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  • D01-R语言基础学习

    R语言基础学习——D01

    20190410内容纲要:

      1、R的下载与安装

      2、R包的安装与使用方法

        (1)查看已安装的包

        (2)查看是否安装过包

        (3)安装包

        (4)更新包

      3、结果的重用

      4、R处理大数据集

      5、R的数据结构

        (1)向量

        (2)矩阵

        (3)数组

        (4)数据框

        (5)列表

      6、实例演练

      7、小结

     1 R的下载与安装

    R是用于统计分析、绘图的语言和操作环境。R是属于GNU系统的一个自由、免费、源代码开放的软件,它是一个用于统计计算和统计制图的优秀工具。

    学习它那就先下载它!话不多说看链接:

    Windows镜像:  http://mirror.fcaglp.unlp.edu.ar/CRAN/

    当然也有Linux和Mac版本。

    安装,就不多少,直接下一步,下一步,下一步。别忘了更改安装路径就行!!!

    先随便玩点什么?

    >demo()
    >demo(graphics)
    >help.start()
    >help("mean")
    >?mean
    >getwd()
    >setwd("path")
    >history()

    看完这些,觉得R跟linux和Matlab有点像。据说R的前身是S语言。S语言是什么?https://baike.baidu.com/item/S%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80

    2 R包的安装与使用方法

    (1)查看已安装的包。

    首先,如果照1方法安装完成之后打开软件。在R console中输入library()就能查看当前已经安装的包。

    >library()
     1 图书馆‘F:/R/R-3.5.3/library’里有个程辑包:
     2 
     3 abind                                                                 Combine Multidimensional Arrays
     4 assertthat                                                            Easy Pre and Post Assertions
     5 base                                                                  The R Base Package
     6 BH                                                                    Boost C++ Header Files
     7 boot                                                                  Bootstrap Functions (Originally by Angelo Canty for S)
     8 car                                                                   Companion to Applied Regression
     9 carData                                                               Companion to Applied Regression Data Sets
    10 cellranger                                                            Translate Spreadsheet Cell Ranges to Rows and Columns
    11 class                                                                 Functions for Classification
    12 cli                                                                   Helpers for Developing Command Line Interfaces
    13 clipr                                                                 Read and Write from the System Clipboard
    14 cluster                                                               "Finding Groups in Data": Cluster Analysis Extended Rousseeuw et al.
    15 codetools                                                             Code Analysis Tools for R
    16 compiler                                                              The R Compiler Package
    17 crayon                                                                Colored Terminal Output
    18 curl                                                                  A Modern and Flexible Web Client for R
    19 data.table                                                            Extension of `data.frame`
    20 datasets                                                              The R Datasets Package
    21 ellipsis                                                              Tools for Working with ...
    22 fansi                                                                 ANSI Control Sequence Aware String Functions
    23 forcats                                                               Tools for Working with Categorical Variables (Factors)
    24 foreign                                                               Read Data Stored by 'Minitab', 'S', 'SAS', 'SPSS', 'Stata', 'Systat', 'Weka', 'dBase', ...
    25 graphics                                                              The R Graphics Package
    26 grDevices                                                             The R Graphics Devices and Support for Colours and Fonts
    27 grid                                                                  The Grid Graphics Package
    28 haven                                                                 Import and Export 'SPSS', 'Stata' and 'SAS' Files
    29 hms                                                                   Pretty Time of Day
    30 KernSmooth                                                            Functions for Kernel Smoothing Supporting Wand & Jones (1995)
    31 lattice                                                               Trellis Graphics for R
    32 lme4                                                                  Linear Mixed-Effects Models using 'Eigen' and S4
    33 magrittr                                                              A Forward-Pipe Operator for R
    34 maptools                                                              Tools for Handling Spatial Objects
    35 MASS                                                                  Support Functions and Datasets for Venables and Ripley's MASS
    36 Matrix                                                                Sparse and Dense Matrix Classes and Methods
    37 MatrixModels                                                          Modelling with Sparse And Dense Matrices
    38 methods                                                               Formal Methods and Classes
    39 mgcv                                                                  Mixed GAM Computation Vehicle with Automatic Smoothness Estimation
    40 minqa                                                                 Derivative-free optimization algorithms by quadratic approximation
    41 nlme                                                                  Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models
    42 nloptr                                                                R Interface to NLopt
    43 nnet                                                                  Feed-Forward Neural Networks and Multinomial Log-Linear Models
    44 openxlsx                                                              Read, Write and Edit XLSX Files
    45 parallel                                                              Support for Parallel computation in R
    46 pbkrtest                                                              Parametric Bootstrap and Kenward Roger Based Methods for Mixed Model Comparison
    47 pillar                                                                Coloured Formatting for Columns
    48 pkgconfig                                                             Private Configuration for 'R' Packages
    49 prettyunits                                                           Pretty, Human Readable Formatting of Quantities
    50 progress                                                              Terminal Progress Bars
    51 quantreg                                                              Quantile Regression
    52 R6                                                                    Encapsulated Classes with Reference Semantics
    53 Rcpp                                                                  Seamless R and C++ Integration
    54 RcppEigen                                                             'Rcpp' Integration for the 'Eigen' Templated Linear Algebra Library
    55 readr                                                                 Read Rectangular Text Data
    56 readxl                                                                Read Excel Files
    57 rematch                                                               Match Regular Expressions with a Nicer 'API'
    58 rio                                                                   A Swiss-Army Knife for Data I/O
    59 rlang                                                                 Functions for Base Types and Core R and 'Tidyverse' Features
    60 rpart                                                                 Recursive Partitioning and Regression Trees
    61 sp                                                                    Classes and Methods for Spatial Data
    62 SparseM                                                               Sparse Linear Algebra
    63 spatial                                                               Functions for Kriging and Point Pattern Analysis
    64 splines                                                               Regression Spline Functions and Classes
    65 stats                                                                 The R Stats Package
    66 stats4                                                                Statistical Functions using S4 Classes
    67 survival                                                              Survival Analysis
    68 tcltk                                                                 Tcl/Tk Interface
    69 tibble                                                                Simple Data Frames
    70 tools                                                                 Tools for Package Development
    71 translations                                                          The R Translations Package
    72 utf8                                                                  Unicode Text Processing
    73 utils                                                                 The R Utils Package
    74 zip                                                                   Cross-Platform 'zip' Compression
    View Code

    (2)查看当前是否安装过包

    >help(package="car")        #car就是具体的某个包的名称

    如果已经安装过,会自动跳转本机的12569端口查看网页版的详细介绍。如果没有那就装吧~

    (3)安装包

    安装包的时候会提示选择镜像源,选中国的就行,剩下的就看网络给不给力了~

    install.packages("car")

    (4)更新包

    update.packages()    #不生命的话就默认更新全部

    3 结果的重用

    >head(mtcars)                                      #mtcars是一个数据集  
    >lm(mpg~wt, data=mtcars                     #lm是线性拟合的命令
    >Result = lm(mpg~wt, data=mtcars)
    >summary(Result)
    >plot(Result)
    >predict(Result, mynewdata)                   #mynewdata是自己要预测的值

    有很多东西看不懂没事,后面还会有详细说明。~~

     4 R处理大数据集

    (1)R有专门用于大数据分析的包。如biglm()能以内存高效的方式实现大型数据的线性模型拟合。

    (2)R与大数据平台的结合。如Rhadoop、RHive、RHipe。

    R的数据集通常是由数据构成的一个矩形数组,行表示记录,列表示属性(字段)。形式可以使Excel、txt、SAS、Mysql

    对数据库有兴趣的话可以看看:2019最受欢迎的数据库是?     https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/9fhPicVCjMpfMmjbhZUoFA

    5 R的数据结构

    话不多说,还是通过代码比较容易理解。。

    (1)向量

    向量中的元素可以是数字型、字符型、也可以是布尔型。但是当数组型和字符型混一起时,有没有什么说法自己动手试试吧!!

    >a <- c(1,3,5,7,2,-4)
    >b <- c("one","two","three")
    >c <- c(TRUE,TRUE,FALSE)
    >d <- c(1,3,5,"ONE")

    此外,关于切片其实跟python有点类似

    >d[c(1,3,4)]
    >d[3]
    >d[1:3]

    (2)矩阵  matrix

    >?matrix
    >y <- matrix(5:24, nrow=4, ncol=5)
    >x <- c(2,45,68,94)
    >rnames <- c("R1","R2")
    >cnames <- c("C1","C2")
    >newMatrix <- matrix(x, nrow=2, ncol=2, byrow=TRUE, dimnames=list(rnames,cnames))
    >>newMatrix <- matrix(x, nrow=2, ncol=2,dimnames=list(rnames,cnames))        #默认按列填充
    >x[3,]
    >x[2,3]
    >x[,4]

    (3)数组  array

    >?array
    >dim1 <- c("A1","A2", "A3")
    >dim2 <- c("B1", "B2")
    >dim3 <- c("C1","C2", "C3")
    >d <- array(1:24, c(3,2,4), dimnames=list(dim1,dim2,dim3))
    >d[1,2,3]
     1 #输出结果
     2 > d
     3 , , C1
     4 
     5    B1 B2
     6 A1  1  4
     7 A2  2  5
     8 A3  3  6
     9 
    10 , , C2
    11 
    12    B1 B2
    13 A1  7 10
    14 A2  8 11
    15 A3  9 12
    16 
    17 , , C3
    18 
    19    B1 B2
    20 A1 13 16
    21 A2 14 17
    22 A3 15 18
    23 
    24 , , C4
    25 
    26    B1 B2
    27 A1 19 22
    28 A2 20 23
    29 A3 21 24
    30 
    31 > d[1,2,3]
    32 [1] 16
    View Code

    (4)数据框  data.frame()

    >patientID <- c(1,2,3,4)
    >age <- c(25,34,28,52)
    >diabetes <- c("Type1", "Type2", "Type3", "Type2")
    >status <- c("poor", "Improved, "Excllent", "poor")
    >patientData <- data.frame(patientID, age, diabetes, status)
    > patientData
      patientID age diabetes   status
    1         1  25    Type1     poor
    2         2  34    Type2 Improved
    3         3  28    Type3 Excllent
    4         4  52    Type2     poor
    >patientData[1:2]
    >patientData[c("diabetes","status")]
    >patientData$age  
    #虽然age直接输入age也能调出,但是这是因为前面创建数据帧的时候包含age。如果没有呢?
    #下面举个例子
    >head(mtcars)
    >mtcars$mpg
    >mpg
    #为什么会报错呢,这个时候是因为mpg并没有关联到R中。这个时候可以用attach这个命令进行关联,解除用detach
    >attach(mtcars)
    >mpg
    >detach(mtcars)
    >mpg
    #因子
    > diabetes <- factor(diabetes)
    > diabetes
    [1] Type1 Type2 Type3 Type2
    Levels: Type1 Type2 Type3

    (5)列表  list

    > g <- "My first list"
    > h <- c(12,23,34)
    > j <- c("one","two","there")
    > k <- matrix(1:10, nrow=2)
    > mylist <- list(g,h,j,k
    > mylist
    [[1]]
    [1] "My first list"
    
    [[2]]
    [1] 12 23 34
    
    [[3]]
    [1] "one"   "two"   "there"
    
    [[4]]
         [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
    [1,]    1    3    5    7    9
    [2,]    2    4    6    8   10

    但是,列表的切片方式略有不同。双中括号!!!

    >mylist[[2]]

    6 实例演练

    >age <- c(1,3,5,2,11,9,3,9,12,3)
    >weight <- c(4.4, 5.3, 7.2, 5.2, 8.5, 7.3, 6.0, 10.4, 10.2, 6.1)
    >mean(weight)        #求均值
    >sd(weight)            #求方差
    >cor(age, weight)    #求相关性
    >plot(age,weight)

    7 推荐

    推荐1: 数据分析从零开始实战 | 基础篇  https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/4ESKjlF4B63IveiIlfCdDA

    推荐2:给入行数据分析的8个建议    https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/FYQ192iwstn2J2QejDvNhA

    我是尾巴~

    数据分析必将大有所为!!!

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zhangkanghui/p/10687195.html
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