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  • Python简单爬虫

    轻量级爬虫

    • 不需要登录
    • 静态网页 -- 数据不是异步加载

    爬虫:一段自动抓取互联网信息的程序

    URL管理器

    管理对象

    • 将要抓取的url
    • 已经抓取过的url

    作用

    • 防止重复抓取
    • 防止循环抓取

    实现方式:

    1、内存

    python内存

    待爬取URL集合:set()

    已爬取URL集合:set()

    2、关系型数据库

    MySQL

    数据表urls(url, is_crawled)

    3、缓存数据库

    redis

    待爬取URL集合:set()

    已爬取URL集合:set()

    网页下载器

    将获取到的网页下载到本地进行分析的工具

    类型

    1、urllib2

    Python 官方基础 展模块

    2、requests

    第三方包,更强大

    urllib2下载网页

    1、方法一:最简单的方法

    import urllib2
    
    # 直接请求
    response = urllib2.urlopen('http://www.baidu.com')
    
    # 获取状态码,如果是200表示获取成功
    print response.getcode()
    
    # 读取内容
    cont = response.read()
    

    2、方法二:添加data、http header

    import urllib2
    
    # 创建Request对象
    request urllib2.Request(url)
    
    # 添加数据
    request.add_data('a', '1')
    
    # 添加http的header, 模拟Mozilla浏览器
    response.add_header('User-Agent', 'Mozilla/5.0')
    

    3、方法三:添加特殊情景的处理器

    • HTTPCookieProcessor:对于需要用户登录的网页

    • ProxyHandler:对于需要代理才能访问的网页

    • HTTPSHandler:对于https协议的网页

    • HTTPRedirectHandler:对于设置了自动跳转的网页

    import urllib2, cookielib
    
    # 创建cookie容器
    cj = cookielib.CookieJar()
    
    # 创建1个opener
    opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj))
    
    # 给urllib2安装opener
    urllib2.install_opener(opener)
    
    # 使用带有cookie的urllib2访问网页
    response = urllib2.urlopen("http://www.baidu.com")
    

    实例代码

    # coding:utf8
    import urllib2, cookielib
    
    url = "http://www.baidu.com"
    
    print("一种方法:")
    response1 = urllib2.urlopen(url)
    print(response1.getcode())
    print(len(response1.read()))
    
    print('第二种方法:')
    request = urllib2.Request(url)
    request.add_header("user-agent", 'Mozilla/5.0')
    response1 = urllib2.urlopen(url)
    print(response1.getcode())
    print(len(response1.read()))
    
    print('第三种方法:')
    cj = cookielib.CookieJar()
    opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj))
    urllib2.install_opener(opener)
    response3 = urllib2.urlopen(request)
    print(response3.getcode())
    print(cj)
    print(response3.read())
    

    注:以上是Python2的写法,以下是Python3的写法

    # coding:utf8
    import urllib.request
    import http.cookiejar
    
    url = "http://www.baidu.com"
    
    print("一种方法:")
    response1 = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
    print(response1.getcode())
    print(len(response1.read()))
    
    print('第二种方法:')
    request = urllib.request.Request(url)
    request.add_header("user-agent", 'Mozilla/5.0')
    response1 = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
    print(response1.getcode())
    print(len(response1.read()))
    
    print('第三种方法:')
    cj = http.cookiejar.CookieJar()
    opener = urllib.request.build_opener(urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj))
    urllib.request.install_opener(opener)
    response3 = urllib.request.urlopen(request)
    print(response3.getcode())
    print(cj)
    print(response3.read())
    

    网页解析器

    解析网页,从网页中提取有价值数据的工具

    网页解析器(BeautifulSoup)

    类型

    1、正则表达式(模糊匹配)

    2、html.parser(结构化解析)

    3、Beautiful Soup(结构化解析)

    4、lxml(结构化解析)

    结构化解析-DOM(Document Object Model)树

    安装并使用 Beautiful Soup4

    1、安装

    pip install beautifulsoup4
    

    2、使用

    • 创建BeautifulSoup对象
    • 搜索节点(按节点名称、属性、文字)
      • find_all
      • find
    • 访问节点
      • 名称
      • 属性
      • 文字

    (1)创建Beautiful Soup对象

    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
    
    # 根据HTML网页字符串创建BeautifulSoup对象
    soup = BeautifulSoup(
        html_doc,               # HTML文档字符串
        'html.parser',          # HTML解析器
        from_encoding='utf8'    # HTML文档的编码
    )
    

    (2)搜索节点(find_all,find)

    # 方法:find_all(name, attrs, string)
     
    # 查找所有标签为a的节点
    soup.find_all('a')
     
    # 查找所有标签为a,链接符合/view/123.html形式的节点
    soup.find_all('a', href='/view/123.htm')
    soup.find_all('a', href=re.compile(r'/view/d+.htm'))
    
    # 查找所有标签为div,class为abs,文字为Python的节点
    soup.find_all('div', class_='abc', string='Python')
    
    • 用class_作为查询类属性的变量名,因为class本身是python的关键字,所以需要加一个下划线来区别

    (3)访问节点信息

    # 得到节点:<a href="1.html">Python</a>
    
    # 获取查找到的节点的标签名称
    node.name
    
    # 获取查找到的a节点的href属性
    node['href']
    
    # 获取查找到的a节点的链接文字
    node.get_text()
    

    3、实例

    # coding:utf8
    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup, re
    html_doc = """
    <html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
    <body>
    <p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
    
    <p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
    <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">Elsie</a>,
    <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
    <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
    and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>
    
    <p class="story">...</p>
    """
    
    soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, 'html.parser')
    print('获取所有的链接:')
    links = soup.find_all('a')
    for link in links:
        print(link.name, link['href'], link.get_text())
    
    print('获取lacie的链接:')
    link_node = soup.find('a', href='http://example.com/lacie')
    print(link_node.name, link_node['href'], link_node.get_text())
    
    
    print('正则匹配:')
    link_node = soup.find('a', href=re.compile(r"ill"))
    print(link_node.name, link_node['href'], link_node.get_text())
    
    print('获取p段落文字:')
    p_node = soup.find('p', class_='title')
    print(p_node.name, p_node.get_text())
    

    执行后效果:

    开发爬虫

    分析目标

    • URL格式
    • 数据格式
    • 网页编码

    1、目标: 百度百科Python词条相关词条网页 -- 标题和简介

    2、入口页

    https://baike.baidu.com/item/Python/407313
    

    3、URL格式:

    • 词条页面URL: /item/****

    4、数据格式:

    • 标题:
    <dd class="lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-title"><h1>...</h1></dd>
    
    • 简介:
    <div class="lemma-summary" label-module="lemmaSummary">...</div
    

    5、页面编码:UTF-8

    项目目录结构

    调度主程序

    # coding:utf8
    from baike_spider import url_manager, html_downloader, html_parser, html_outputer
    
    
    class SpiderMain(object):
        def __init__(self):
            # url管理器
            self.urls = url_manager.UrlManager()
            # 下载器
            self.downloader = html_downloader.HtmlDownloader()
            # 解析器
            self.parser = html_parser.HtmlParser()
            # 输出器
            self.outputer = html_outputer.HtmlOutputer()
    
        # 爬虫的调度程序
        def craw(self, root_url):
            count = 1
            self.urls.add_new_url(root_url)
            while self.urls.has_new_url():
                try:
                    if count == 1000:
                        break
    
                    new_url = self.urls.get_new_url()
    
                    print('craw %d : %s' % (count, new_url))
                    html_cont = self.downloader.download(new_url)
                    new_urls, new_data = self.parser.parse(new_url, html_cont)
                    self.urls.add_new_urls(new_urls)
                    self.outputer.collect_data(new_data)
    
                    count = count + 1
                except:
                    print('craw failed')
    
            self.outputer.output_html()
    
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        root_url = "https://baike.baidu.com/item/Python/407313"
        obj_spider = SpiderMain()
        obj_spider.craw(root_url)
    

    URL管理器

    # coding:utf8
    class UrlManager(object):
        def __init__(self):
            self.new_urls = set()
            self.old_urls = set()
    
        def add_new_url(self, url):
            if url is None:
                return
    
            if url not in self.new_urls and url not in self.old_urls:
                self.new_urls.add(url)
    
        def add_new_urls(self, urls):
            if urls is None or len(urls) == 0:
                return
            for url in urls:
                self.add_new_url(url)
    
        def has_new_url(self):
            return len(self.new_urls) != 0
    
        def get_new_url(self):
            new_url = self.new_urls.pop()
            self.old_urls.add(new_url)
    
            return new_url
    

    网页下载器

    # coding:utf8
    
    import urllib.request
    
    
    class HtmlDownloader(object):
    
        def download(self, url):
            if url is None:
                return None
    
            # request = urllib.request.Request(url)
            # request.add_header("user-agent", 'Mozilla/5.0')
            response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)
            if response.getcode() != 200:
                return None
    
            return response.read()
    

    网页解析器

    # coding:utf8
    
    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup, re
    from urllib.parse import urljoin
    
    
    class HtmlParser(object):
    
        def _get_new_urls(self, page_url, soup):
            new_urls = set()
    
            links = soup.find_all('a', href=re.compile(r"/item/"))
            for link in links:
                new_url = link['href']
                new_full_url = urljoin(page_url, new_url)
                new_urls.add(new_full_url)
    
            return new_urls
    
        def _get_new_data(self, page_url, soup):
            res_data = {}
    
            res_data['url'] = page_url
    
            title_node = soup.find('dd', class_='lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-title').find('h1')
            res_data['title'] = title_node.get_text()
    
            summary_node = soup.find('div', class_='lemma-summary')
            res_data['summary'] = summary_node.get_text()
    
            return res_data
    
        def parse(self, page_url, html_cont):
            if page_url is None or html_cont is None:
                return
    
            soup = BeautifulSoup(html_cont, 'html.parser')
            new_urls = self._get_new_urls(page_url, soup)
            new_data = self._get_new_data(page_url, soup)
    
            return new_urls, new_data
    

    网页输出器

    # coding:utf8
    class HtmlOutputer(object):
        def __init__(self):
            self.datas = []
    
        def collect_data(self, data):
            if data is None:
                return
            self.datas.append(data)
    
        def output_html(self):
            fout = open('output.html', 'w')
    
            fout.write('<html>')
            fout.write('<body>')
            fout.write('<table>')
    
            for data in self.datas:
                fout.write('<tr>')
                fout.write('<td>%s</td>' % data['url'])
                fout.write('<td>%s</td>' % data['title'].encode('utf-8'))
                fout.write('<td>%s</td>' % data['summary'].encode('utf-8'))
                fout.write('</tr>')
    
            fout.write('</table>')
            fout.write('</body>')
            fout.write('</html>')
    
            fout.close()
    

    高级爬虫:

    • 登录
    • 验证码
    • Ajax
    • 服务器防爬虫
    • 多线程
    • 分布式

    学习资料:慕课网-Python开发简单爬虫

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/zqunor/p/11155756.html
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