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  • Python之路第十二天,高级(4)-Python操作rabbitMQ

    rabbitMQ

    RabbitMQ是一个在AMQP基础上完整的,可复用的企业消息系统。他遵循Mozilla Public License开源协议。
    MQ全称为Message Queue, 消息队列(MQ)是一种应用程序对应用程序的通信方法。应用程序通过读写出入队列的消息(针对应用程序的数据)来通信,而无需专用连接来链接它们。消 息传递指的是程序之间通过在消息中发送数据进行通信,而不是通过直接调用彼此来通信,直接调用通常是用于诸如远程过程调用的技术。排队指的是应用程序通过 队列来通信。队列的使用除去了接收和发送应用程序同时执行的要求。

    RabbitMQ安装

    CentOS:
    1.安装epel源,其实就是一个yum配置文件,可以到/etc/yum.repo.d/里查看
    [root@localhost ~]# yum -y install epel-release
    2.安装erlang
    [root@localhost ~]# yum -y install erlang
    3.安装RabbitMQ
    [root@localhost]# yum -y install rabbitmq-server
    4.启动/停止
    [root@localhost ~]# service rabbitmq-server start/stop
    

    PYTHON API 安装

    pip3 install pika
    
    

    PYTHON 操作 rabbitMQ:

    对于RabbitMQ来说,生产和消费不再针对内存里的一个Queue对象,而是某台服务器上的RabbitMQ Server实现的消息队列。

    最基本的生产者消费者:

    生产者代码:

    import pika
    
    
    # 连接rabbit服务器(localhost是本机,如果是其他服务器请修改为ip地址)
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost'))
    # 创建频道
    channel = connection.channel()
    # 创建一个队列名叫hello
    channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')
    # exchange -- 它使我们能够确切地指定消息应该到哪个队列去。
    # 向队列插入数值 routing_key是队列名 body是要插入的内容
    
    channel.basic_publish(exchange='',
                      routing_key='hello',
                      body='Hello World!')
    print("发送消息到队列里")
    #缓冲区已经flush而且消息已经确认发送到了RabbitMQ中,关闭链接
    connection.close()
    
    

    消费者代码:

    import pika
    
    
    # 连接接rabbit
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost'))
    # 创建频道
    channel = connection.channel()
    # 如果生产者没有运行创建队列,那么消费者也许就找不到队列了。为了避免这个问题
    # 所有消费者也创建这个队列,如果这个队列存在,这条语句就不起作用了
    channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')
    # 接收消息需要使用callback这个函数来接收,他会被pika库来调用
    def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
        print(" [x] Received %r" % body)
    # 从队列取数据 callback是回调函数 如果拿到数据 那么将执行callback函数
    channel.basic_consume(callback,
                          queue='hello',
                          no_ack=True)
    print(' [*] 等待信息. To exit press CTRL+C')
    # 永远循环等待数据处理和callback处理的数据
    channel.start_consuming()
    

    acknowledgment消息不丢失

    no-ack = False,如果消费者遇到情况(its channel is closed, connection is closed, or TCP connection is lost)挂掉了,那么,RabbitMQ会重新将该任务添加到队列中。

    生产者代码不变。

    消费者:

    import pika
    # 链接rabbit
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost'))
    # 创建频道
    channel = connection.channel()
    # 如果生产者没有运行创建队列,那么消费者创建队列
    channel.queue_declare(queue='hello')
    def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
        print(" [x] Received %r" % body)
        import time
        time.sleep(10)
        print 'ok'
        # 主要使用此代码 手动回复ACK
        ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag)
        
    channel.basic_consume(callback,
                          queue='hello',
                          no_ack=False)
    
    print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')
    channel.start_consuming()
    

    durable消息不丢失(持久化)

    生产者:

    import pika
    # 连接rabbit服务器
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost'))
    # 创建频道
    channel = connection.channel()
    # 创建队列,使用durable方法
    channel.queue_declare(queue='hello', durable=True)
                        #如果想让队列实现持久化那么加上durable=True
    channel.basic_publish(exchange='',
                      routing_key='hello',
                      body='Hello World!',
                      properties=pika.BasicProperties(
                          delivery_mode=2, 
                      # 标记我们的消息为持久化的 - 通过设置 delivery_mode 属性为 2
                      # 这样必须设置,让消息实现持久化
                      ))
    # 这个exchange参数就是这个exchange的名字. 空字符串标识默认的或者匿名的exchange:如果存在routing_key, 消息路由到routing_key指定的队列中。
    print(" [x] 开始队列'")
    connection.close()
    

    消费者:

    import pika
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost'))
    # 创建频道
    channel = connection.channel()
    # 创建队列,使用durable方法
    channel.queue_declare(queue='hello', durable=True)
    
    
    def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
        print(" [x] Received %r" % body)
        import time
        time.sleep(10)
        print 'ok'
        ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag)
    
        channel.basic_consume(callback,
                        queue='hello',
                        no_ack=False)
    
        print(' [*] 等待队列. To exit press CTRL+C')
        channel.start_consuming()
    

    消息获取顺序

    默认消息队列里的数据是按照顺序被消费者拿走,例如:消费者1 去队列中获取 奇数 序列的任务,消费者2去队列中获取 偶数 序列的任务。

    channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1) 表示谁来谁取,不再按照奇偶数排列。

    import pika
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost'))
    channel = connection.channel()
    channel.queue_declare(queue='hello'durable=True)  # 设置队列持久化 
    
    def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
        print(" [x] Received %r" % body)
        import time
        time.sleep(10)
        print 'ok'
        # 消息未处理完前不要发送信息的消息  
        ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag)
    # 表示谁来谁取,不再按照奇偶数排列
    channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)
    
    channel.basic_consume(callback,
                      queue='hello',
                      no_ack=False)
    
    print(' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C')
    channel.start_consuming()
    

    发布订阅

    发布订阅和简单的消息队列区别在于,发布订阅会将消息发送给所有的订阅者,而消息队列中的数据被消费一次便消失。所以,RabbitMQ实现发布和订阅时,会为每一个订阅者创建一个队列,而发布者发布消息时,会将消息放置在所有相关队列中。

    exchange type = fanout

    发布者:

    import pika
    import sys
    
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
            host='localhost'))
    channel = connection.channel()
    
    channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs',
                             type='fanout')
    
    message = ' '.join(sys.argv[1:]) or "info: Hello World!"
    channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs',
                          routing_key='',
                          body=message)
    print(" [x] Sent %r" % message)
    connection.close()
    

    订阅者:

    import pika
    
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
            host='localhost'))
    channel = connection.channel()
    
    channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs',
                             type='fanout')
    
    result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
    queue_name = result.method.queue
    
    channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs',
                       queue=queue_name)
    
    print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')
    
    def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
        print(" [x] %r" % body)
    
    channel.basic_consume(callback,
                          queue=queue_name,
                          no_ack=True)
    
    channel.start_consuming()
    

    关键字发送

    exchange type = direct

    之前事例,发送消息时明确指定某个队列并向其中发送消息,RabbitMQ还支持根据关键字发送,即:队列绑定关键字,发送者将数据根据关键字发送到消息exchange,exchange根据 关键字 判定应该将数据发送至指定队列。

    发送者:

    import pika
    import sys
    
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
            host='localhost'))
    channel = connection.channel()
    
    channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs',
                             type='direct')
    
    severity = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 'info'
    message = ' '.join(sys.argv[2:]) or 'Hello World!'
    channel.basic_publish(exchange='direct_logs',
                          routing_key=severity,
                          body=message)
    print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (severity, message))
    connection.close()
    

    订阅者:

    import pika
    import sys
    
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
            host='localhost'))
    channel = connection.channel()
    
    channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs',
                             type='direct')
    
    result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
    queue_name = result.method.queue
    
    severities = sys.argv[1:]
    if not severities:
        sys.stderr.write("Usage: %s [info] [warning] [error]
    " % sys.argv[0])
        sys.exit(1)
    
    for severity in severities:
        channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs',
                           queue=queue_name,
                           routing_key=severity)
    
    print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')
    
    def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
        print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body))
    
    channel.basic_consume(callback,
                          queue=queue_name,
                          no_ack=True)
    
    channel.start_consuming()
    

    模糊匹配

    exchange type = topic

    在topic类型下,可以让队列绑定几个模糊的关键字,之后发送者将数据发送到exchange,exchange将传入”路由值“和 ”关键字“进行匹配,匹配成功,则将数据发送到指定队列。

    • # 表示可以匹配0个或多个单词
    • * 表示只能匹配一个单词

    发送者路由值 队列中

    old.boy.python          old.*  -- 不匹配
    old.boy.python          old.#  -- 匹配
    

    发送者:

    import pika
    import sys
    
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
            host='localhost'))
    channel = connection.channel()
    
    channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs',
                             type='topic')
    
    routing_key = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 'anonymous.info'
    message = ' '.join(sys.argv[2:]) or 'Hello World!'
    channel.basic_publish(exchange='topic_logs',
                          routing_key=routing_key,
                          body=message)
    print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (routing_key, message))
    connection.close()
    

    订阅者:

    import pika
    import sys
    
    connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
            host='localhost'))
    channel = connection.channel()
    
    channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs',
                             type='topic')
    
    result = channel.queue_declare(exclusive=True)
    queue_name = result.method.queue
    
    binding_keys = sys.argv[1:]
    if not binding_keys:
        sys.stderr.write("Usage: %s [binding_key]...
    " % sys.argv[0])
        sys.exit(1)
    
    for binding_key in binding_keys:
        channel.queue_bind(exchange='topic_logs',
                           queue=queue_name,
                           routing_key=binding_key)
    
    print(' [*] Waiting for logs. To exit press CTRL+C')
    
    def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
        print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body))
    
    channel.basic_consume(callback,
                          queue=queue_name,
                          no_ack=True)
    
    channel.start_consuming()
    
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zhangxunan/p/5703437.html
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