以知乎为例
# -*- coding:UTF-8 -*- __autor__ = 'zhouli' __date__ = '2018/11/2 21:40' # 模拟登陆 import requests headers = { 'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/67.0.3396.62 Safari/537.36'} html = requests.get('https://www.zhihu.com', headers=headers) print(html.text)
结果为：
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data-config="{}" data-useragent="{"os":{"name":"Windows","version":"8.1"},"browser":{"name":"Chrome","version":"67.0.3396.62","major":"67"}}"></div><script src="https://static.zhihu.com/heifetz/vendor.7c9abc3e398528f8abf1.js"></script><script src="https://static.zhihu.com/heifetz/main.app.cea9c613fa1bc3a7bdfa.js"></script><script></script></body></html>
很明显能够看得到这个是未登录状态的。
模拟登陆的实现方法
1，使用selenium登陆模拟
首先理一下流程：
① 初始化ChromeDriver
② 打开知乎登陆界面
③ 找到用户名和密码的输入框
④ 手动单击验证码
⑤ 按下enter键
# -*- coding:UTF-8 -*- __autor__ = 'zhouli' __date__ = '2018/11/2 21:40' # 模拟登陆 from selenium import webdriver from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys import time drive = webdriver.Chrome() drive.get('https://www.zhihu.com/signup') drive.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id="root"]/div/main/div/div/div/div[2]/div[2]/span').click() name = drive.find_element_by_name('username') name.clear() name.send_keys('17621367901') pwd = drive.find_element_by_name('password') pwd.clear() pwd.send_keys('*****') name.send_keys(Keys.ENTER) # 模拟键盘的回车键 input('输入验证码后回到这里按任意继续') drive.find_element_by_xpath('//*[@id="root"]/div/main/div/div/div/div[2]/div[1]/form/button').click() time.sleep(10) print(drive.page_source) drive.quit()
但是使用selenium来登录实在是太慢了，如果一个网页处理需要十几秒的话，而且如果服务器使用PhantomJS作为WebDriver还会出现内存泄漏的情况，爬虫就会轻轻松松干爆服务器内存，因此不适合大规模爬虫开发。
2，使用cookies登录
为了不让用户每次都进行登陆操作，浏览器会在用户第一次登录成功之后就会放一段加密的信息在cookies中。下一次用户的访问，网站会检查cookies有没有这个加密信息，如果有并且合法的话，就可以跳过登录页面，直接进入登陆后的页面
通过已经登录的cookies，可以让爬虫绕过登录过程，直接进入登录以后的页面。
在已经登录知乎的情况下，打开Chrome，定位到network选项卡，刷新网页，在加载的内容中任意选择一项，查看右侧数据，从request headers中可以找到cookies，不是response headers。
只要把request headers的内容通过requests提交，就能够直接登录登录之后的页面了，
import requests headers = { 'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/67.0.3396.62 Safari/537.36', 'accept-encoding': 'deflate, br', 'cookie': '_xsrf=vsOFdtc3Me0zrt7Md6BBbpt1M5lZRomC; _zap=cacb117d-afa3-4ec7-8f18-15f0a0c7148c; d_c0="AGAoGxo-dQ6PTpzLozGZd_Wg3U95hvGSCE8=|1541166185"; tst=r; q_c1=294aac80f4bd49b390b2df011fdf4fee|1541168123000|1541168123000; capsion_ticket="2|1:0|10:1541169361|14:capsion_ticket|44:MTUxYzY4ZjdkZDNkNGVkMGFiZmI4MzhkZjMzODVhOTk=|676622142717c3f7f31aa9b50e8341ddee2b80087fb52826ce417a9778247807"; z_c0="2|1:0|10:1541169370|4:z_c0|92:Mi4xOTkxekJnQUFBQUFBWUNnYkdqNTFEaVlBQUFCZ0FsVk4ycTdKWEFDY1NSak9wb3pXV3VwTkd4Ukx3UVNJNlRpcHNn|8c6776043bf64c2640d7db50a4290afc2a9152460042b0be512f2a948ac1572c"; tgw_l7_route=69f52e0ac392bb43ffb22fc18a173ee6' } session = requests.Session() source = session.get(url='https://www.zhihu.com/', headers=headers, verify=False) source.encoding='utf-8' print(source.text)
使用了requests的Session模块。网站会吧每一个会话的ID（Session ID）保存在浏览器的Cookies中标识用户的身份，requests的Session模块会自动的保存网页的一些回复信息，当然也可以通过requests.get()方式去访问，但是每一次调用requests.get（）方法都回去创建一个新的ssession，对于浏览器而言就相当于每一次都是开了一个新的浏览器去访问，。如果直接使用session模块，那么每一次都会用这个session去访问，对于服务器而言，这样相当于在一个浏览器的窗口通过单击进入其他的页面，这个行为更像是人的行为，在官方文档中也建议，如果多次对同一个网站进行请求的话，应该使用session模块，会带来显著的性能提升。对于HTTPS的网站，在使用requests的时候需要带上verify=False这个参数，忽略掉网站证书的警告。
login_url = 'zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz' login_url_success = 'xxxxxx' data = { 'username': 'zhouli', 'password': 'zhouli', 'remember': 'YES', } session = requests.Session() session.post(login_url, data=data).text
在代码中实例化了一个session的对象，可以看做是新开了一个浏览器，然后data传参提交数据。