Oracle学习笔记

Oracle  11.2.0.4学习笔记

一、    移动控制文件不成功

拷贝了控制文件到指定目录，执行：

alter system set control_files='/u01/app/oradata/controlfile/control01.ctl','/u01/app/oradata/controlfile/control02.ctl' scope=spfile;

后启动报告控制文件错误

后来使用oracle用户拷贝文件后成功，应该是文件访问权限问题。

二、    怎么配置Oracle开机自动启动?

有文章说编辑/orcl/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/db_1/bindbstart，将ORACLE_HOME_LISTNER=$1修改成 ORACLE_HOME_LISTNER=$ORACLE_HOME 前提是$ORACLE_HOME环境设置正确

ORACLE_HOME_LISTNER=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1

我看了一下，其实dbstart中接收传入参数，所以启动时传入$ORACLE_HOME即可

Dbstart $ORACLE_HOME

这样编辑/etc/oratab文件

dbca建库时都会自动创建/etc/oratab文件

将orcl:/orcl/oracle/product/12.1.0/db_1:N

修改成 orcl:/orcl/oracle/product/12.1.0/db_1:Y

如果没有这个文件则

以root身份进入$ORACLE_HOME

执行./root.sh

编辑/etc/rc.d/rc.local启动文件，添加数据库启动脚本dbstart

su oracle -lc "/orcl/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/db_1/bin/lsnrctl start"

su oracle -lc "/orcl/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/db_1/bin/dbstart $ORACLE_HOME"

su oracle -lc "/orcl/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/db_1/bin/emctl start dbconsole"

注意，oracle 12c中没有emctl了。

发现不生效，再一查，发现：

在CentOS7中,官方将/etc/rc.d/rc.local 的开机自启的权限禁止掉了,他为了兼容性,设置了这个,但是并不默认启动.如果需要的话.执行以下代码

 chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local

将文件授权,这样他就可以开机自启了.

官方在新版上推荐使用systemcd进行自启动.

三、    监听器怎么配置及远程访问?

1. 需要关闭防火墙，一定记住

查看防火墙状态

firewall-cmd --state

停止firewall

systemctl stop firewalld.service

禁止firewall开机启动

systemctl disable firewalld.service

1. 修改hosts文件

[root@oracle12c ~]# cat /etc/hosts

127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4

::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6

192.168.1.112 oracle12c

1. 修改监听器配置

[oracle@oracle12c admin]$ cat listener.ora

# listener.ora Network Configuration File: /orcl/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora

# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.

LISTENER =

  (DESCRIPTION_LIST =

    (DESCRIPTION =

      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = oracle12c)(PORT = 1521))

      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1521))

    )

  )

ADR_BASE_LISTENER = /orcl/app

SID_LIST_LISTENER = 

(SID_LIST = 

  (SID_DESC = 

  (GLOBAL_DBNAME = orcl)

  (SID_NAME = orcl)

  )

)

1. 修改tns配置

[oracle@oracle12c admin]$ cat listener.ora

# listener.ora Network Configuration File: /orcl/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora

# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.

LISTENER =

  (DESCRIPTION_LIST =

    (DESCRIPTION =

      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = oracle12c)(PORT = 1521))

      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1521))

    )

  )

ADR_BASE_LISTENER = /orcl/app

SID_LIST_LISTENER = 

(SID_LIST = 

  (SID_DESC = 

  (GLOBAL_DBNAME = orcl)

  (SID_NAME = orcl)

  )

)

1. 启动监听器

停止：lsnrctl stop

启动：lsnrctl start

查看：lsnrctl status

重载：lsnrctl reload

[oracle@oracle12c admin]$ lsnrctl status

LSNRCTL for Linux: Version 12.2.0.1.0 - Production on 17-MAY-2019 18:40:14

Copyright (c) 1991, 2016, Oracle.  All rights reserved.

Connecting to (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=oracle12c)(PORT=1521)))

STATUS of the LISTENER

------------------------

Alias                     LISTENER

Version                   TNSLSNR for Linux: Version 12.2.0.1.0 - Production

Start Date                17-MAY-2019 18:33:04

Uptime                    0 days 0 hr. 7 min. 9 sec

Trace Level               off

Security                  ON: Local OS Authentication

SNMP                      OFF

Listener Parameter File   /orcl/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora

Listener Log File         /orcl/app/diag/tnslsnr/oracle12c/listener/alert/log.xml

Listening Endpoints Summary...

  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=oracle12c)(PORT=1521)))

  (DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=ipc)(KEY=EXTPROC1521)))

Services Summary...

Service "orcl" has 1 instance(s).

  Instance "orcl", status UNKNOWN, has 1 handler(s) for this service...

The command completed successfully

四、    SQLPlus 在连接时通常有四种方式

1. sqlplus / as sysdba

    操作系统认证，不需要数据库服务器启动listener，也不需要数据库服务器处于可用状态。比如我们想要启动数据库就可以用这种方式进入

    sqlplus，然后通过startup命令来启动。

2. sqlplus username/password

    连接本机数据库，不需要数据库服务器的listener进程，但是由于需要用户名密码的认证，因此需要数据库服务器处于可用状态才行。

3. sqlplus usernaem/password@orcl

    通过网络连接，这是需要数据库服务器的listener处于监听状态。此时建立一个连接的大致步骤如下　

　　a. 查询sqlnet.ora，看看名称的解析方式，默认是TNSNAME　　

　　b. 查询tnsnames.ora文件，从里边找orcl的记录，并且找到数据库服务器的主机名或者IP，端口和service_name　　

　　c. 如果服务器listener进程没有问题的话，建立与listener进程的连接。　　

　　d. 根据不同的服务器模式如专用服务器模式或者共享服务器模式，listener采取接下去的动作。默认是专用服务器模式，没有问题的话客户端

            就连接上了数据库的server process。

　　e. 这时连接已经建立，可以操作数据库了。

4.sqlplus username/password@//host:port/sid

用sqlplus远程连接oracle命令(例：sqlplus risenet/1@//192.168.130.99:1521/risenet)

五、    临时表空间

一个实例中的临时表空间可以有多个，只能有一个是活动的

六、    重做日志和还原表空间

还原表空间可以有多个，但只能有一个是活动的。可以切换活动的还原表空间。

七、    数据库实例和数据库的关系

见外部文件单独记录。

八、    表空间

表空间可以有多个物理文件，如果一个满了，会自动往第二个文件上写吗?如果第一个设置成了自动增长呢?

多数据库情况下的数据库自启动、监听

1. vi /etc/oratab

orcl:/orcl/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/db_1:Y

myorcl:/orcl/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/db_1:Y

1. listener.ora

[oracle@oracle12c admin]$ cat listener.ora

# listener.ora Network Configuration File: /orcl/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/db_1/network/admin/listener.ora

# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.

LISTENER =

  (DESCRIPTION_LIST =

    (DESCRIPTION =

      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = oracle12c)(PORT = 1521))

      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1521))

    )

  )

ADR_BASE_LISTENER = /orcl/app

SID_LIST_LISTENER = 

(SID_LIST = 

  (SID_DESC = 

(GLOBAL_DBNAME = orcl)

        (SID_NAME = orcl)

  )

 (SID_DESC =

 (GLOBAL_DBNAME = myorcl)

          (SID_NAME = myorcl)

  )

)

1. tnsnames.ora

[oracle@oracle12c admin]$ cat tnsnames.ora

# tnsnames.ora Network Configuration File: /orcl/app/oracle/product/12.1.0/db_1/network/admin/tnsnames.ora

# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.

ORCL =

  (DESCRIPTION =

    (ADDRESS_LIST =

      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = oracle12c)(PORT = 1521))

    )

    (CONNECT_DATA =

      (SERVICE_NAME = orcl)

    )

  )

MYORCL =

  (DESCRIPTION =

    (ADDRESS_LIST =

      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = oracle12c)(PORT = 1521))

    )

    (CONNECT_DATA =

      (SERVICE_NAME = myorcl)

    )

  )

九、    数据完整性

SQL> select constraint_name,table_name,constraint_type,status,deferrable,deferred,validated from dba_constraints where owner='SCOTT';

Deferrable和deferred，搞不清……

十、    安全管理

创建用户

Create user xxh identified by 123;

修改权限

Alter user xxh indentified by 123456;

授权

Grant create session,select any table,create table,create view to xxh;

        

GRANT RESOURCE TO xxh;

oracle中如何赋予该用户CONNECT、RESOURCE、DBA身份

grant connect,resource,dba to user;

CONNECT角色： --是授予最终用户的典型权利，最基本的

CREATE SESSION --建立会话

RESOURCE角色： --是授予开发人员的

CREATE CLUSTER --建立聚簇

CREATE PROCEDURE --建立过程

CREATE SEQUENCE --建立序列

CREATE TABLE --建表

CREATE TRIGGER --建立触发器

CREATE TYPE --建立类型

CREATE OPERATOR --创建操作者

CREATE INDEXTYPE --创建索引类型

CREATE TABLE --创建表

DBA角色： --是授予数据库维护人员的

角色的口令

对于 oracle里角色的密码，就是 当你 SET Role 启用角色的时候，如果这个 角色是有密码的， 你需要输入 角色的密码， 来启用这个角色。

十一、      测试非归档模式下的冷备份和恢复

因为测试环境建立了多个表空间，并且移动了控制文件，表空间等也放在了不同的地方，在shutdown immediate后拷贝数据库文件、参数文件等时忘记了拷贝控制文件，结果在拷贝文件后删除原库数据，然后再把备份过的文件拷贝回原位置后，试图启动数据库startup时报告错误。于是先startup mount，然后执行：

SQL> startup mount

ORA-01081: cannot start already-running ORACLE - shut it down first

SQL> alter database open;

alter database open

*

ERROR at line 1:

ORA-01113: file 1 needs media recovery

ORA-01110: data file 1: '/u01/app/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf'

如果此时执行：

SQL> recover datafile '/u01/app/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf';

ORA-00283: recovery session canceled due to errors

ORA-00322: log 2 of thread 1 is not current copy

ORA-00312: online log 2 thread 1: '/u01/app/oradata/orcl/redo02.log'

因为测试环境没有需要重做的，于是：

SQL> alter database clear unarchived logfile group 2;

Database altered.

此时再逐个执行有问题的文件：

SQL> recover datafile '/u01/app/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf';

Media recovery complete.

…

最后

SQL> alter database open;

Database altered.

不清楚这种情况是不是控制文件没有备份引起的，是不是有更好的恢复办法，这样有什么问题。

十二、      数据导入导出

建立了一个导出配置文件：

[oracle@DB ~]$ cat scott_par.txt

DIRECTORY=DATA_PUMP_DIR

tables=emp_dump,dept_dump

DUMPFILE=SCOTT.dump

然后在导出时出现错误：

[oracle@DB ~]$ expdp scott/tiger parfile=scott_par.txt

Export: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Fri May 24 17:40:07 2019

Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.

Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

ORA-39002: invalid operation

ORA-39070: Unable to open the log file.

ORA-39087: directory name DATA_PUMP_DIR is invalid

查看设置：

SQL> select * from dba_directories;

OWNER       DIRECTORY_NAME              DIRECTORY_PATH

---------- ------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SYS      LOG_FILE_DIR             /u01/app/cfgtoollogs/dbca/orcl/

SYS      DATA_FILE_DIR            /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/demo/schema/sales_history/

SYS      SUBDIR                           /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/demo/schema/order_entry//2002/Sep

SYS      MEDIA_DIR                            /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/demo/schema/product_media/

SYS      SS_OE_XMLDIR                    /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/demo/schema/order_entry/

SYS      XMLDIR                          /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/rdbms/xml

SYS      ORACLE_OCM_CONFIG_DIR      /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/ccr/hosts/DB/state

SYS      DATA_PUMP_DIR                  /u01/app/admin/orcl/dpdump/

SYS      ORACLE_OCM_CONFIG_DIR2    /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/dbhome_1/ccr/state

9 rows selected.

当前目录存在，判断是权限问题。

授权：

SQL> conn / as sysdba

Connected.

SQL> grant read,write on directory DATA_PUMP_DIR to scott;

Grant succeeded.

然后执行导出，成功。

[oracle@DB ~]$ expdp scott/tiger parfile=scott_par.txt

Export: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Fri May 24 17:41:52 2019

Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.

Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

Starting "SCOTT"."SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01":  scott/******** parfile=scott_par.txt

Estimate in progress using BLOCKS method...

Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA

Total estimation using BLOCKS method: 128 KB

Processing object type TABLE_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE

. . exported "SCOTT"."DEPT_DUMP"                         5.937 KB       4 rows

. . exported "SCOTT"."EMP_DUMP"                          8.570 KB      14 rows

Master table "SCOTT"."SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01" successfully loaded/unloaded

******************************************************************************

Dump file set for SCOTT.SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01 is:

  /u01/app/admin/orcl/dpdump/SCOTT.dump

Job "SCOTT"."SYS_EXPORT_TABLE_01" successfully completed at Fri May 24 17:41:58 2019 elapsed 0 00:00:04

导入到其他用户

建立导出配置：

[oracle@DB ~]$ cat exp_par.txt

DIRECTORY=DATA_PUMP_DIR

SCHEMAS=scott

DUMPFILE=schema-scott.dat

EXCLUDE=PACKAGE

EXCLUDE=VIEWE

EXCLUDE=TABLE:"LIKE '%DUMP'"

建立导入配置：

[oracle@DB ~]$ cat imp_par.txt

DIRECTORY=DATA_PUMP_DIR

DUMPFILE=schema-scott.dat

REMAP_SCHEMA=SCOTT:IMPTEST

REMAP_TABLESPACE=USERS:PIONEER_DATA

注意，REMAP_SCHEMA=SCOTT:IMPTEST中的IMPTEST将会在数据库中建立新的用户IMPTEST，如果设置为已存在用户，比如PJINLIAN，则会导入到现用户下。

导出：

[oracle@DB ~]$ expdp system/oracle parfile=exp_par.txt

Export: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Fri May 24 18:21:56 2019

Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.

Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

Starting "SYSTEM"."SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01":  system/******** parfile=exp_par.txt

Estimate in progress using BLOCKS method...

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA

Total estimation using BLOCKS method: 192 KB

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/USER

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/SYSTEM_GRANT

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/ROLE_GRANT

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/DEFAULT_ROLE

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/PRE_SCHEMA/PROCACT_SCHEMA

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/GRANT/OWNER_GRANT/OBJECT_GRANT

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/INDEX

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/CONSTRAINT/CONSTRAINT

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/STATISTICS/INDEX_STATISTICS

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/CONSTRAINT/REF_CONSTRAINT

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS

. . exported "SCOTT"."DEPT"                              5.929 KB       4 rows

. . exported "SCOTT"."EMP"                               8.562 KB      14 rows

. . exported "SCOTT"."SALGRADE"                          5.859 KB       5 rows

. . exported "SCOTT"."BONUS"                                 0 KB       0 rows

Master table "SYSTEM"."SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01" successfully loaded/unloaded

******************************************************************************

Dump file set for SYSTEM.SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01 is:

  /u01/app/admin/orcl/dpdump/schema-scott.dat

Job "SYSTEM"."SYS_EXPORT_SCHEMA_01" successfully completed at Fri May 24 18:22:08 2019 elapsed 0 00:00:12

导入：

[oracle@DB ~]$ impdp system/oracle parfile=imp_par.txt

"imp_par.txt"

Import: Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production on Fri May 24 18:27:50 2019

Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates.  All rights reserved.

Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production

With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options

Master table "SYSTEM"."SYS_IMPORT_FULL_01" successfully loaded/unloaded

Starting "SYSTEM"."SYS_IMPORT_FULL_01":  system/******** parfile=imp_par.txt

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/USER

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/SYSTEM_GRANT

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/ROLE_GRANT

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/DEFAULT_ROLE

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/PRE_SCHEMA/PROCACT_SCHEMA

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/TABLE_DATA

. . imported "IMPTEST"."DEPT"                            5.929 KB       4 rows

. . imported "IMPTEST"."EMP"                             8.562 KB      14 rows

. . imported "IMPTEST"."SALGRADE"                        5.859 KB       5 rows

. . imported "IMPTEST"."BONUS"                               0 KB       0 rows

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/GRANT/OWNER_GRANT/OBJECT_GRANT

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/INDEX

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/CONSTRAINT/CONSTRAINT

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/INDEX/STATISTICS/INDEX_STATISTICS

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/CONSTRAINT/REF_CONSTRAINT

Processing object type SCHEMA_EXPORT/TABLE/STATISTICS/TABLE_STATISTICS

Job "SYSTEM"."SYS_IMPORT_FULL_01" successfully completed at Fri May 24 18:27:54 2019 elapsed 0 00:00:03

Oracle中的文件目录

十三、      Oracle创建directory

一般创建directory都是为了用数据泵导入/导出数据用，其实directory还有很多别的用处。 

1、新建directory的语法

CREATE [OR REPLACE] DIRECTORY directory AS 'pathname';

例如：

create or replace directory dump_dir as 'D:dumpdir'

这样把目录d:dumpdir设置成dump_dir代表的directory

 2、查询有哪些directory

select * from dba_directories

 3、赋权

grant read,write on directory dump_dir to user01

4、删除

drop directory dump_dir