John Forbes Nash, Jr. (June 13, 1928 – May 23, 2015) was an American mathematician whose works in game theory, differential geometry, and partial differential equations have provided insight into the factors that govern chance and events inside complex systems in daily life.
His theories are used in economics, computing,evolutionary biology, artificial intelligence, accounting, politics and military theory. Serving as a Senior Research Mathematician at PrincetonUniversity during the latter part of his life, he shared the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with game theorists Reinhard Selten and John Harsanyi. In 2015, he was awarded the Abel Prize (along with Louis Nirenberg) for his work on nonlinear partial differential equations.
In 1959, Nash began showing clear signs of mental illness, and spent several years at psychiatric hospitals being treated for paranoid schizophrenia. After 1970, his condition slowly improved, allowing him to return to academic work by the mid-1980s.[1] His struggles with his illness and his recovery became the basis for Sylvia Nasar's biography, A Beautiful Mind, as well as a film of the same name starring Russell Crowe.[2][3][4]
On May 23, 2015, Nash and his wife were killed in an automobile accident in New Jersey.[5]
Contents
1 Youth
1.1 Education
2 Major contributions
2.1 Game theory
2.2 Other mathematics
3 Personal life
4 Mental illness
5 Recognition and later career
6 Death
7 Representation in culture
8 Awards
9 See also
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 Documentaries and video interviews
13 External links
Youth
Nash was born on June 13, 1928, in Bluefield, West Virginia, United States. His father, also named John Forbes Nash, was an electrical engineer for the Appalachian Electric Power Company. His mother, born Margaret Virginia Martin and known as Virginia, had been a schoolteacher before she married. He was baptized in the Episcopal Church directly opposite the Martin house on Tazewell Street.[6] He had a younger sister, Martha, who was born on November 16, 1930.
Education
Nash attended kindergarten and public school. His parents and grandparents provided books and encyclopedias that he learned from. Nash's grandmother played piano at home, and Nash had positive memories of listening to her when he visited.[7] Nash's parents pursued opportunities to supplement their son's education, and arranged for him to take advanced mathematics courses at a local community college during his final year of high school. Nash attended the Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT; now CarnegieMellonUniversity) with a full scholarship, the George Westinghouse Scholarship, and initially majored in chemical engineering. He switched to chemistry, and eventually to mathematics. After graduating in 1948 with a B.S. degree and an M.S. degree, both in mathematics, he accepted a scholarship to PrincetonUniversity, where he pursued graduate studies in mathematics.[7]
Nash's adviser and former CIT professor Richard Duffin wrote a letter of recommendation for graduate school consisting of a single sentence: "This man is a genius."[8] Nash was accepted by Harvard University, but the chairman of the mathematics department of Princeton, Solomon Lefschetz, offered him the John S. Kennedy fellowship, which was enough to convince Nash that Princeton valued him more.[9] Nash also considered Princeton more favorably because of its location closer to his family in Bluefield.[7] He went to Princeton, where he worked on his equilibrium theory, later known as the Nash equilibrium.
Major contributions
Game theory
Nash earned a Ph.D. degree in 1950 with a 28-page dissertation on non-cooperative games.[10][11] The thesis, which was written under the supervision of doctoral advisor Albert W. Tucker, contained the definition and properties of the Nash equilibrium. A crucial concept in non-cooperative games, it won Nash the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1994.
Nash's major publications relating to this concept are in the following papers:
Nash, JF (1950). "Equilibrium Points in N-person Games". Proceedings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences 36 (36): 48–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.36.1.48. PMC 1063129.PMID 16588946. MR 0031701.
"The Bargaining Problem". Econometrica (18): 155–62. 1950. MR 0035977.
Nash, J. (1951). "Non-cooperative Games". Annals of Mathematics 54 (54): 286–95.doi:10.2307/1969529. JSTOR 1969529.
"Two-person Cooperative Games". Econometrica (21): 128–40. 1953.MR 0053471.
Other mathematics
Nash did groundbreaking work in the area of real algebraic geometry:
"Real algebraic manifolds". Annals of Mathematics (56): 405–21. 1952., MR 0050928. See "Proc. Internat. Congr. Math". AMS. 1952. pp. 516–17.
His work in mathematics includes the Nash embedding theorem, which shows that every abstract Riemannian manifold can be isometrically realized as a submanifold of Euclidean space. He also made significant contributions to the theory of nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations and to singularity theory.
In her book A Beautiful Mind, author Sylvia Nasar explains that Nash was working on proving Hilbert's nineteenth problem, a theorem involving elliptic partial differential equations when, in 1956, he suffered a severe disappointment. He learned that an Italian mathematician, Ennio de Giorgi, had published a proof just months before Nash achieved his proof. Each took different routes to get to their solutions. The two mathematicians met each other at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences of New York University during the summer of 1956. It has been speculated that if only one had solved the problem, he would have been given the Fields Medal for the proof.[7]
In 2011, the National Security Agency declassified letters written by Nash in the 1950s, in which he had proposed a new encryption–decryption machine.[12] The letters show that Nash had anticipated many concepts of modern cryptography, which are based on computational hardness.[13]
Personal life
In 1951, Nash was hired by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) as a C. L. E. Moore instructor in the mathematics faculty. About a year later, Nash began a relationship in Massachusetts with Eleanor Stier, a nurse he met while she cared for him as a patient. They had a son, John David Stier, but Nash left Stier when she told him of her pregnancy.[14] The film based on Nash's life, A Beautiful Mind, was criticized during the run-up to the 2002 Oscars for omitting this aspect of his life. He was said to have abandoned her based on her social status, which he thought to have been beneath his.[15]
In 1954, while in his 20s, Nash was arrested for indecent exposure in an entrapment of homosexuals in Santa Monica, California. Although the charges were dropped, he was stripped of his top-secret security clearance and fired from RAND Corporation, where he had spent a few summers as a consultant.[16]
Not long after breaking up with Stier, Nash met Alicia Lopez-Harrison de Lardé (born January 1, 1933), a naturalized U.S. citizen from El Salvador. De Lardé graduated from MIT, having majored in physics.[7] They married in February 1957; although Nash was an atheist, the ceremony was held at a Roman Catholic church.[17][18]
In 1958, Nash was given a tenured position at MIT, and his first signs of mental illness were evident in early 1959. At this time, his wife was pregnant with their first child. He resigned his position as a member of the MIT mathematics faculty in the spring of 1959[7] and his wife had him admitted to McLeanHospital for treatment of schizophreniathat same year. Their son, John Charles Martin Nash, was born soon afterward. The boy was not named for a year because his wife felt Nash should have a say in the name given to the boy. Due to the stress of dealing with his illness, Nash and de Lardé divorced in 1963. After his final hospital discharge in 1970, Nash lived in de Lardé's house as a boarder. This stability seemed to help him, and he learned how to consciously discard his paranoid delusions.[19] He stopped taking psychiatric medication and was allowed by Princeton to audit classes. He continued to work on mathematics and eventually he was allowed to teach again. In the 1990s, de Lardé and Nash resumed their relationship, remarrying in 2001.
Nash was a longtime resident of WestWindsorTownship, New Jersey.[20]
Mental illness
Nash in November 2006 at a game theory conference in Cologne, Germany
Nash's mental illness first began to evidently manifest in the form of paranoia; his wife later described his behavior as erratic. Nash seemed to believe that all men who wore red ties were part of acommunist conspiracy against him; Nash mailed letters to embassies in Washington, D.C., declaring that they were establishing a government.[1][21] Nash's psychological issues crossed into his professional life when he gave an American Mathematical Societylecture at Columbia University in 1959. Although ostensibly pertaining to a proof of the Riemann hypothesis, the lecture was incomprehensible. Colleagues in the audience immediately realized that something was wrong.[22]
He was admitted to the McLeanHospital, April–May 1959, where he was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. The clinical diagnosis is dominated by relatively stable, often paranoid, fixed beliefs that are either false, over-imaginative or unrealistic, usually accompanied by experiences of seemingly real perception of something not actually present – particularly auditory and perceptional disturbances, a lack of motivation for life, and mild clinical depression.[23]
In 1961, Nash was admitted to the New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton.[24] Over the next nine years, he spent periods in psychiatric hospitals, where, aside from receivingantipsychotic medications, he was administered insulin shock therapy.[23][25][26]
Although he sometimes took prescribed medication, Nash later wrote that he only ever did so under pressure. After 1970, he was never committed to a hospital again, and he refused any further medication. According to Nash, the film A Beautiful Mind inaccurately implied that he was taking the new atypical antipsychotics during this period. He attributed the depiction to the screenwriter (whose mother, he notes, was a psychiatrist), who was worried about the film encouraging people with the disorder to stop taking their medication.[27] Journalist Robert Whitaker wrote an article suggesting that recovery from problems like Nash's can be hindered by such drugs.[28]
Nash has said the psychotropic drugs are overrated and that the adverse effects are not given enough consideration once someone is deemed mentally ill.[29][30][31] According to Sylvia Nasar, author of the book A Beautiful Mind, on which the movie was based, Nash recovered gradually with the passage of time. Encouraged by his then former wife, de Lardé, Nash worked in a communitarian setting where his eccentricities were accepted. De Lardé said of Nash, "it's just a question of living a quiet life".[1]
Nash dates the start of what he terms "mental disturbances" to the early months of 1959 when his wife was pregnant. He has described a process of change "from scientific rationality of thinking into the delusional thinking characteristic of persons who are psychiatrically diagnosed as 'schizophrenic' or 'paranoid schizophrenic'"[32] including seeing himself as a messenger or having a special function in some way, and with supporters and opponents and hidden schemers, and a feeling of being persecuted, and looking for signs representing divine revelation.[33] Nash has suggested his delusional thinking was related to his unhappiness and his striving to feel important and be recognized, and to his characteristic way of thinking, saying, "I wouldn't have had good scientific ideas if I had thought more normally." He has also said, "If I felt completely pressureless I don't think I would have gone in this pattern".[34] He does not see a categorical distinction between terms such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.[35]Nash reports that he did not hear voices until around 1964, and later engaged in a process of consciously rejecting them.[36] He reports that he was always taken to hospitals against his will. He only temporarily renounced his "dream-like delusional hypotheses" after being in a hospital long enough to decide to superficially conform – to behave normally or to experience "enforced rationality". Only gradually on his own did he "intellectually reject" some of the "delusionally influenced" and "politically oriented" thinking as a waste of effort. However, by 1995, although he was "thinking rationally again in the style that is characteristic of scientists," he says he also felt more limited.[32][37]
Writing in 1994, Nash stated:
I spent times of the order of five to eight months in hospitals in New Jersey, always on an involuntary basis and always attempting a legal argument for release. And it did happen that when I had been long enough hospitalized that I would finally renounce my delusional hypotheses and revert to thinking of myself as a human of more conventional circumstances and return to mathematical research. In these interludes of, as it were, enforced rationality, I did succeed in doing some respectable mathematical research. Thus there came about the research for "Le problème de Cauchy pour les équations différentielles d'un fluide général"; the idea that Prof. Hironaka called "the Nash blowing-up transformation"; and those of "Arc Structure of Singularities" and "Analyticity of Solutions of Implicit Function Problems with Analytic Data".
But after my return to the dream-like delusional hypotheses in the later 60s I became a person of delusionally influenced thinking but of relatively moderate behavior and thus tended to avoid hospitalization and the direct attention of psychiatrists.
Thus further time passed. Then gradually I began to intellectually reject some of the delusionally influenced lines of thinking which had been characteristic of my orientation. This began, most recognizably, with the rejection of politically oriented thinking as essentially a hopeless waste of intellectual effort. So at the present time I seem to be thinking rationally again in the style that is characteristic of scientists.[7]
Recognition and later career
In 1978, Nash was awarded the John von Neumann Theory Prize for his discovery of non-cooperative equilibria, now called Nash equilibria. He won the Leroy P. Steele Prize in 1999.
In 1994, he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (along with John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten) as a result of his game theory work as a Princeton graduate student. In the late 1980s, Nash had begun to use email to gradually link with working mathematicians who realized that he was the John Nash and that his new work had value. They formed part of the nucleus of a group that contacted the Bank of Sweden's Nobel award committee and were able to vouch for Nash's mental health ability to receive the award in recognition of his early work.[citation needed]
As of 2011 Nash's recent work involved ventures in advanced game theory, including partial agency, which show that, as in his early career, he preferred to select his own path and problems. Between 1945 and 1996, he published 23 scientific studies.
Nash has suggested hypotheses on mental illness. He has compared not thinking in an acceptable manner, or being "insane" and not fitting into a usual social function, to being "on strike" from an economic point of view. He has advanced views in evolutionary psychology about the value of human diversity and the potential benefits of apparently nonstandard behaviors or roles.[38]
Nash has developed work on the role of money in society. Within the framing theorem that people can be so controlled and motivated by money that they may not be able to reason rationally about it, he has criticized interest groups that promote quasi-doctrines based on Keynesian economics that permit manipulative short-term inflation and debt tactics that ultimately undermine currencies. He has suggested a global "industrial consumptionprice index" system that would support the development of more "ideal money" that people could trust rather than more unstable "bad money". He notes that some of his thinking parallels economist and political philosopher Friedrich Hayek's thinking regarding money and a nontypical viewpoint of the function of the authorities.[39][40]
Nash received an honorary degree, Doctor of Science and Technology, from CarnegieMellonUniversity in 1999, an honorary degree in economics from the University of Naples Federico II on March 19, 2003,[41] an honorary doctorate in economics from the University of Antwerp in April 2007, and was keynote speaker at a conference on game theory. He has also been a prolific guest speaker at a number of world-class events, such as the Warwick Economics Summit in 2005 held at the University of Warwick. In 2012 he was elected as a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.[42] On May 19, 2015, he and Louis Nirenberg were presented with the 2015 Abel Prize by King Harald V of Norway at a ceremony in Oslo.[43]
Death
On May 23, 2015, Nash and his wife Alicia de Lardé Nash were killed in an automobile accident on the New Jersey Turnpike near Monroe Township, on their way home after a visit to Norway where Nash had received the Abel Prize.[44][45] The driver who carried them fromNewark Airport lost control over his taxi as he tried to overtake another vehicle and struck a guard rail; the couple were thrown out of the car.[46][47][48][49] A police spokesman declined to comment on media reports that they were not wearing seat belts.[50]
Russell Crowe, who played Nash in the film version of A Beautiful Mind, took to Twitterto pay tribute.[51]
Representation in culture
At Princeton, campus legend Nash became known as "The Phantom of Fine Hall"[52](Princeton's mathematics center), a shadowy figure who would scribble arcane equations on blackboards in the middle of the night. He is referred to in a novel set at Princeton,The Mind-Body Problem, 1983, by Rebecca Goldstein.[53]
Sylvia Nasar's biography of Nash, A Beautiful Mind, was published in 1998. A film by the same name was released in 2001, directed by Ron Howard with Russell Crowe playing Nash.
Awards
1994 – Nobel Memorial Prize for Economics
2010 – Double Helix Medal[54]
2015 – Abel Prize[55]
See also
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List of Nobel laureates
References
^ a b c Nasar, Sylvia (November 13, 1994). "The Lost Years of a Nobel Laureate". The New York Times. mirror1 mirror2
^ "Oscar race scrutinizes movies based on true stories". USA Today. March 6, 2002. Retrieved January 22, 2008.
^ "List of Oscar Winners". USA Today. March 25, 2002. Retrieved August 30, 2008.
^ Yuhas, Daisy. "Throughout History, Defining Schizophrenia Has Remained A Challenge (Timeline)". Scientific American Mind. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
^ Goode, Erica (May 24, 2015). "John F. Nash Jr., Math Genius Defined by a 'Beautiful Mind,' Dies at 86". The New York Times. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
^ Nasar, Sylvia (1998). "Chapter One". A Beautiful Mind. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-81906-6. Archived from the original on December 5, 2000. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
^ a b c d e f g "John F. Nash, Jr. – Autobiography". Nobel Foundation. 1994. RetrievedFebruary 5, 2011.
^ Kuhn W, Harold and Nasar, Sylvia (ed.). "The Essential John Nash" (PDF). PrincetonUniversity Press. pp. Introduction, xi. Retrieved April 17, 2008.
^ Nasar (2011), pp. 46–7.
^ Nash, John F. (May 1950). "Non-Cooperative Games" (PDF). PhD thesis. PrincetonUniversity. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
^ Osborne, MJ (2004). An Introduction to Game Theory. Oxford, ENG: OxfordUniversity Press. p. 23. ISBN 0195128958.
^ "2012 Press Release – National Cryptologic Museum Opens New Exhibit on Dr. John Nash". National Security Agency. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
^ "John Nash's Letter to the NSA ; Turing's Invisible Hand". Retrieved February 25,2012.
^ Goldstein, Scott (April 10, 2005) Eleanor Stier, 84; Brookline nurse had son with Nobel laureate mathematician John F. Nash Jr., Boston.com News.
^ Sutherland, John (March 18, 2002) "Beautiful mind, lousy character", The Guardian, March 18, 2002.
^ Nasar, Sylvia (March 25, 2002). "The sum of a man". The Guardian. Retrieved July 9,2012. Contrary to widespread references to Nash's "numerous homosexual liaisons", he was not gay. While he had several emotionally intense relationships with other men when he was in his early 20s, I never interviewed anyone who claimed, much less provided evidence, that Nash ever had sex with another man. Nash was arrested in a police trap in a public lavatory in Santa Monica in 1954, at the height of the McCarthy hysteria. The military think-tank where he was a consultant, stripped him of his top-secret security clearance and fired him ... The charge - indecent exposure - was dropped.
^ Nasar (2011), Chapter 17: Bad Boys, p. 143: "In this circle, Nash learned to make a virtue of necessity, styling himself self-consciously as a "free thinker." He announced that he was an atheist."
^ Nasar (2011), p. 212: "Nash, by then an atheist, balked at a Catholic ceremony. He would have been happy to get married in city hall."
^ David Goodstein, 'Mathematics to Madness, and Back', The New York Times, June 11, 1998
^ "John Forbes Nash May Lose N.J. Home". Associated Press. March 14, 2002. RetrievedFebruary 22, 2011 – via HighBeam Research. West Windsor, N.J.: John Forbes Nash, Jr., whose life is chronicled in the Oscar-nominated movie A Beautiful Mind, could lose his home if the township picks one of its proposals to replace a nearby bridge.
^ Nasar (2011), p. 251.
^ Sabbagh, Karl (2003). Dr. Riemann's Zeros. London: Atlantic Books. pp. 87–88. ISBN 1-84354-100-9.
^ a b Nasar (2011), p. 32.
^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "John Forbes Nash, Jr.", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
^ Ebert, Roger (2002). Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2003. Andrews McMeel Publishing.ISBN 978-0-7407-2691-0. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
^ Beam, Alex (2001). Gracefully Insane: The Rise and Fall of America's PremierMental Hospital. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-161-2. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
^ Greihsel, Marika (September 1, 2004) Interview with John Nash. Nobel Foundation.
^ Whitaker, R. (March 4, 2002) "Mind drugs may hinder recovery". USA Today.
^ Nash, John "PBS Interview: Medication". 2002.
^ Nash, John "PBS Interview: Paths to Recovery". 2002.
^ Nash, John "PBS Interview: How does Recovery Happen?" 2002.
^ a b Nash, John (1995) "Autobiography" from Les Prix Nobel. The Nobel Prizes 1994, Editor Tore Frängsmyr, [Nobel Foundation], Stockholm, 1952,
^ Nash, John "PBS Interview: Delusional Thinking". 2002.
^ Nash, John "PBS Interview: The Downward Spiral" 2002.
^ Nash, John (April 10, 2005) "Glimpsing inside a beautiful mind". Interview by Shane Hegarty. Schizophrenia.com.
^ Nash, John "PBS Interview: Hearing voices". 2002.
^ Nash, John "John Nash: My experience with mental illness". PBS Interview,2002.
^ Neubauer, David (June 1, 2007). "John Nash and a Beautiful Mind on Strike". Yahoo! Health. Archived from the original on April 21, 2008.
^ Nash, John (2002). "Ideal Money". Southern Economic Journal 69 (1): 4–11.doi:10.2307/1061553. JSTOR 1061553.
^ Zuckerman, Julia (April 27, 2005) "Nobel winner Nash critiques economic theory". The Brown Daily Herald.
^ Capua, Patrizia (March 19, 2003). "Napoli, laurea a Nash il 'genio dei numeri'" (in Italian). la Repubblica.it.
^ List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society, retrieved February 24, 2013.
^ "Nash and Nirenberg received the Abel Prize from the King of Norway". The NorwegianAcademy of Science and Letters. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
^ John Nash, 86, dies in car accident - NY Daily News
^ Joel Landau (May 24, 2015). "John Nash, 86, inspiration for the film 'A Beautiful Mind,' and wife die in car accident on New Jersey Turnpike: police". New York Post.
^ Ma, Myles (May 23, 2015). "Famed 'A Beautiful Mind' mathematician John Nash, wife killed in taxi crash, police say". NJ.com. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
^ "'A Beautiful Mind' mathematician John Nash, wife killed in crash". USA News. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
^ "'Beautiful Mind' mathematician John Nash killed in crash". BBC News. RetrievedMay 24, 2015.
^ "Princeton mathematician John Nash and his wife, Alicia, are killed in a car accident". QUARTZ. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
^ "John Nash, mathematician who inspired 'A Beautiful Mind,' killed in car crash".Reuters.com. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
^ "Russell Crowe 'stunned' at death of John Nash - ITV News". itv.com. Retrieved May 24,2015.
^ Kwon, Ha Kyung (December 10, 2010). "Nash GS ’50: ‘The Phantom of Fine Hall'". The Daily Princetonian. Retrieved May 6, 2014.
^ Nasar, Sylvia (November 3, 1994). "The Lost Years of a Nobel Laureate". The New York Times. Retrieved May 6, 2014.
^ "John F. Nash, Jr. 2010 Honoree". Retrieved July 16, 2014.
^ "Nash receives Abel Prize for revered work in mathematics". Retrieved March 25, 2015.
Bibliography
Acocella, Nicola and Di Bartolomeo, Giovanni (2006), ‘Tinbergen and Theil meet Nash: controllability in policy games’, in: ‘Economics Letters’, 90(2): 213-218.
Acocella, Nicola and Di Bartolomeo, G. and Piacquadio, P.G. [2009], ‘Conflict of interest, (implicit) coalitions and Nash policy games’, in: ‘Economics Letters’, 105: 303-305.
Nasar, Sylvia (1998). A Beautiful Mind. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781439126493.
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "John Forbes Nash, Jr.", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.
Documentaries and video interviews
"A Brilliant Madness" – a PBS American Experience documentary
One on One - Professor John Nash. Al Jazeera English, 2009-12-05 (part 1 on YouTube,part 2 on YouTube)