(src, names) else: ignored_names = set() os.makedirs(dst) errors = [] for name in names: if name in ignored_names: continue srcname = os.path.join(src, name) dstname = os.path.join(dst, name) try: if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname): linkto = os.readlink(srcname) os.symlink(linkto, dstname) elif os.path.isdir(srcname): copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore) else: # Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types copy2(srcname, dstname) # catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can # continue with other files except Error, err: errors.extend(err.args[0]) except EnvironmentError, why: errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why))) try: copystat(src, dst) except OSError, why: if WindowsError is not None and isinstance(why, WindowsError): # Copying file access times may fail on Windows pass else: errors.append((src, dst, str(why))) if errors: raise Error, errors
shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]])
递归的去删除文件
def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None): """Recursively delete a directory tree. If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func, path, exc_info) where func is os.listdir, os.remove, or os.rmdir; path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info(). If ignore_errors is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised. """ if ignore_errors: def onerror(*args): pass elif onerror is None: def onerror(*args): raise try: if os.path.islink(path): # symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669 raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link") except OSError: onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info()) # can't continue even if onerror hook returns return names = [] try: names = os.listdir(path) except os.error, err: onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info()) for name in names: fullname = os.path.join(path, name) try: mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode except os.error: mode = 0 if stat.S_ISDIR(mode): rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror) else: try: os.remove(fullname) except os.error, err: onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info()) try: os.rmdir(path) except os.error: onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())
shutil.move(src, dst)
递归的去移动文件
def move(src, dst): """Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is similar to the Unix "mv" command. If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already exist. If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics. If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used. Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed. A lot more could be done here... A look at a mv.c shows a lot of the issues this implementation glosses over. """ real_dst = dst if os.path.isdir(dst): if _samefile(src, dst): # We might be on a case insensitive filesystem, # perform the rename anyway. os.rename(src, dst) return real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src)) if os.path.exists(real_dst): raise Error, "Destination path '%s' already exists" % real_dst try: os.rename(src, real_dst) except OSError: if os.path.isdir(src): if _destinsrc(src, dst): raise Error, "Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." % (src, dst) copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True) rmtree(src) else: copy2(src, real_dst) os.unlink(src)
shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)
创建压缩包并返回文件路径，例如：zip、tar
- base_name： 压缩包的文件名，也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时，则保存至当前目录，否则保存至指定路径，
如：www =>保存至当前路径
如：/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/ - format： 压缩包种类，“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”，“gztar”
- root_dir： 要压缩的文件夹路径（默认当前目录）
- owner： 用户，默认当前用户
- group： 组，默认当前组
- logger： 用于记录日志，通常是logging.Logger对象
#将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置当前程序目录 import shutil ret = shutil.make_archive("wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test') #将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置 /Users/wupeiqi/目录 import shutil ret = shutil.make_archive("/Users/wupeiqi/wwwwwwwwww", 'gztar', root_dir='/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test')
def make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0, dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None): """Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar). 'base_name' is the name of the file to create, minus any format-specific extension; 'format' is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "bztar" or "gztar". 'root_dir' is a directory that will be the root directory of the archive; ie. we typically chdir into 'root_dir' before creating the archive. 'base_dir' is the directory where we start archiving from; ie. 'base_dir' will be the common prefix of all files and directories in the archive. 'root_dir' and 'base_dir' both default to the current directory. Returns the name of the archive file. 'owner' and 'group' are used when creating a tar archive. By default, uses the current owner and group. """ save_cwd = os.getcwd() if root_dir is not None: if logger is not None: logger.debug("changing into '%s'", root_dir) base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name) if not dry_run: os.chdir(root_dir) if base_dir is None: base_dir = os.curdir kwargs = {'dry_run': dry_run, 'logger': logger} try: format_info = _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format] except KeyError: raise ValueError, "unknown archive format '%s'" % format func = format_info[0] for arg, val in format_info[1]: kwargs[arg] = val if format != 'zip': kwargs['owner'] = owner kwargs['group'] = group try: filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs) finally: if root_dir is not None: if logger is not None: logger.debug("changing back to '%s'", save_cwd) os.chdir(save_cwd) return filename
shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的，详细：
import zipfile # 压缩 z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w') z.write('a.log') z.write('data.data') z.close() # 解压 z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r') z.extractall() z.close()
import tarfile # 压缩 tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','w') tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/bbs2.zip', arcname='bbs2.zip') tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/cmdb.zip', arcname='cmdb.zip') tar.close() # 解压 tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','r') tar.extractall() # 可设置解压地址 tar.close()
class ZipFile(object): """ Class with methods to open, read, write, close, list zip files. z = ZipFile(file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False) file: Either the path to the file, or a file-like object. If it is a path, the file will be opened and closed by ZipFile. mode: The mode can be either read "r", write "w" or append "a". compression: ZIP_STORED (no compression) or ZIP_DEFLATED (requires zlib). allowZip64: if True ZipFile will create files with ZIP64 extensions when needed, otherwise it will raise an exception when this would be necessary. """ fp = None # Set here since __del__ checks it def __init__(self, file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False): """Open the ZIP file with mode read "r", write "w" or append "a".""" if mode not in ("r", "w", "a"): raise RuntimeError('ZipFile() requires mode "r", "w", or "a"') if compression == ZIP_STORED: pass elif compression == ZIP_DEFLATED: if not zlib: raise RuntimeError, "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module" else: raise RuntimeError, "That compression method is not supported" self._allowZip64 = allowZip64 self._didModify = False self.debug = 0 # Level of printing: 0 through 3 self.NameToInfo = {} # Find file info given name self.filelist = [] # List of ZipInfo instances for archive self.compression = compression # Method of compression self.mode = key = mode.replace('b', '')[0] self.pwd = None self._comment = '' # Check if we were passed a file-like object if isinstance(file, basestring): self._filePassed = 0 self.filename = file modeDict = {'r' : 'rb', 'w': 'wb', 'a' : 'r+b'} try: self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode]) except IOError: if mode == 'a': mode = key = 'w' self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode]) else: raise else: self._filePassed = 1 self.fp = file self.filename = getattr(file, 'name', None) try: if key == 'r': self._RealGetContents() elif key == 'w': # set the modified flag so central directory gets written # even if no files are added to the archive self._didModify = True elif key == 'a': try: # See if file is a zip file self._RealGetContents() # seek to start of directory and overwrite self.fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0) except BadZipfile: # file is not a zip file, just append self.fp.seek(0, 2) # set the modified flag so central directory gets written # even if no files are added to the archive self._didModify = True else: raise RuntimeError('Mode must be "r", "w" or "a"') except: fp = self.fp self.fp = None if not self._filePassed: fp.close() raise def __enter__(self): return self def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback): self.close() def _RealGetContents(self): """Read in the table of contents for the ZIP file.""" fp = self.fp try: endrec = _EndRecData(fp) except IOError: raise BadZipfile("File is not a zip file") if not endrec: raise BadZipfile, "File is not a zip file" if self.debug > 1: print endrec size_cd = endrec[_ECD_SIZE] # bytes in central directory offset_cd = endrec[_ECD_OFFSET] # offset of central directory self._comment = endrec[_ECD_COMMENT] # archive comment # "concat" is zero, unless zip was concatenated to another file concat = endrec[_ECD_LOCATION] - size_cd - offset_cd if endrec[_ECD_SIGNATURE] == stringEndArchive64: # If Zip64 extension structures are present, account for them concat -= (sizeEndCentDir64 + sizeEndCentDir64Locator) if self.debug > 2: inferred = concat + offset_cd print "given, inferred, offset", offset_cd, inferred, concat # self.start_dir: Position of start of central directory self.start_dir = offset_cd + concat fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0) data = fp.read(size_cd) fp = cStringIO.StringIO(data) total = 0 while total < size_cd: centdir = fp.read(sizeCentralDir) if len(centdir) != sizeCentralDir: raise BadZipfile("Truncated central directory") centdir = struct.unpack(structCentralDir, centdir) if centdir[_CD_SIGNATURE] != stringCentralDir: raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for central directory") if self.debug > 2: print centdir filename = fp.read(centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH]) # Create ZipInfo instance to store file information x = ZipInfo(filename) x.extra = fp.read(centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]) x.comment = fp.read(centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH]) x.header_offset = centdir[_CD_LOCAL_HEADER_OFFSET] (x.create_version, x.create_system, x.extract_version, x.reserved, x.flag_bits, x.compress_type, t, d, x.CRC, x.compress_size, x.file_size) = centdir[1:12] x.volume, x.internal_attr, x.external_attr = centdir[15:18] # Convert date/time code to (year, month, day, hour, min, sec) x._raw_time = t x.date_time = ( (d>>9)+1980, (d>>5)&0xF, d&0x1F, t>>11, (t>>5)&0x3F, (t&0x1F) * 2 ) x._decodeExtra() x.header_offset = x.header_offset + concat x.filename = x._decodeFilename() self.filelist.append(x) self.NameToInfo[x.filename] = x # update total bytes read from central directory total = (total + sizeCentralDir + centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH] + centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH] + centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH]) if self.debug > 2: print "total", total def namelist(self): """Return a list of file names in the archive.""" l = [] for data in self.filelist: l.append(data.filename) return l def infolist(self): """Return a list of class ZipInfo instances for files in the archive.""" return self.filelist def printdir(self): """Print a table of contents for the zip file.""" print "%-46s %19s %12s" % ("File Name", "Modified ", "Size") for zinfo in self.filelist: date = "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" % zinfo.date_time[:6] print "%-46s %s %12d" % (zinfo.filename, date, zinfo.file_size) def testzip(self): """Read all the files and check the CRC.""" chunk_size = 2 ** 20 for zinfo in self.filelist: try: # Read by chunks, to avoid an OverflowError or a # MemoryError with very large embedded files. with self.open(zinfo.filename, "r") as f: while f.read(chunk_size): # Check CRC-32 pass except BadZipfile: return zinfo.filename def getinfo(self, name): """Return the instance of ZipInfo given 'name'.""" info = self.NameToInfo.get(name) if info is None: raise KeyError( 'There is no item named %r in the archive' % name) return info def setpassword(self, pwd): """Set default password for encrypted files.""" self.pwd = pwd @property def comment(self): """The comment text associated with the ZIP file.""" return self._comment @comment.setter def comment(self, comment): # check for valid comment length if len(comment) > ZIP_MAX_COMMENT: import warnings warnings.warn('Archive comment is too long; truncating to %d bytes' % ZIP_MAX_COMMENT, stacklevel=2) comment = comment[:ZIP_MAX_COMMENT] self._comment = comment self._didModify = True def read(self, name, pwd=None): """Return file bytes (as a string) for name.""" return self.open(name, "r", pwd).read() def open(self, name, mode="r", pwd=None): """Return file-like object for 'name'.""" if mode not in ("r", "U", "rU"): raise RuntimeError, 'open() requires mode "r", "U", or "rU"' if not self.fp: raise RuntimeError, "Attempt to read ZIP archive that was already closed" # Only open a new file for instances where we were not # given a file object in the constructor if self._filePassed: zef_file = self.fp should_close = False else: zef_file = open(self.filename, 'rb') should_close = True try: # Make sure we have an info object if isinstance(name, ZipInfo): # 'name' is already an info object zinfo = name else: # Get info object for name zinfo = self.getinfo(name) zef_file.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0) # Skip the file header: fheader = zef_file.read(sizeFileHeader) if len(fheader) != sizeFileHeader: raise BadZipfile("Truncated file header") fheader = struct.unpack(structFileHeader, fheader) if fheader[_FH_SIGNATURE] != stringFileHeader: raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for file header") fname = zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_FILENAME_LENGTH]) if fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]: zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]) if fname != zinfo.orig_filename: raise BadZipfile, 'File name in directory "%s" and header "%s" differ.' % ( zinfo.orig_filename, fname) # check for encrypted flag & handle password is_encrypted = zinfo.flag_bits & 0x1 zd = None if is_encrypted: if not pwd: pwd = self.pwd if not pwd: raise RuntimeError, "File %s is encrypted, " "password required for extraction" % name zd = _ZipDecrypter(pwd) # The first 12 bytes in the cypher stream is an encryption header # used to strengthen the algorithm. The first 11 bytes are # completely random, while the 12th contains the MSB of the CRC, # or the MSB of the file time depending on the header type # and is used to check the correctness of the password. bytes = zef_file.read(12) h = map(zd, bytes[0:12]) if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x8: # compare against the file type from extended local headers check_byte = (zinfo._raw_time >> 8) & 0xff else: # compare against the CRC otherwise check_byte = (zinfo.CRC >> 24) & 0xff if ord(h[11]) != check_byte: raise RuntimeError("Bad password for file", name) return ZipExtFile(zef_file, mode, zinfo, zd, close_fileobj=should_close) except: if should_close: zef_file.close() raise def extract(self, member, path=None, pwd=None): """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory, using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately as possible. `member' may be a filename or a ZipInfo object. You can specify a different directory using `path'. """ if not isinstance(member, ZipInfo): member = self.getinfo(member) if path is None: path = os.getcwd() return self._extract_member(member, path, pwd) def extractall(self, path=None, members=None, pwd=None): """Extract all members from the archive to the current working directory. `path' specifies a different directory to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the list returned by namelist(). """ if members is None: members = self.namelist() for zipinfo in members: self.extract(zipinfo, path, pwd) def _extract_member(self, member, targetpath, pwd): """Extract the ZipInfo object 'member' to a physical file on the path targetpath. """ # build the destination pathname, replacing # forward slashes to platform specific separators. arcname = member.filename.replace('/', os.path.sep) if os.path.altsep: arcname = arcname.replace(os.path.altsep, os.path.sep) # interpret absolute pathname as relative, remove drive letter or # UNC path, redundant separators, "." and ".." components. arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1] arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep) if x not in ('', os.path.curdir, os.path.pardir)) if os.path.sep == '\': # filter illegal characters on Windows illegal = ':<>|"?*' if isinstance(arcname, unicode): table = {ord(c): ord('_') for c in illegal} else: table = string.maketrans(illegal, '_' * len(illegal)) arcname = arcname.translate(table) # remove trailing dots arcname = (x.rstrip('.') for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep)) arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname if x) targetpath = os.path.join(targetpath, arcname) targetpath = os.path.normpath(targetpath) # Create all upper directories if necessary. upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath) if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs): os.makedirs(upperdirs) if member.filename[-1] == '/': if not os.path.isdir(targetpath): os.mkdir(targetpath) return targetpath with self.open(member, pwd=pwd) as source, file(targetpath, "wb") as target: shutil.copyfileobj(source, target) return targetpath def _writecheck(self, zinfo): """Check for errors before writing a file to the archive.""" if zinfo.filename in self.NameToInfo: import warnings warnings.warn('Duplicate name: %r' % zinfo.filename, stacklevel=3) if self.mode not in ("w", "a"): raise RuntimeError, 'write() requires mode "w" or "a"' if not self.fp: raise RuntimeError, "Attempt to write ZIP archive that was already closed" if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED and not zlib: raise RuntimeError, "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module" if zinfo.compress_type not in (ZIP_STORED, ZIP_DEFLATED): raise RuntimeError, "That compression method is not supported" if not self._allowZip64: requires_zip64 = None if len(self.filelist) >= ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Files count" elif zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Filesize" elif zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Zipfile size" if requires_zip64: raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 + " would require ZIP64 extensions") def write(self, filename, arcname=None, compress_type=None): """Put the bytes from filename into the archive under the name arcname.""" if not self.fp: raise RuntimeError( "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed") st = os.stat(filename) isdir = stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) mtime = time.localtime(st.st_mtime) date_time = mtime[0:6] # Create ZipInfo instance to store file information if arcname is None: arcname = filename arcname = os.path.normpath(os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1]) while arcname[0] in (os.sep, os.altsep): arcname = arcname[1:] if isdir: arcname += '/' zinfo = ZipInfo(arcname, date_time) zinfo.external_attr = (st[0] & 0xFFFF) << 16L # Unix attributes if compress_type is None: zinfo.compress_type = self.compression else: zinfo.compress_type = compress_type zinfo.file_size = st.st_size zinfo.flag_bits = 0x00 zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell() # Start of header bytes self._writecheck(zinfo) self._didModify = True if isdir: zinfo.file_size = 0 zinfo.compress_size = 0 zinfo.CRC = 0 zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10 # MS-DOS directory flag self.filelist.append(zinfo) self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(False)) return with open(filename, "rb") as fp: # Must overwrite CRC and sizes with correct data later zinfo.CRC = CRC = 0 zinfo.compress_size = compress_size = 0 # Compressed size can be larger than uncompressed size zip64 = self._allowZip64 and zinfo.file_size * 1.05 > ZIP64_LIMIT self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64)) if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED: cmpr = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION, zlib.DEFLATED, -15) else: cmpr = None file_size = 0 while 1: buf = fp.read(1024 * 8) if not buf: break file_size = file_size + len(buf) CRC = crc32(buf, CRC) & 0xffffffff if cmpr: buf = cmpr.compress(buf) compress_size = compress_size + len(buf) self.fp.write(buf) if cmpr: buf = cmpr.flush() compress_size = compress_size + len(buf) self.fp.write(buf) zinfo.compress_size = compress_size else: zinfo.compress_size = file_size zinfo.CRC = CRC zinfo.file_size = file_size if not zip64 and self._allowZip64: if file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: raise RuntimeError('File size has increased during compressing') if compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: raise RuntimeError('Compressed size larger than uncompressed size') # Seek backwards and write file header (which will now include # correct CRC and file sizes) position = self.fp.tell() # Preserve current position in file self.fp.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0) self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64)) self.fp.seek(position, 0) self.filelist.append(zinfo) self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo def writestr(self, zinfo_or_arcname, bytes, compress_type=None): """Write a file into the archive. The contents is the string 'bytes'. 'zinfo_or_arcname' is either a ZipInfo instance or the name of the file in the archive.""" if not isinstance(zinfo_or_arcname, ZipInfo): zinfo = ZipInfo(filename=zinfo_or_arcname, date_time=time.localtime(time.time())[:6]) zinfo.compress_type = self.compression if zinfo.filename[-1] == '/': zinfo.external_attr = 0o40775 << 16 # drwxrwxr-x zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10 # MS-DOS directory flag else: zinfo.external_attr = 0o600 << 16 # ?rw------- else: zinfo = zinfo_or_arcname if not self.fp: raise RuntimeError( "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed") if compress_type is not None: zinfo.compress_type = compress_type zinfo.file_size = len(bytes) # Uncompressed size zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell() # Start of header bytes self._writecheck(zinfo) self._didModify = True zinfo.CRC = crc32(bytes) & 0xffffffff # CRC-32 checksum if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED: co = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION, zlib.DEFLATED, -15) bytes = co.compress(bytes) + co.flush() zinfo.compress_size = len(bytes) # Compressed size else: zinfo.compress_size = zinfo.file_size zip64 = zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT or zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT if zip64 and not self._allowZip64: raise LargeZipFile("Filesize would require ZIP64 extensions") self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64)) self.fp.write(bytes) if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x08: # Write CRC and file sizes after the file data fmt = '<LQQ' if zip64 else '<LLL' self.fp.write(struct.pack(fmt, zinfo.CRC, zinfo.compress_size, zinfo.file_size)) self.fp.flush() self.filelist.append(zinfo) self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo def __del__(self): """Call the "close()" method in case the user forgot.""" self.close() def close(self): """Close the file, and for mode "w" and "a" write the ending records.""" if self.fp is None: return try: if self.mode in ("w", "a") and self._didModify: # write ending records pos1 = self.fp.tell() for zinfo in self.filelist: # write central directory dt = zinfo.date_time dosdate = (dt[0] - 1980) << 9 | dt[1] << 5 | dt[2] dostime = dt[3] << 11 | dt[4] << 5 | (dt[5] // 2) extra = [] if zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT or zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: extra.append(zinfo.file_size) extra.append(zinfo.compress_size) file_size = 0xffffffff compress_size = 0xffffffff else: file_size = zinfo.file_size compress_size = zinfo.compress_size if zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT: extra.append(zinfo.header_offset) header_offset = 0xffffffffL else: header_offset = zinfo.header_offset extra_data = zinfo.extra if extra: # Append a ZIP64 field to the extra's extra_data = struct.pack( '<HH' + 'Q'*len(extra), 1, 8*len(extra), *extra) + extra_data extract_version = max(45, zinfo.extract_version) create_version = max(45, zinfo.create_version) else: extract_version = zinfo.extract_version create_version = zinfo.create_version try: filename, flag_bits = zinfo._encodeFilenameFlags() centdir = struct.pack(structCentralDir, stringCentralDir, create_version, zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved, flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate, zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size, len(filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment), 0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr, header_offset) except DeprecationWarning: print >>sys.stderr, (structCentralDir, stringCentralDir, create_version, zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved, zinfo.flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate, zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size, len(zinfo.filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment), 0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr, header_offset) raise self.fp.write(centdir) self.fp.write(filename) self.fp.write(extra_data) self.fp.write(zinfo.comment) pos2 = self.fp.tell() # Write end-of-zip-archive record centDirCount = len(self.filelist) centDirSize = pos2 - pos1 centDirOffset = pos1 requires_zip64 = None if centDirCount > ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Files count" elif centDirOffset > ZIP64_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Central directory offset" elif centDirSize > ZIP64_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Central directory size" if requires_zip64: # Need to write the ZIP64 end-of-archive records if not self._allowZip64: raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 + " would require ZIP64 extensions") zip64endrec = struct.pack( structEndArchive64, stringEndArchive64, 44, 45, 45, 0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount, centDirSize, centDirOffset) self.fp.write(zip64endrec) zip64locrec = struct.pack( structEndArchive64Locator, stringEndArchive64Locator, 0, pos2, 1) self.fp.write(zip64locrec) centDirCount = min(centDirCount, 0xFFFF) centDirSize = min(centDirSize, 0xFFFFFFFF) centDirOffset = min(centDirOffset, 0xFFFFFFFF) endrec = struct.pack(structEndArchive, stringEndArchive, 0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount, centDirSize, centDirOffset, len(self._comment)) self.fp.write(endrec) self.fp.write(self._comment) self.fp.flush() finally: fp = self.fp self.fp = None if not self._filePassed: fp.close()
class ZipFile(object): """ Class with methods to open, read, write, close, list zip files. z = ZipFile(file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False) file: Either the path to the file, or a file-like object. If it is a path, the file will be opened and closed by ZipFile. mode: The mode can be either read "r", write "w" or append "a". compression: ZIP_STORED (no compression) or ZIP_DEFLATED (requires zlib). allowZip64: if True ZipFile will create files with ZIP64 extensions when needed, otherwise it will raise an exception when this would be necessary. """ fp = None # Set here since __del__ checks it def __init__(self, file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False): """Open the ZIP file with mode read "r", write "w" or append "a".""" if mode not in ("r", "w", "a"): raise RuntimeError('ZipFile() requires mode "r", "w", or "a"') if compression == ZIP_STORED: pass elif compression == ZIP_DEFLATED: if not zlib: raise RuntimeError, "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module" else: raise RuntimeError, "That compression method is not supported" self._allowZip64 = allowZip64 self._didModify = False self.debug = 0 # Level of printing: 0 through 3 self.NameToInfo = {} # Find file info given name self.filelist = [] # List of ZipInfo instances for archive self.compression = compression # Method of compression self.mode = key = mode.replace('b', '')[0] self.pwd = None self._comment = '' # Check if we were passed a file-like object if isinstance(file, basestring): self._filePassed = 0 self.filename = file modeDict = {'r' : 'rb', 'w': 'wb', 'a' : 'r+b'} try: self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode]) except IOError: if mode == 'a': mode = key = 'w' self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode]) else: raise else: self._filePassed = 1 self.fp = file self.filename = getattr(file, 'name', None) try: if key == 'r': self._RealGetContents() elif key == 'w': # set the modified flag so central directory gets written # even if no files are added to the archive self._didModify = True elif key == 'a': try: # See if file is a zip file self._RealGetContents() # seek to start of directory and overwrite self.fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0) except BadZipfile: # file is not a zip file, just append self.fp.seek(0, 2) # set the modified flag so central directory gets written # even if no files are added to the archive self._didModify = True else: raise RuntimeError('Mode must be "r", "w" or "a"') except: fp = self.fp self.fp = None if not self._filePassed: fp.close() raise def __enter__(self): return self def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback): self.close() def _RealGetContents(self): """Read in the table of contents for the ZIP file.""" fp = self.fp try: endrec = _EndRecData(fp) except IOError: raise BadZipfile("File is not a zip file") if not endrec: raise BadZipfile, "File is not a zip file" if self.debug > 1: print endrec size_cd = endrec[_ECD_SIZE] # bytes in central directory offset_cd = endrec[_ECD_OFFSET] # offset of central directory self._comment = endrec[_ECD_COMMENT] # archive comment # "concat" is zero, unless zip was concatenated to another file concat = endrec[_ECD_LOCATION] - size_cd - offset_cd if endrec[_ECD_SIGNATURE] == stringEndArchive64: # If Zip64 extension structures are present, account for them concat -= (sizeEndCentDir64 + sizeEndCentDir64Locator) if self.debug > 2: inferred = concat + offset_cd print "given, inferred, offset", offset_cd, inferred, concat # self.start_dir: Position of start of central directory self.start_dir = offset_cd + concat fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0) data = fp.read(size_cd) fp = cStringIO.StringIO(data) total = 0 while total < size_cd: centdir = fp.read(sizeCentralDir) if len(centdir) != sizeCentralDir: raise BadZipfile("Truncated central directory") centdir = struct.unpack(structCentralDir, centdir) if centdir[_CD_SIGNATURE] != stringCentralDir: raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for central directory") if self.debug > 2: print centdir filename = fp.read(centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH]) # Create ZipInfo instance to store file information x = ZipInfo(filename) x.extra = fp.read(centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]) x.comment = fp.read(centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH]) x.header_offset = centdir[_CD_LOCAL_HEADER_OFFSET] (x.create_version, x.create_system, x.extract_version, x.reserved, x.flag_bits, x.compress_type, t, d, x.CRC, x.compress_size, x.file_size) = centdir[1:12] x.volume, x.internal_attr, x.external_attr = centdir[15:18] # Convert date/time code to (year, month, day, hour, min, sec) x._raw_time = t x.date_time = ( (d>>9)+1980, (d>>5)&0xF, d&0x1F, t>>11, (t>>5)&0x3F, (t&0x1F) * 2 ) x._decodeExtra() x.header_offset = x.header_offset + concat x.filename = x._decodeFilename() self.filelist.append(x) self.NameToInfo[x.filename] = x # update total bytes read from central directory total = (total + sizeCentralDir + centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH] + centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH] + centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH]) if self.debug > 2: print "total", total def namelist(self): """Return a list of file names in the archive.""" l = [] for data in self.filelist: l.append(data.filename) return l def infolist(self): """Return a list of class ZipInfo instances for files in the archive.""" return self.filelist def printdir(self): """Print a table of contents for the zip file.""" print "%-46s %19s %12s" % ("File Name", "Modified ", "Size") for zinfo in self.filelist: date = "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" % zinfo.date_time[:6] print "%-46s %s %12d" % (zinfo.filename, date, zinfo.file_size) def testzip(self): """Read all the files and check the CRC.""" chunk_size = 2 ** 20 for zinfo in self.filelist: try: # Read by chunks, to avoid an OverflowError or a # MemoryError with very large embedded files. with self.open(zinfo.filename, "r") as f: while f.read(chunk_size): # Check CRC-32 pass except BadZipfile: return zinfo.filename def getinfo(self, name): """Return the instance of ZipInfo given 'name'.""" info = self.NameToInfo.get(name) if info is None: raise KeyError( 'There is no item named %r in the archive' % name) return info def setpassword(self, pwd): """Set default password for encrypted files.""" self.pwd = pwd @property def comment(self): """The comment text associated with the ZIP file.""" return self._comment @comment.setter def comment(self, comment): # check for valid comment length if len(comment) > ZIP_MAX_COMMENT: import warnings warnings.warn('Archive comment is too long; truncating to %d bytes' % ZIP_MAX_COMMENT, stacklevel=2) comment = comment[:ZIP_MAX_COMMENT] self._comment = comment self._didModify = True def read(self, name, pwd=None): """Return file bytes (as a string) for name.""" return self.open(name, "r", pwd).read() def open(self, name, mode="r", pwd=None): """Return file-like object for 'name'.""" if mode not in ("r", "U", "rU"): raise RuntimeError, 'open() requires mode "r", "U", or "rU"' if not self.fp: raise RuntimeError, "Attempt to read ZIP archive that was already closed" # Only open a new file for instances where we were not # given a file object in the constructor if self._filePassed: zef_file = self.fp should_close = False else: zef_file = open(self.filename, 'rb') should_close = True try: # Make sure we have an info object if isinstance(name, ZipInfo): # 'name' is already an info object zinfo = name else: # Get info object for name zinfo = self.getinfo(name) zef_file.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0) # Skip the file header: fheader = zef_file.read(sizeFileHeader) if len(fheader) != sizeFileHeader: raise BadZipfile("Truncated file header") fheader = struct.unpack(structFileHeader, fheader) if fheader[_FH_SIGNATURE] != stringFileHeader: raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for file header") fname = zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_FILENAME_LENGTH]) if fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]: zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]) if fname != zinfo.orig_filename: raise BadZipfile, 'File name in directory "%s" and header "%s" differ.' % ( zinfo.orig_filename, fname) # check for encrypted flag & handle password is_encrypted = zinfo.flag_bits & 0x1 zd = None if is_encrypted: if not pwd: pwd = self.pwd if not pwd: raise RuntimeError, "File %s is encrypted, " "password required for extraction" % name zd = _ZipDecrypter(pwd) # The first 12 bytes in the cypher stream is an encryption header # used to strengthen the algorithm. The first 11 bytes are # completely random, while the 12th contains the MSB of the CRC, # or the MSB of the file time depending on the header type # and is used to check the correctness of the password. bytes = zef_file.read(12) h = map(zd, bytes[0:12]) if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x8: # compare against the file type from extended local headers check_byte = (zinfo._raw_time >> 8) & 0xff else: # compare against the CRC otherwise check_byte = (zinfo.CRC >> 24) & 0xff if ord(h[11]) != check_byte: raise RuntimeError("Bad password for file", name) return ZipExtFile(zef_file, mode, zinfo, zd, close_fileobj=should_close) except: if should_close: zef_file.close() raise def extract(self, member, path=None, pwd=None): """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory, using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately as possible. `member' may be a filename or a ZipInfo object. You can specify a different directory using `path'. """ if not isinstance(member, ZipInfo): member = self.getinfo(member) if path is None: path = os.getcwd() return self._extract_member(member, path, pwd) def extractall(self, path=None, members=None, pwd=None): """Extract all members from the archive to the current working directory. `path' specifies a different directory to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the list returned by namelist(). """ if members is None: members = self.namelist() for zipinfo in members: self.extract(zipinfo, path, pwd) def _extract_member(self, member, targetpath, pwd): """Extract the ZipInfo object 'member' to a physical file on the path targetpath. """ # build the destination pathname, replacing # forward slashes to platform specific separators. arcname = member.filename.replace('/', os.path.sep) if os.path.altsep: arcname = arcname.replace(os.path.altsep, os.path.sep) # interpret absolute pathname as relative, remove drive letter or # UNC path, redundant separators, "." and ".." components. arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1] arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep) if x not in ('', os.path.curdir, os.path.pardir)) if os.path.sep == '\': # filter illegal characters on Windows illegal = ':<>|"?*' if isinstance(arcname, unicode): table = {ord(c): ord('_') for c in illegal} else: table = string.maketrans(illegal, '_' * len(illegal)) arcname = arcname.translate(table) # remove trailing dots arcname = (x.rstrip('.') for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep)) arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname if x) targetpath = os.path.join(targetpath, arcname) targetpath = os.path.normpath(targetpath) # Create all upper directories if necessary. upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath) if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs): os.makedirs(upperdirs) if member.filename[-1] == '/': if not os.path.isdir(targetpath): os.mkdir(targetpath) return targetpath with self.open(member, pwd=pwd) as source, file(targetpath, "wb") as target: shutil.copyfileobj(source, target) return targetpath def _writecheck(self, zinfo): """Check for errors before writing a file to the archive.""" if zinfo.filename in self.NameToInfo: import warnings warnings.warn('Duplicate name: %r' % zinfo.filename, stacklevel=3) if self.mode not in ("w", "a"): raise RuntimeError, 'write() requires mode "w" or "a"' if not self.fp: raise RuntimeError, "Attempt to write ZIP archive that was already closed" if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED and not zlib: raise RuntimeError, "Compression requires the (missing) zlib module" if zinfo.compress_type not in (ZIP_STORED, ZIP_DEFLATED): raise RuntimeError, "That compression method is not supported" if not self._allowZip64: requires_zip64 = None if len(self.filelist) >= ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Files count" elif zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Filesize" elif zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Zipfile size" if requires_zip64: raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 + " would require ZIP64 extensions") def write(self, filename, arcname=None, compress_type=None): """Put the bytes from filename into the archive under the name arcname.""" if not self.fp: raise RuntimeError( "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed") st = os.stat(filename) isdir = stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) mtime = time.localtime(st.st_mtime) date_time = mtime[0:6] # Create ZipInfo instance to store file information if arcname is None: arcname = filename arcname = os.path.normpath(os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1]) while arcname[0] in (os.sep, os.altsep): arcname = arcname[1:] if isdir: arcname += '/' zinfo = ZipInfo(arcname, date_time) zinfo.external_attr = (st[0] & 0xFFFF) << 16L # Unix attributes if compress_type is None: zinfo.compress_type = self.compression else: zinfo.compress_type = compress_type zinfo.file_size = st.st_size zinfo.flag_bits = 0x00 zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell() # Start of header bytes self._writecheck(zinfo) self._didModify = True if isdir: zinfo.file_size = 0 zinfo.compress_size = 0 zinfo.CRC = 0 zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10 # MS-DOS directory flag self.filelist.append(zinfo) self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(False)) return with open(filename, "rb") as fp: # Must overwrite CRC and sizes with correct data later zinfo.CRC = CRC = 0 zinfo.compress_size = compress_size = 0 # Compressed size can be larger than uncompressed size zip64 = self._allowZip64 and zinfo.file_size * 1.05 > ZIP64_LIMIT self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64)) if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED: cmpr = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION, zlib.DEFLATED, -15) else: cmpr = None file_size = 0 while 1: buf = fp.read(1024 * 8) if not buf: break file_size = file_size + len(buf) CRC = crc32(buf, CRC) & 0xffffffff if cmpr: buf = cmpr.compress(buf) compress_size = compress_size + len(buf) self.fp.write(buf) if cmpr: buf = cmpr.flush() compress_size = compress_size + len(buf) self.fp.write(buf) zinfo.compress_size = compress_size else: zinfo.compress_size = file_size zinfo.CRC = CRC zinfo.file_size = file_size if not zip64 and self._allowZip64: if file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: raise RuntimeError('File size has increased during compressing') if compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: raise RuntimeError('Compressed size larger than uncompressed size') # Seek backwards and write file header (which will now include # correct CRC and file sizes) position = self.fp.tell() # Preserve current position in file self.fp.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0) self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64)) self.fp.seek(position, 0) self.filelist.append(zinfo) self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo def writestr(self, zinfo_or_arcname, bytes, compress_type=None): """Write a file into the archive. The contents is the string 'bytes'. 'zinfo_or_arcname' is either a ZipInfo instance or the name of the file in the archive.""" if not isinstance(zinfo_or_arcname, ZipInfo): zinfo = ZipInfo(filename=zinfo_or_arcname, date_time=time.localtime(time.time())[:6]) zinfo.compress_type = self.compression if zinfo.filename[-1] == '/': zinfo.external_attr = 0o40775 << 16 # drwxrwxr-x zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10 # MS-DOS directory flag else: zinfo.external_attr = 0o600 << 16 # ?rw------- else: zinfo = zinfo_or_arcname if not self.fp: raise RuntimeError( "Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed") if compress_type is not None: zinfo.compress_type = compress_type zinfo.file_size = len(bytes) # Uncompressed size zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell() # Start of header bytes self._writecheck(zinfo) self._didModify = True zinfo.CRC = crc32(bytes) & 0xffffffff # CRC-32 checksum if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED: co = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION, zlib.DEFLATED, -15) bytes = co.compress(bytes) + co.flush() zinfo.compress_size = len(bytes) # Compressed size else: zinfo.compress_size = zinfo.file_size zip64 = zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT or zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT if zip64 and not self._allowZip64: raise LargeZipFile("Filesize would require ZIP64 extensions") self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64)) self.fp.write(bytes) if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x08: # Write CRC and file sizes after the file data fmt = '<LQQ' if zip64 else '<LLL' self.fp.write(struct.pack(fmt, zinfo.CRC, zinfo.compress_size, zinfo.file_size)) self.fp.flush() self.filelist.append(zinfo) self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo def __del__(self): """Call the "close()" method in case the user forgot.""" self.close() def close(self): """Close the file, and for mode "w" and "a" write the ending records.""" if self.fp is None: return try: if self.mode in ("w", "a") and self._didModify: # write ending records pos1 = self.fp.tell() for zinfo in self.filelist: # write central directory dt = zinfo.date_time dosdate = (dt[0] - 1980) << 9 | dt[1] << 5 | dt[2] dostime = dt[3] << 11 | dt[4] << 5 | (dt[5] // 2) extra = [] if zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT or zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT: extra.append(zinfo.file_size) extra.append(zinfo.compress_size) file_size = 0xffffffff compress_size = 0xffffffff else: file_size = zinfo.file_size compress_size = zinfo.compress_size if zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT: extra.append(zinfo.header_offset) header_offset = 0xffffffffL else: header_offset = zinfo.header_offset extra_data = zinfo.extra if extra: # Append a ZIP64 field to the extra's extra_data = struct.pack( '<HH' + 'Q'*len(extra), 1, 8*len(extra), *extra) + extra_data extract_version = max(45, zinfo.extract_version) create_version = max(45, zinfo.create_version) else: extract_version = zinfo.extract_version create_version = zinfo.create_version try: filename, flag_bits = zinfo._encodeFilenameFlags() centdir = struct.pack(structCentralDir, stringCentralDir, create_version, zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved, flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate, zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size, len(filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment), 0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr, header_offset) except DeprecationWarning: print >>sys.stderr, (structCentralDir, stringCentralDir, create_version, zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved, zinfo.flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate, zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size, len(zinfo.filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment), 0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr, header_offset) raise self.fp.write(centdir) self.fp.write(filename) self.fp.write(extra_data) self.fp.write(zinfo.comment) pos2 = self.fp.tell() # Write end-of-zip-archive record centDirCount = len(self.filelist) centDirSize = pos2 - pos1 centDirOffset = pos1 requires_zip64 = None if centDirCount > ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Files count" elif centDirOffset > ZIP64_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Central directory offset" elif centDirSize > ZIP64_LIMIT: requires_zip64 = "Central directory size" if requires_zip64: # Need to write the ZIP64 end-of-archive records if not self._allowZip64: raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 + " would require ZIP64 extensions") zip64endrec = struct.pack( structEndArchive64, stringEndArchive64, 44, 45, 45, 0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount, centDirSize, centDirOffset) self.fp.write(zip64endrec) zip64locrec = struct.pack( structEndArchive64Locator, stringEndArchive64Locator, 0, pos2, 1) self.fp.write(zip64locrec) centDirCount = min(centDirCount, 0xFFFF) centDirSize = min(centDirSize, 0xFFFFFFFF) centDirOffset = min(centDirOffset, 0xFFFFFFFF) endrec = struct.pack(structEndArchive, stringEndArchive, 0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount, centDirSize, centDirOffset, len(self._comment)) self.fp.write(endrec) self.fp.write(self._comment) self.fp.flush() finally: fp = self.fp self.fp = None if not self._filePassed: fp.close() ZipFile
六、json & pickle
用于序列化的两个模块
- json，用于字符串 和 python数据类型间进行转换
- pickle，用于python特有的类型 和 python的数据类型间进行转换
Json模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
pickle模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
七、shelve
shelve模块是一个简单的k,v将内存数据通过文件持久化的模块，可以持久化任何pickle可支持的python数据格式
import shelve d = shelve.open('shelve_test') #打开一个文件 class Test(object): def __init__(self,n): self.n = n t = Test(123) t2 = Test(123334) name = ["alex","rain","test"] d["test"] = name #持久化列表 d["t1"] = t #持久化类 d["t2"] = t2 d.close()
八、xml
xml是实现不同语言或程序之间进行数据交换的协议，跟json差不多，但json使用起来更简单，不过，古时候，在json还没诞生的黑暗年代，大家只能选择用xml呀，至今很多传统公司如金融行业的很多系统的接口还主要是xml。
xml的格式如下，就是通过<>节点来区别数据结构的:
<?xml version="1.0"?> <data> <country name="Liechtenstein"> <rank updated="yes">2</rank> <year>2008</year> <gdppc>141100</gdppc> <neighbor name="Austria" direction="E"/> <neighbor name="Switzerland" direction="W"/> </country> <country name="Singapore"> <rank updated="yes">5</rank> <year>2011</year> <gdppc>59900</gdppc> <neighbor name="Malaysia" direction="N"/> </country> <country name="Panama"> <rank updated="yes">69</rank> <year>2011</year> <gdppc>13600</gdppc> <neighbor name="Costa Rica" direction="W"/> <neighbor name="Colombia" direction="E"/> </country> </data>
xml协议在各个语言里的都 是支持的，在python中可以用以下模块操作xml
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET tree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml") root = tree.getroot() print(root.tag) #遍历xml文档 for child in root: print(child.tag, child.attrib) for i in child: print(i.tag,i.text) #只遍历year 节点 for node in root.iter('year'):(node.tag,node.text)
修改和删除xml文档内容
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET tree = ET.parse("xmltest.xml") root = tree.getroot() #修改 for node in root.iter('year'): new_year = int(node.text) + 1 node.text = str(new_year) node.set("updated","yes") tree.write("xmltest.xml") #删除node for country in root.findall('country'): rank = int(country.find('rank').text) if rank > 50: root.remove(country) tree.write('output.xml')
自己创建xml文档
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET new_xml = ET.Element("namelist") name = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"name",attrib={"enrolled":"yes"}) age = ET.SubElement(name,"age",attrib={"checked":"no"}) sex = ET.SubElement(name,"sex") sex.text = '33' name2 = ET.SubElement(new_xml,"name",attrib={"enrolled":"no"}) age = ET.SubElement(name2,"age") age.text = '19' et = ET.ElementTree(new_xml) #生成文档对象 et.write("test.xml", encoding="utf-8",xml_declaration=True) ET.dump(new_xml) #打印生成的格式
九、PyYAML模块
Python也可以很容易的处理ymal文档格式，只不过需要安装一个模块，
十、configparser模块
用于生成和修改常见配置文档，当前模块的名称在 python 3.x 版本中变更为 configparser。
来看一个好多软件的常见文档格式如下
[DEFAULT] ServerAliveInterval = 45 Compression = yes CompressionLevel = 9 ForwardX11 = yes [bitbucket.org] User = hg [topsecret.server.com] Port = 50022 ForwardX11 = no
如果想用python生成一个这样的文档怎么做呢？
import configparser config = configparser.ConfigParser() config["DEFAULT"] = {'ServerAliveInterval': '45', 'Compression': 'yes', 'CompressionLevel': '9'} config['bitbucket.org'] = {} config['bitbucket.org']['User'] = 'hg' config['topsecret.server.com'] = {} topsecret = config['topsecret.server.com'] topsecret['Host Port'] = '50022' # mutates the parser topsecret['ForwardX11'] = 'no' # same here config['DEFAULT']['ForwardX11'] = 'yes' with open('example.ini', 'w') as configfile: config.write(configfile)
写完了还可以再读出来哈。
>>> import configparser >>> config = configparser.ConfigParser() >>> config.sections() [] >>> config.read('example.ini') ['example.ini'] >>> config.sections() ['bitbucket.org', 'topsecret.server.com'] >>> 'bitbucket.org' in config True >>> 'bytebong.com' in config False >>> config['bitbucket.org']['User'] 'hg' >>> config['DEFAULT']['Compression'] 'yes' >>> topsecret = config['topsecret.server.com'] >>> topsecret['ForwardX11'] 'no' >>> topsecret['Port'] '50022' >>> for key in config['bitbucket.org']: print(key) ... user compressionlevel serveraliveinterval compression forwardx11 >>> config['bitbucket.org']['ForwardX11'] 'yes'
configparser增删改查语法
[section1] k1 = v1 k2:v2 [section2] k1 = v1 import ConfigParser config = ConfigParser.ConfigParser() config.read('i.cfg') # ########## 读 ########## #secs = config.sections() #print secs #options = config.options('group2') #print options #item_list = config.items('group2') #print item_list #val = config.get('group1','key') #val = config.getint('group1','key') # ########## 改写 ########## #sec = config.remove_section('group1') #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w")) #sec = config.has_section('wupeiqi') #sec = config.add_section('wupeiqi') #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w")) #config.set('group2','k1',11111) #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w")) #config.remove_option('group2','age') #config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))
十一、hashlib模块
用于加密相关的操作，3.x里代替了md5模块和sha模块，主要提供 SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512 ，MD5 算法
import hashlib m = hashlib.md5() m.update(b"Hello") m.update(b"It's me") print(m.hexdigest()) m.update(b"It's been a long time since last time we ...") print(m.hexdigest()) #2进制格式hash print(len(m.hexdigest())) #16进制格式hash ''' def digest(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the digest value as a string of binary data. """ pass def hexdigest(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown """ Return the digest value as a string of hexadecimal digits. """ pass ''' import hashlib # ######## md5 ######## hash = hashlib.md5() hash.update('admin') print(hash.hexdigest()) # ######## sha1 ######## hash = hashlib.sha1() hash.update('admin') print(hash.hexdigest()) # ######## sha256 ######## hash = hashlib.sha256() hash.update('admin') print(hash.hexdigest()) # ######## sha384 ######## hash = hashlib.sha384() hash.update('admin') print(hash.hexdigest()) # ######## sha512 ######## hash = hashlib.sha512() hash.update('admin') print(hash.hexdigest())
还不够吊？python 还有一个 hmac 模块，它内部对我们创建 key 和 内容 再进行处理然后再加密
import hmac h = hmac.new('wueiqi') h.update('hellowo') print h.hexdigest()
更多关于md5,sha1,sha256等介绍的文章看这里https://www.tbs-certificates.co.uk/FAQ/en/sha256.html
十二、re
1.基本正则表达式元字符和语法
最常用的匹配语法
re.match 从头开始匹配
re.search 匹配包含
re.findall 把所有匹配到的字符放到以列表中的元素返回
re.splitall 以匹配到的字符当做列表分隔符
re.sub 匹配字符并替换
1、match(pattern, string, flags=0)
从起始位置开始根据模型去字符串中匹配指定内容，匹配单个
- 正则表达式
- 要匹配的字符串
- 标志位，用于控制正则表达式的匹配方式
import re obj = re.match('d+', '123uuasf') if obj: print obj.group()
import re obj = re.findall('d+', 'fa123uu888asf') print obj
# flags I = IGNORECASE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE # ignore case L = LOCALE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_LOCALE # assume current 8-bit locale U = UNICODE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_UNICODE # assume unicode locale M = MULTILINE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_MULTILINE # make anchors look for newline S = DOTALL = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_DOTALL # make dot match newline X = VERBOSE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE # ignore whitespace and comments flags
2、search(pattern, string, flags=0)
根据模型去字符串中匹配指定内容，匹配单个
import re obj = re.search('d+', 'u123uu888asf') if obj: print obj.group()
3、group和groups
a = "123abc456" print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group() print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group(0) print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group(1) print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group(2) print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).groups()
4、findall(pattern, string, flags=0)
上述两中方式均用于匹配单值，即：只能匹配字符串中的一个，如果想要匹配到字符串中所有符合条件的元素，则需要使用 findall。
import re obj = re.findall('d+', 'fa123uu888asf') print obj
5、sub(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0)
用于替换匹配的字符串
content = "123abc456" new_content = re.sub('d+', 'sb', content) # new_content = re.sub('d+', 'sb', content, 1) print new_content
相比于str.replace功能更加强大
6、split(pattern, string, maxsplit=0, flags=0)
根据指定匹配进行分组
content = "'1 - 2 * ((60-30+1*(9-2*5/3+7/3*99/4*2998+10*568/14))-(-4*3)/(16-3*2) )'" new_content = re.split('*', content) # new_content = re.split('*', content, 1) print new_content
content = "'1 - 2 * ((60-30+1*(9-2*5/3+7/3*99/4*2998+10*568/14))-(-4*3)/(16-3*2) )'" new_content = re.split('[+-*/]+', content) # new_content = re.split('*', content, 1) print new_content
inpp = '1-2*((60-30 +(-40-5)*(9-2*5/3 + 7 /3*99/4*2998 +10 * 568/14 )) - (-4*3)/ (16-3*2))' inpp = re.sub('s*','',inpp) new_content = re.split('(([+-*/]?d+[+-*/]?d+){1})', inpp, 1) print new_content
相比于str.split更加强大
实例：计算器源码