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  • 互斥锁和条件变量

      为了允许在线程或进程之间共享数据,同步时必须的,互斥锁和条件变量是同步的基本组成部分。

    1、互斥锁

      互斥锁是用来保护临界区资源,实际上保护的是临界区中被操纵的数据,互斥锁通常用于保护由多个线程或多进程分享的共享数据。一般是一些可供线程间使用的全局变量,来达到线程同步的目的,即保证任何时刻只有一个线程或进程在执行其中的代码。一般加锁的轮廓如下:

    pthread_mutex_lock()
    临界区
    pthread_mutex_unlock()

    互斥锁API

    pthread_mutex_lock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);

     用此函数加锁时,如果mutex已经被锁住,当前尝试加锁的线程就会阻塞,直到互斥锁被其他线程释放。当此函数返回时,说明互斥锁已经被当前线程成功加锁.

    pthread_mutex_trylock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);

     用此函数加锁时,如果mutex已经卑琐主,当前尝试加锁的线程不会阻塞,而是立即返回,返回的错误码为EBUSY,而不是阻塞等待。

    pthread_mutex_unlock(pthread_mutex_t *mutex);

    注意使用锁之前要记得初始化。互斥锁的初始化有两种初始化方式:

    1.对于静态分配的互斥锁一半用宏赋值的方式初始化

    eg: static pthread_mutex_t mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;

    2.对于动态分配的互斥锁(如调用malloc)或分配在共享内存中,则必须调用pthread_mutex_init(pthread_mutex *mutex, pthread_mutexattr_t *mutexattr)函数来进行初始化。

    例子1:写个程序实现生产者—消费者问题,先只考虑多个生产者线程之间的同步,直到所有的生产者线程都完成工作以后,才启动消费者线程。程序如下:

    View Code
     1 #include <stdio.h>
     2 #include <stdlib.h>
     3 #include <unistd.h>
     4 #include <pthread.h>
     5 #include <errno.h>
     6 
     7 #define     MAXNITEMS        1000000
     8 #define     MAXNTHREADS     100
     9 
    10 int nitems;
    11 
    12 struct
    13 {
    14     pthread_mutex_t     mutex;
    15     int                 buff[MAXNITEMS];
    16     int                 nput;
    17     int                 nval;
    18 } shared = {
    19     PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER
    20 };
    21 
    22 void *produce(void*);
    23 void *consume(void*);
    24 
    25 int main(int argc,char *argv[])
    26 {
    27     int     i,nthreads,count[MAXNTHREADS];
    28     pthread_t tid_produce[MAXNTHREADS],tid_consume;
    29     if(argc != 3)
    30     {
    31         printf("usage: producongs2 <#itmes> <#threads>.\n");
    32         exit(0);
    33     }
    34     nitems = atoi(argv[1]);
    35     nthreads = atoi(argv[2]);
    36     pthread_setconcurrency(nthreads);  //设置线程并发级别
    37     for(i=0;i<nthreads;++i)
    38     {
    39         count[i] = 0;
    40         pthread_create(&tid_produce[i],NULL,produce,&count[i]);
    41     }
    42     for(i=0;i<nthreads;i++)
    43     {
    44         pthread_join(tid_produce[i],NULL); //等待线程退出
    45         printf("count[%d] = %d\n",i,count[i]);
    46     }
    47     pthread_create(&tid_consume,NULL,consume,NULL);
    48     pthread_join(tid_consume,NULL);  //等待线程退出
    49     exit(0);
    50 }
    51 
    52 void *produce(void *arg)
    53 {
    54     for(; ;)
    55     {
    56         pthread_mutex_lock(&shared.mutex); //加锁
    57         if(shared.nput >= nitems)
    58         {
    59             pthread_mutex_unlock(&shared.mutex); //释放锁
    60             return ;
    61         }
    62         shared.buff[shared.nput] = shared.nval;
    63         shared.nput++;
    64         shared.nval++;
    65         pthread_mutex_unlock(&shared.mutex); //加锁
    66         *((int*) arg) += 1;
    67     }
    68 }
    69 void *consume(void *arg)
    70 {
    71     int     i;
    72     for(i=0;i<nitems;i++)
    73     {
    74         if(shared.buff[i] != i)
    75             printf("buff[%d] = %d\n",i,shared.buff[i]);
    76     }
    77     return;
    78 }

    程序执行结果如下:

    例子2:改进例子1,所有生产者线程启动后立即启动消费者线程,这样生产者线程产生数据的同时,消费者线程就能出来它,此时必须同步生产者和消费者,程序如下:

    View Code
     1 #include <stdio.h>
     2 #include <stdlib.h>
     3 #include <unistd.h>
     4 #include <pthread.h>
     5 #include <errno.h>
     6 
     7 #define     MAXNITEMS        1000000
     8 #define     MAXNTHREADS     100
     9 
    10 int nitems;
    11 
    12 struct
    13 {
    14     pthread_mutex_t     mutex;
    15     int                 buff[MAXNITEMS];
    16     int                 nput;
    17     int                 nval;
    18 } shared = {
    19     PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER
    20 };
    21 
    22 void *produce(void*);
    23 void *consume(void*);
    24 void consume_wait(int);
    25 int main(int argc,char *argv[])
    26 {
    27     int     i,nthreads,count[MAXNTHREADS];
    28     pthread_t tid_produce[MAXNTHREADS],tid_consume;
    29     if(argc != 3)
    30     {
    31         printf("usage: producongs2 <#itmes> <#threads>.\n");
    32         exit(0);
    33     }
    34     nitems = atoi(argv[1]);
    35     nthreads = atoi(argv[2]);
    36     pthread_setconcurrency(nthreads+1);
    37     //创建生产者线程
    38     for(i=0;i<nthreads;++i)
    39     {
    40         count[i] = 0;
    41         pthread_create(&tid_produce[i],NULL,produce,&count[i]);
    42     }
    43     //创建消费者线程
    44     pthread_create(&tid_consume,NULL,consume,NULL);
    45     for(i=0;i<nthreads;i++)
    46     {
    47         pthread_join(tid_produce[i],NULL);
    48         printf("count[%d] = %d\n",i,count[i]);
    49     }
    50     //等待消费者线程退出
    51     pthread_join(tid_consume,NULL);
    52     exit(0);
    53 }
    54 
    55 void *produce(void *arg)
    56 {
    57     for(; ;)
    58     {
    59         pthread_mutex_lock(&shared.mutex);
    60         if(shared.nput >= nitems)
    61         {
    62             pthread_mutex_unlock(&shared.mutex);
    63             return ;
    64         }
    65         shared.buff[shared.nput] = shared.nval;
    66         shared.nput++;
    67         shared.nval++;
    68         pthread_mutex_unlock(&shared.mutex);
    69         *((int*) arg) += 1;
    70     }
    71 }
    72 void *consume(void *arg)
    73 {
    74     int     i;
    75     for(i=0;i<nitems;i++)
    76     {
    77         consume_wait(i);
    78         if(shared.buff[i] != i)
    79             printf("buff[%d] = %d\n",i,shared.buff[i]);
    80     }
    81     return;
    82 }
    83 void consume_wait(int i)
    84 {
    85     for(; ;)  //进行轮询,判断i是否已经由生产者生产
    86     {
    87         pthread_mutex_lock(&shared.mutex);
    88         if(i<shared.nput)   //i已经生产
    89         {
    90             pthread_mutex_unlock(&shared.mutex);
    91             return; 
    92         }
    93         pthread_mutex_unlock(&shared.mutex);
    94     }
    95 }

    存在的问题:当消费者获取的条目尚没有准备好时,消费者线程一次次的循环去判断,每次给互斥锁解锁又上锁,这种轮询的办法浪费CPU时间。

    2、条件变量

      互斥锁用于上锁,条件变量用于等待,条件变量的使用是与互斥锁共通使用的。

    2.1等待与信号发送

      条件变量类型是pthread_cond_t,调用函数如下:

    pthread_cond_wait(pthread_cond_t *cond, pthread_mutex_t *pmutex);

    pthread_cond_signal(pthread_cond_t *pcond);

    每个条件变量总是有一个互斥锁与之关联。现在采用条件变量实现生产者与消费者问题,程序如下:

    View Code
     1 #include <stdio.h>
     2 #include <stdlib.h>
     3 #include <unistd.h>
     4 #include <pthread.h>
     5 #include <errno.h>
     6 
     7 #define     MAXNITEMS        1000000
     8 #define     MAXNTHREADS     100
     9 
    10 int nitems;
    11 
    12 struct
    13 {
    14     pthread_mutex_t     mutex;
    15     int                 buff[MAXNITEMS];
    16     int                 nput;
    17     int                 nval;
    18 } shared = {
    19     PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER
    20 };
    21 //条件变量
    22 struct {
    23     pthread_mutex_t mutex;  
    24     pthread_cond_t  cond;
    25     int nready;
    26 }nready = {
    27   PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER
    28 };
    29 
    30 void *produce(void*);
    31 void *consume(void*);
    32 
    33 int main(int argc,char *argv[])
    34 {
    35     int     i,nthreads,count[MAXNTHREADS];
    36     pthread_t tid_produce[MAXNTHREADS],tid_consume;
    37     if(argc != 3)
    38     {
    39         printf("usage: producongs2 <#itmes> <#threads>.\n");
    40         exit(0);
    41     }
    42     nitems = atoi(argv[1]);
    43     nthreads = atoi(argv[2]);
    44     pthread_setconcurrency(nthreads+1);
    45     for(i=0;i<nthreads;++i)
    46     {
    47         count[i] = 0;
    48         pthread_create(&tid_produce[i],NULL,produce,&count[i]);
    49     }
    50     pthread_create(&tid_consume,NULL,consume,NULL);
    51     for(i=0;i<nthreads;i++)
    52     {
    53         pthread_join(tid_produce[i],NULL);
    54         printf("count[%d] = %d\n",i,count[i]);
    55     }
    56     pthread_join(tid_consume,NULL);
    57     exit(0);
    58 }
    59 
    60 void *produce(void *arg)
    61 {
    62     printf("producer begins work\n");
    63     for(; ;)
    64     {
    65         pthread_mutex_lock(&shared.mutex);
    66         if(shared.nput >= nitems)
    67         {
    68             pthread_mutex_unlock(&shared.mutex);
    69             return ;
    70         }
    71         shared.buff[shared.nput] = shared.nval;
    72         shared.nput++;
    73         shared.nval++;
    74         pthread_mutex_unlock(&shared.mutex);
    75         pthread_mutex_lock(&nready.mutex);
    76         if(nready.nready == 0)
    77             pthread_cond_signal(&nready.cond); //通知消费者
    78         nready.nready++;
    79         pthread_mutex_unlock(&nready.mutex);
    80         *((int*) arg) += 1;
    81     }
    82 }
    83 void *consume(void *arg)
    84 {
    85     int     i;
    86     printf("consuemer begins work.\n");
    87     for(i=0;i<nitems;i++)
    88     {
    89         pthread_mutex_lock(&nready.mutex);
    90         while(nready.nready == 0)
    91             pthread_cond_wait(&nready.cond,&nready.mutex); //等待生产者
    92         nready.nready--;
    93         pthread_mutex_unlock(&nready.mutex);
    94         if(shared.buff[i] != i)
    95             printf("buff[%d] = %d\n",i,shared.buff[i]);
    96     }
    97     return;
    98 }

    程序执行结果如下:

    总的来说,给条件变量发送信号的过程代码如下:

    struct
    {
        pthread_mutex_t    mutex;
        pthread_cond_t       cond;
        //维护本条件的各个变量
    }var = {PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,PTHREAD_COND_INITIALIZER,...}
    
    pthread_mutex_lock(&var.mutex);
    设置条件为真
    pthread_cond_signal(&var.cond);
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&var.mutex);

    测试条件并进入睡眠以等待条件变为真的代码大体如下:

    pthread_mutex_lock(&var.mutex);
    while(条件为假)
       pthread_cond_wait(&var.cond,&var.mutex);
    修改条件
    pthread_mutex_unlock(&var.mutex);

     2.2定时等待和广播

      通常pthread_cond_signal只是唤醒等待在相应条件变量上的一个线程,在某些情况下需要唤醒多个线程(例如读写者问题),可以调用pthread_cond_broadcast唤醒阻塞在相应条件变量上的所有线程。pthread_cond_timewait允许线程就阻塞时间设置一个限制值。API如下:

    pthread_cond_broadcast(pthread_cond_t *cond);

    pthread_cond_timedwait(pthread_cond_t *cond, pthread_mutex, const struct timespec *abstime);

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/Anker/p/2852442.html
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