zoukankan      html  css  js  c++  java
  • 我的Python成长之路---第三天---Python基础(10)---2016年1月16日(雾霾)

    二、collections

        collections是对Python现有的数据类型的补充,在使用collections中的对象要先导入import collections模块

        1、Counter——计数器

        1.1 Counter说明及定义

        计数器是对字典的补充,继承自字典对象,也就是说除了具有字典的所有方法外,还有很多扩展的功能

        定义Counter对象

        Counter接受一个序列对象如列表、元祖、字符串等,返回成员出现的以成员为key出现次数value的字典(按照出现的次数的倒序排列)

    >>> c = collections.Counter("adfawreqewradfa")
    >>> c
    Counter({'a': 4, 'd': 2, 'e': 2, 'r': 2, 'w': 2, 'f': 2, 'q': 1})
    >>> c2 = collections.Counter(['zhang', 'tom', 'peter', 'zhang'])
    >>> c2
    Counter({'zhang': 2, 'peter': 1, 'tom': 1})

        1.2 Couter常用方法

        1)most_common——返回前几个的元素和对应出现的次数(按照出现次数的倒序排列)

        代码:

     1 def most_common(self, n=None):
     2         '''List the n most common elements and their counts from the most
     3         common to the least.  If n is None, then list all element counts.
     4 
     5         >>> Counter('abcdeabcdabcaba').most_common(3)
     6         [('a', 5), ('b', 4), ('c', 3)]
     7 
     8         '''
     9         # Emulate Bag.sortedByCount from Smalltalk
    10         if n is None:
    11             return sorted(self.items(), key=_itemgetter(1), reverse=True)
    12         return _heapq.nlargest(n, self.items(), key=_itemgetter(1))
    View Code

        示例:

    Counter({'a': 4, 'd': 2, 'e': 2, 'r': 2, 'w': 2, 'f': 2, 'q': 1})
    >>> c.most_common(3)
    [('a', 4), ('d', 2), ('e', 2)]
    >>> c.most_common(2)
    [('a', 4), ('d', 2)]

        2)elements——返回所有元素,迭代器对象

        代码:

     1 def elements(self):
     2         '''Iterator over elements repeating each as many times as its count.
     3 
     4         >>> c = Counter('ABCABC')
     5         >>> sorted(c.elements())
     6         ['A', 'A', 'B', 'B', 'C', 'C']
     7 
     8         # Knuth's example for prime factors of 1836:  2**2 * 3**3 * 17**1
     9         >>> prime_factors = Counter({2: 2, 3: 3, 17: 1})
    10         >>> product = 1
    11         >>> for factor in prime_factors.elements():     # loop over factors
    12         ...     product *= factor                       # and multiply them
    13         >>> product
    14         1836
    15 
    16         Note, if an element's count has been set to zero or is a negative
    17         number, elements() will ignore it.
    18 
    19         '''
    20         # Emulate Bag.do from Smalltalk and Multiset.begin from C++.
    21         return _chain.from_iterable(_starmap(_repeat, self.items()))
    22 
    23     # Override dict methods where necessary
    View Code

        示例:

    >>> c = collections.Counter("adfawreqewradfa")
    >>> c
    Counter({'a': 4, 'd': 2, 'e': 2, 'r': 2, 'w': 2, 'f': 2, 'q': 1})
    >>> c.elements()
    <itertools.chain object at 0x7f63c8b0beb8>
    >>> list(c.elements())
    ['d', 'd', 'q', 'e', 'e', 'r', 'r', 'w', 'w', 'f', 'f', 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a']

        注意:返回的是一个迭代器对象,可以通过内置方法将其转化为列表对象,也可以字节通过for in进行遍历

        3)update——添加一个新的成员,如果存在计数器的值进行累加,如果不存在将新建一个成员

        代码:

     1 def update(*args, **kwds):
     2         '''
     3         类似字典的update方法,添加一个成员的同时计数器会进行累加
     4         Like dict.update() but add counts instead of replacing them.
     5 
     6         Source can be an iterable, a dictionary, or another Counter instance.
     7 
     8         >>> c = Counter('which')
     9         >>> c.update('witch')           # add elements from another iterable
    10         >>> d = Counter('watch')
    11         >>> c.update(d)                 # add elements from another counter
    12         >>> c['h']                      # four 'h' in which, witch, and watch
    13         4
    14 
    15         '''
    16         # The regular dict.update() operation makes no sense here because the
    17         # replace behavior results in the some of original untouched counts
    18         # being mixed-in with all of the other counts for a mismash that
    19         # doesn't have a straight-forward interpretation in most counting
    20         # contexts.  Instead, we implement straight-addition.  Both the inputs
    21         # and outputs are allowed to contain zero and negative counts.
    22 
    23         if not args:
    24             raise TypeError("descriptor 'update' of 'Counter' object "
    25                             "needs an argument")
    26         self, *args = args
    27         if len(args) > 1:
    28             raise TypeError('expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' % len(args))
    29         iterable = args[0] if args else None
    30         if iterable is not None:
    31             if isinstance(iterable, Mapping):
    32                 if self:
    33                     self_get = self.get
    34                     for elem, count in iterable.items():
    35                         self[elem] = count + self_get(elem, 0)
    36                 else:
    37                     super(Counter, self).update(iterable) # fast path when counter is empty
    38             else:
    39                 _count_elements(self, iterable)
    40         if kwds:
    41             self.update(kwds)
    View Code

        示例:

    >>> c = collections.Counter(['zhang', 'peter', 'tom', 'zhang'])
    >>> c
    Counter({'zhang': 2, 'peter': 1, 'tom': 1})
    >>> c.update('peter')
    >>> c 
    Counter({'zhang': 2, 'e': 2, 'peter': 1, 't': 1, 'r': 1, 'tom': 1, 'p': 1}) # 注意参数是一个序列对象,如果传的是一个字符串,字符串的每一个字符都会被当成一个元素
    >>> c = collections.Counter(['zhang', 'peter', 'tom', 'zhang'])
    >>> c.update(['zhang'])
    >>> c
    Counter({'zhang': 3, 'peter': 1, 'tom': 1})

        4)subtract——减去一个成员,计数器减1

        代码:

     1 def subtract(*args, **kwds):
     2         '''Like dict.update() but subtracts counts instead of replacing them.
     3         Counts can be reduced below zero.  Both the inputs and outputs are
     4         allowed to contain zero and negative counts.
     5 
     6         Source can be an iterable, a dictionary, or another Counter instance.
     7 
     8         >>> c = Counter('which')
     9         >>> c.subtract('witch')             # subtract elements from another iterable
    10         >>> c.subtract(Counter('watch'))    # subtract elements from another counter
    11         >>> c['h']                          # 2 in which, minus 1 in witch, minus 1 in watch
    12         0
    13         >>> c['w']                          # 1 in which, minus 1 in witch, minus 1 in watch
    14         -1
    15 
    16         '''
    17         if not args:
    18             raise TypeError("descriptor 'subtract' of 'Counter' object "
    19                             "needs an argument")
    20         self, *args = args
    21         if len(args) > 1:
    22             raise TypeError('expected at most 1 arguments, got %d' % len(args))
    23         iterable = args[0] if args else None
    24         if iterable is not None:
    25             self_get = self.get
    26             if isinstance(iterable, Mapping):
    27                 for elem, count in iterable.items():
    28                     self[elem] = self_get(elem, 0) - count
    29             else:
    30                 for elem in iterable:
    31                     self[elem] = self_get(elem, 0) - 1
    32         if kwds:
    33             self.subtract(kwds)
    View Code

        示例:

    >>> c = collections.Counter(['zhang', 'peter', 'tom', 'zhang'])
    >>> c
    Counter({'zhang': 2, 'peter': 1, 'tom': 1})
    >>> c.subtract(['zhang'])
    >>> c
    Counter({'peter': 1, 'tom': 1, 'zhang': 1})
    >>> c.subtract(['zhang'])
    >>> c.subtract(['zhang'])
    >>> c
    Counter({'peter': 1, 'tom': 1, 'zhang': -1})

        注意:如果成员已经不存在了或者说为0了,计数器会继续递减,也就是说计数器有0和负数的概念的,但是使用elements显示的时候却没有该成员,如果计时器是0或者负数能说明这个成员出现过而已,另外如果为负数的时候,添加成员,成员不会真的添加到elements显示的成员中,直到计数器大于0为止

    >>> list(c.elements())
    ['peter', 'tom']
    >>> c.update(['zhang'])
    >>> list(c.elements()) 
    ['peter', 'tom']
    >>> c
    Counter({'peter': 1, 'tom': 1, 'zhang': 0})

        2、OrderedDict——有序字典

        2.1 有序字典说明及定义

        我们知道字典的是无顺序的,orderedDict就是对字典的扩展,使其有序,并且根据添加顺序进行排序

    >>> oc = collections.OrderedDict()

        当然我们也可以通过一个现有的字典进行初始化一个有序字典

    >>> old_dic = {'a':1, 'b':2, 'c':3}            
    >>> new_dic = collections.OrderedDict(old_dic)>>> new_dic
    OrderedDict([('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('a', 1)])

         说明:由于old_dic是无序的,所以初始化的OrderedDict顺序并不是我们看到的定义old_dic时候的顺序,只是后面再添加成员的时候顺序是有保障的

    >>> new_dic['d'] = 4
    >>> new_dic['e'] = 5
    >>> new_dic
    OrderedDict([('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('a', 1), ('d', 4), ('e', 5)])

        2.2 常用方法

        1)clear——清空字典

         代码:

    1 def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    2         """ 
    3         清空字典
    4         od.clear() -> None.  Remove all items from od. """
    5         pass

        示例:

    >>> dic = collections.OrderedDict({'a':1, 'b':2, 'c':3})                      
    >>> dic
    OrderedDict([('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('a', 1)])
    >>> dic.clear()
    >>> dic
    OrderedDict()

        2)keys——返回所有key组成的迭代对象

        代码:

    1 def keys(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    2         pass

         示例:

    >>> dic = collections.OrderedDict({'a':1, 'b':2, 'c':3}) 
    >>> dic.keys()
    KeysView(OrderedDict([('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('a', 1)]))

        注意:返回的一个可迭代的对象,同样可以使用for in方法进行循环遍历,与原生字典不同的是有序字典返回的keys也是有序的

        3)values——返回所有value组成的迭代对象

         代码:

    1 def values(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    2         pass

         示例:

    >>> dic = collections.OrderedDict({'a':1, 'b':2, 'c':3}) 
    >>> dic.values()
    ValuesView(OrderedDict([('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('a', 1)]))

        说明:同样是有序的

        4)items——返回key和value组成的迭代对象

        代码:

    1 def items(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    2         pass

        示例:

    >>> dic.items()
    ItemsView(OrderedDict([('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('a', 1)]))

        5)pop——删除指定key的元素

        代码:

     1 def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
     2         """
     3         删除指定key的元素,并返回key所对应的值
     4         k:要删除的元素的key
     5         d:如果key不存在返回的默认值
     6         od.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding
     7                 value.  If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError
     8                 is raised.
     9         """
    10         pass

        示例:

    >>> dic = collections.OrderedDict({'a':1, 'b':2, 'c':3}) 
    >>> dic
    OrderedDict([('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('a', 1)])
    >>> dic.pop('b')
    2
    >>> dic
    OrderedDict([('c', 3), ('a', 1)])
    >>> dic.pop('d', 10)
    10

        6)popitem——删除末尾的元素

        代码:

    1 def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    2         """
    3         删除末尾的元素,并返回删除的元素的key和value
    4         od.popitem() -> (k, v), return and remove a (key, value) pair.
    5                 Pairs are returned in LIFO order if last is true or FIFO order if false.
    6         """
    7         pass

         示例:

    >>> dic = collections.OrderedDict({'a':1, 'b':2, 'c':3}) 
    >>> dic
    OrderedDict([('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('a', 1)])
    >>> dic.popitem()
    ('a', 1)

        说明:与原生字典不同的是,由于字典是有序的,所以删除不是随机的,而是删除排在最后的

        7)setdefault——设置默认值

        代码:

    1 def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    2         """ 
    3         设置某个键的默认值,使用get方法如果该键不存在返回的值
    4         od.setdefault(k[,d]) -> od.get(k,d), also set od[k]=d if k not in od """
    5         pass

        示例:同原生字典

        8)update——将另一个字典更新到当前字典

        代码

    1 def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    2         pass

        示例:同原生字典,不同的是有序和无序

        9)move_to_end——将一个存在的元素移动到字典的末尾

        代码:

    1 def move_to_end(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    2         """
    3         移动一个元素到字典的末尾,如果该元素不存在这回抛出KeyError异常
    4         Move an existing element to the end (or beginning if last==False).
    5         
    6                 Raises KeyError if the element does not exist.
    7                 When last=True, acts like a fast version of self[key]=self.pop(key).
    8         """
    9         pass

        示例:

    >>> dic = collections.OrderedDict({'a':1, 'b':2, 'c':3})
    >>> dic
    OrderedDict([('b', 2), ('c', 3), ('a', 1)])
    >>> dic.move_to_end('b')
    >>> dic
    OrderedDict([('c', 3), ('a', 1), ('b', 2)])

          3、defaultdict——默认字典

         defaultdict是对字典的扩展,它默认个给字典的值设置了一种默认的数据类型,其他的均与原生字典一样

    >>> ddic = collections.defaultdict(list) # 定义的时候需要指定默认的数据类型,这里指定的是列表类型
    >>> ddic['k1'].append('a') # 尽管当前key还没有值,但是它默认已经是列表类型的类型,所以直接可以是用列表的append方法
    >>> ddic
    defaultdict(<class 'list'>, {'k1': ['a']})

        4、namedtuple——可命名元祖

        可命名元祖是元祖的扩展,包含所有元祖的方法的同时可以给每个元祖的元素命名,访问的时候也不需要在通过索引进行访问,直接通过元素名即可访问

    >>> MytupleClass = collections.namedtuple('MytupleClass',['x', 'y', 'z'])
    >>> mytup = MytupleClass(11,22,33)
    >>> mytup.x
    11
    >>> mytup.y
    22
    >>> mytup.z
    33

        5、deque——双向队列

        deque是一个线程安全的双向队列,类似列表,不同的是,deque是线程安全,并且是双向的也就是两边都可以进出

        4.1 定义

    d = collections.deque()

        4.2 常用方法

        1)append——从右边追加一个元素到队列的末尾

        代码:

    1 def append(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    2         """
    3        从右边追加一个元素到队列的末尾
    4        Add an element to the right side of the deque. """
    5         pass

        示例:

    >>> d = collections.deque([1, 2, 3])
    >>> d
    deque([1, 2, 3])
    >>> d.append(4)
    >>> d
    deque([1, 2, 3, 4])

        2)appendleft——从左边追加一个元素到队列的末尾

        代码:

    1 def appendleft(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    2         """ 
    3        从左边追加一个元素到队列的末尾
    4        Add an element to the left side of the deque. """
    5         pass

        示例:

    >>> d = collections.deque([1, 2, 3])
    >>> d
    deque([1, 2, 3])
    >>> d.appendleft(4)
    >>> d
    deque([4, 1, 2, 3])

        3)clear——清空队列

        代码:

    1 def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    2         """ 
    3         清空队列
    4        Remove all elements from the deque. """
    5         pass

        示例:

    >>> d = collections.deque([1, 2, 3])
    >>> d
    deque([1, 2, 3])
    >>> d.clear()
    >>> d
    deque([])

        4)count——返回某个成员重复出现的次数

        代码:

    def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
            """
            返回某个元素出现的次数 
            D.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """
            return 0

         示例:

    >>> d = collections.deque([1, 2, 3, 2])
    >>> d.count(2)
    2

         5)extend——从队列右边扩展一个可迭代的对象

        代码:

    1 def extend(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    2         """ 
    3         从队列右边扩展一个可迭代的对象
    4         Extend the right side of the deque with elements from the iterable """
    5         pass

       示例:

    >>> d = collections.deque([1, 2, 3])
    >>> d
    deque([1, 2, 3])
    >>> d.extend([4, 5])
    >>> d
    deque([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

         6)extendleft——从队列左侧扩展一个可迭代的对象

        代码:

    1 def extendleft(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    2         """
    3         从队列左侧扩展一个可迭代对象
    4         Extend the left side of the deque with elements from the iterable """
    5         pass

        示例:

    >>> d = collections.deque([1, 2, 3])
    >>> d
    deque([1, 2, 3])
    >>> d.extendleft([4, 5])
    >>> d
    deque([5, 4, 1, 2, 3])

        7)index——查找并返回索引

        代码:

     1 def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
     2         """
     3         查找元素是否存在,如果不存在将会抛出ValueError异常,如果存在返回第一找到的索引位置
     4         value:要查找的元素
     5         start:查找的开始所以你能
     6         stop:查找的结束索引
     7         D.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value.
     8         Raises ValueError if the value is not present.
     9         """
    10         return 0

         说明:使用方法同列表,需要说明的是虽然是双向列表,但索引还是从左到右编码的

         8)insert——插入索引

         还没有实现

    >>> d = collections.deque([1, 2, 3])
    >>> d.insert(0, 4)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
    AttributeError: 'collections.deque' object has no attribute 'insert'

         9)pop——从队列右侧末尾删除一个元素,并返回该元素

        代码:

    1 def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    2         """ 
    3         从队列右侧删除一个元素,并返回该元素
    4         Remove and return the rightmost element. """
    5         pass

        示例:

    >>> d = collections.deque([1, 2, 3])
    >>> d.pop()
    3

        10)popleft——从队列左侧删除一个元素,并返回该元素

        代码:

    1 def popleft(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    2         """ 
    3         从队列的左侧删除一个元素,并返回该元素
    4         Remove and return the leftmost element. """
    5         pass

        示例:

    >>> d = collections.deque([1, 2, 3])
    >>> d.popleft() 
    1

        11)remove——删除一个元素

        代码:

    1 def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    2         """ 
    3         从队列左侧开始查找,并删除找到的第一个匹配的元素
    4         D.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value. """
    5         pass

        示例:

    >>> d = collections.deque([1, 2, 3, 2])
    >>> d
    deque([1, 2, 3, 2])
    >>> d.remove(2) 
    >>> d
    deque([1, 3, 2])

        12)reverse——翻转队列

        代码:

    1 def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__
    2         """ 
    3         翻转队列
    4         D.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """
    5         pass

        示例:

    >>> d = collections.deque([1, 2, 3])
    >>> d.reverse()
    >>> d
    deque([3, 2, 1])

        13)rotate——旋转队列

        双向队列的旋转可以理解为,双向队列的首位是相连的环,旋转就是元素移动了多少个位置,如下图所示,或者说从左边取出元素追加到右边,追加了多少次

        代码:

    1 def rotate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
    2         """ 
    3         队列旋转,默认移动1位
    4         Rotate the deque n steps to the right (default n=1).  If n is negative, rotates left. """
    5         pass

         示例:

    >>> d = collections.deque([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
    >>> d
    deque([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
    >>> d.rotate(2)
    >>> d
    deque([4, 5, 1, 2, 3])
  • 相关阅读:
    201671010135 2016--2017<java程序设计:学习总结>
    201671010135 2016--2017--《java程序设计:图形程序设计》
    201671010135 2016--2017--《java程序设计:第就章存在问题》
    201671010135 2016--2017--《java程序设计:泛型数组设计学习总结》
    201671010135 2016--2017--《java程序设计:第七章 异常,断言和日志》
    2016710101352016-2017-2 《JAVA程序设计》第八周学习总结
    201671010145 赵乾 学习统计
    201671010145 2016-2017 《JAVA程序设计》Java线程:线程的同步-同步方法
    201671010145 2016-2017《Java程序设计》Java中进程与线程的区别
    201671010145 2016-2017《Java程序设计》 如何进行JAVA项目打包部署?
  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zhangxiaxuan/p/5136912.html
Copyright © 2011-2022 走看看