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  • 201771010111 李瑞红《第十四周学习总结》

    实验十四  Swing图形界面组件

    实验时间 20178-11-29

    理论知识

    1.布局管理器

    a 布局管理器是一组类。

    b 实现java.awt.LayoutManager接口

    c 决定容器中组件的位置和大小

    d Java.awt包中定义了5种布局管理类,每一种布 局管理类对应一种布局策略。 

    e 每个容器都有与之相关的默认布局管理器。

    f 当一个容器选定一种布局策略时,它应该创建该 策略对应的布局管理器对象,并将此对象设置为 自己的布局管理器。

    g 5种布局管理器

    (1)FlowLayout:流布局(Applet和Panel的默认 布局管理器)

    (2)BorderLayout:边框布局(Window、Frame和 Dialog的默认布局管理器)

    (3)GridLayout:网格布局

    (4)GridBagLayout:网格组布局

    (5)CardLayout:卡片布局

    2.Swing和MVC设计模式

    (1)设计模式(Design pattern)是设计者一种流行的 思考设计问题的方法,是一套被反复使用,多数人 知晓的,经过分类编目的,代码设计经验的总结。

    (2)模型-视图-控制器设计模式(Model –ViewController )是Java EE平台下创建 Web 应用程序 的重要设计模式。

    (3)MVC设计模式 – Model(模型):是程序中用于处理程序数据逻 辑的部分,通常模型负责在数据库中存取数据。

    – View(视图):是程序中处理数据显示的部分, 通常视图依据模型存取的数据创建。

    – Controller(控制器):是程序中处理用户交互 的部分。通常控制器负责从视图读取数据,控制 用户输入,并向模型发送数据。

    (4)Java组件有内容、外观、行为三个主要元素;

    3.文本输入

    (1)文本域(JTextField) : 用于获取单行文本输入。

    (2)文本区(JTextArea)组件可让用户输入多行文 本。生成JTextArea组件对象时,可以指定文本 区的行数和列数: textArea = new JTextArea(8, 40);

      (3)文本区与文本域的异同相同之处: 文本域和文本区组件都可用于获取文本输入。

    不同之处:  文本域只能接受单行文本的输入;  文本区能够接受多行文本的输入。

    (4)文本区JTextArea的常用API:Java.swing. JTextArea 1.2 – JTextArea(int rows, int cols)

    构造一个rows行cols列的文本区对象 – JTextArea(String text,int rows, int cols)

    用初始文本构造一个文本区对象 – void setRows(int rows)

    设置文本域使用的行数 – void append(String newText)

    将给定文本附加到文本区中已有文本的后面 – void setLineWrap(boolean wrap)

    打开或关闭换行

    (5)标签组件:标签是容纳文本的组件。它们没有任何修饰(如没有边界 ),也不响应用户输入。

     标签的常用用途之一就是标识组件,例如标识文本域。其使用步骤如下:

    4.选择组件

    复选框  单选按钮  边框  组合框  滑动条

    (1)复选框构造器 1.bold = new JCheckBox("Bold"); 复选框自动地带有表示标签。 JCheckBox(String label,Icon icon); 构造带有标签与图标的复选框,默认初始未被选择。JCheckBox(String label,boolean state); 用指定的标签和初始化选择状态构造一个复选框单选按钮的构造器(教材492页) 1.JRadioButton(String label,Icon icon); 创建一个带标签和图标的单选按钮RadioButton(String label,boolean state); 用指定的标签和初始化状态构造单选按钮按钮组:为单选按钮组构造一个ButtonGroup的对象。 然后,再将JRadioButton类型的对象添加到按钮 组中。按钮组负责在新按钮被按下的时,取消前一 个按钮的选择状态。如果在一个窗口中 有多组复选框或单选按 钮,就需要可视化的形 式指明哪些按钮属于同 一组。Swing提供了一 组很有用的边框)如果有多个选择项,使用单选按钮占据的屏幕空 间太大时,就可以选择组合框。组合框的事件监听:为了判断组合框的哪个选项被选择,可通过 事件参数调用getSource方法来得到发送事件的组 合框引用,接着调用getSelectdeItem方法获取当 前选择的选项。滑动条:滑动条可以让用户从一组离散值中进行选择 ,并且它还允许进行连续值得选择。

    5.菜单

    菜单创建  菜单项中的图标  复选框和单选按钮菜单项  弹出菜单  快捷键和加速器  启用和禁用菜单项  工具栏  工具提示

    网格组布局 (GridBagLayout):GridBagLayout与GridLayout有点相似,它也是 将组件排在格子里,但是GridBagLayout在网格 的基础上提供更复杂的布局。

    GridBagLayout允许单个组件在一个单元中不填 满整个单元,而只是占用最佳大小,也允许单个 组件扩展成不止一个单元,并且可以用任意顺序 加入组件。

    定制布局管理器: 程序员可通过自己设计LayoutManager类来实现 特殊的布局方式。定制布局管理器需要实现LayoutManager接口, 并覆盖以下方法。

    6. 对话框

    选项对话框   创建对话框   数据选择   文件对话框  颜色选择器

    (1)对话框是一种大小不能变化、不能有菜单的容器窗口; 对话框不能作为一个应用程序的主框架,而必须包含在其 他的容器中。

    (2)选项对话框:JOptionPane提供的对话框是模式对话框。当模 式对话框显示时,它不允许用户输入到程序的 其他的窗口。使用JOptionPane,可以创建和自 定义问题、信息、警告和错误等几种类型的对 话框。

    (3)数据交换:输入对话框含有供用户输入文本的文本框、一个确认和取 消按钮,是有模式对话框。当输入对话框可见时,要求用户 输入一个字符串。

    (4)文件对话框:专门用于对文件(或目录)进行浏览和选择的对 话框,常用的构造方法: – JFileChooser():根据用户的缺省目录创建文件对话框 – JFileChooser(File currentDirectory):根据File型参数 currentDirectory指定的目录创建文件对话框

    (5)颜色对话框: javax.swing包中的JColorChooser类的静态方 法: public static Color showDialog(Component component, String title, Color initialColor)创建一个颜色对话框

    (6)参数component指定对话框所依赖的组件,title 指定对话框的标题;initialColor 指定对话框返回 的初始颜色,即对话框消失后,返回的默认值。 颜色对话框可根据用户在颜色对话框中选择的颜 色返回一个颜色对象.

    1、实验目的与要求

    (1) 掌握GUI布局管理器用法;

    (2) 掌握各类Java Swing组件用途及常用API;

    2、实验内容和步骤

    实验1: 导入第12章示例程序,测试程序并进行组内讨论。

    测试程序1

    在elipse IDE中运行教材479页程序12-1,结合运行结果理解程序;

    掌握各种布局管理器的用法;

    理解GUI界面中事件处理技术的用途。

    在布局管理应用代码处添加注释;

    package calculator;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import java.awt.event.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * A panel with calculator buttons and a result display.
     */
    public class CalculatorPanel extends JPanel
    {
       //属性
       private JButton display;
       private JPanel panel;
       private double result;
       private String lastCommand;
       private boolean start;
       //构造器
       public CalculatorPanel()
       {
          setLayout(new BorderLayout());//设定新的边框布局管理器
    
          result = 0;
          lastCommand = "=";
          start = true;
    
          // 添加display
    
          display = new JButton("0");//用来显示完成算式计算结果
          display.setEnabled(false);//使得使能属性不能起作用
          add(display, BorderLayout.NORTH);//将display添加到北部区域
          //生成监听器对象
          ActionListener insert = new InsertAction();
          ActionListener command = new CommandAction();
    
          // 在4 x 4网格中添加按钮
    
          panel = new JPanel();//新建窗格组件
          panel.setLayout(new GridLayout(4, 4));//设定4行4列的网格布局管理器
          //生成16个事件源,数字注册的事件源是insert对象,运算符注册的事件源是command对象
          addButton("7", insert);
          addButton("8", insert);
          addButton("9", insert);
          addButton("/", command);
    
          addButton("4", insert);
          addButton("5", insert);
          addButton("6", insert);
          addButton("*", command);
    
          addButton("1", insert);
          addButton("2", insert);
          addButton("3", insert);
          addButton("-", command);
    
          addButton("0", insert);
          addButton(".", insert);
          addButton("=", command);
          addButton("+", command);
           
          add(panel, BorderLayout.CENTER);//将panel添加到中部区域
         
       }
    
       /**
        * Adds a button to the center panel.
        * @param label the button label
        * @param listener the button listener
        */
       //方法
       private void addButton(String label, ActionListener listener)
       {
          JButton button = new JButton(label);//生成按钮对象
          button.addActionListener(listener);//注册监听器对象
          panel.add(button);//将其添加到窗格中
       }
    
       /**
        * This action inserts the button action string to the end of the display text.
        */
       //内部类
       private class InsertAction implements ActionListener
       {
          public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
          {
             String input = event.getActionCommand();
             if (start)//开始计算
             {
                display.setText("");
                start = false;
             }
             display.setText(display.getText() + input);//完成多个数字的输入操作
          }
       }
    
       /**
        * This action executes the command that the button action string denotes.
        */
      //内部类
       private class CommandAction implements ActionListener
       {
          public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
          {
             String command = event.getActionCommand();
    
             if (start)//开始计算还没有输入数字
             {
                 
                if (command.equals("-"))
                {
                   display.setText(command);//显示符号
                   start = false;
                }
                else lastCommand = command;
             }
             else
             {
                calculate(Double.parseDouble(display.getText()));//将数字字符串转化为数字
                lastCommand = command;
                start = true;
             }
          }
       }
    
       /**
        * Carries out the pending calculation.
        * @param x the value to be accumulated with the prior result.
        */
       //计算方法
       public void calculate(double x)
       {
          if (lastCommand.equals("+")) result += x;
          else if (lastCommand.equals("-")) result -= x;
          else if (lastCommand.equals("*")) result *= x;
          else if (lastCommand.equals("/")) result /= x;
          else if (lastCommand.equals("=")) result = x;
          display.setText("" + result);//将数字转化为数字字符串输出
       }
    }
    package calculator;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * @version 1.34 2015-06-12
     * @author Cay Horstmann
     */
    public class Calculator
    {
       public static void main(String[] args)
       {
          EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> {
             CalculatorFrame frame = new CalculatorFrame();
             frame.setTitle("Calculator");//设置标题
             frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);//关闭
             frame.setVisible(true);//设置可见
          });
       }
    }
    package calculator;
    
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * A frame with a calculator panel.
     */
    public class CalculatorFrame extends JFrame
    {
       public CalculatorFrame()
       {
          add(new CalculatorPanel());
          pack();
       }
    }

    测试程序2

    在elipse IDE中调试运行教材486页程序12-2,结合运行结果理解程序;

    掌握各种文本组件的用法;

    记录示例代码阅读理解中存在的问题与疑惑。

    package text;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * @version 1.41 2015-06-12
     * @author Cay Horstmann
     */
    public class TextComponentTest
    {
       public static void main(String[] args)
       {
          EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> {
             JFrame frame = new TextComponentFrame();
             frame.setTitle("TextComponentTest");
             frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
             frame.setVisible(true);
          });
       }
    }
    package text;
    
    import java.awt.BorderLayout;
    import java.awt.GridLayout;
    
    import javax.swing.JButton;
    import javax.swing.JFrame;
    import javax.swing.JLabel;
    import javax.swing.JPanel;
    import javax.swing.JPasswordField;
    import javax.swing.JScrollPane;
    import javax.swing.JTextArea;
    import javax.swing.JTextField;
    import javax.swing.SwingConstants;
    
    /**
     * 带有输入文本框组件的框架。
     */
    public class TextComponentFrame extends JFrame
    {
       public static final int TEXTAREA_ROWS = 8;
       public static final int TEXTAREA_COLUMNS = 20;
    
       public TextComponentFrame()
       {
          JTextField textField = new JTextField();
          JPasswordField passwordField = new JPasswordField();
    
          JPanel northPanel = new JPanel();
          northPanel.setLayout(new GridLayout(2, 2));
          //SwingConstants通常用于在屏幕上定位或定向组件的常量的集合
          northPanel.add(new JLabel("User name: ", SwingConstants.RIGHT));
          northPanel.add(textField);
          northPanel.add(new JLabel("Password: ", SwingConstants.RIGHT));
          northPanel.add(passwordField);
    
          add(northPanel, BorderLayout.NORTH);
    
          //构造具有指定行数和列数的新的空 TextArea。
          JTextArea textArea = new JTextArea(TEXTAREA_ROWS, TEXTAREA_COLUMNS);
          //创建一个显示指定组件内容的 JScrollPane对象,只要组件的内容超过视图大小就会显示水平和垂直滚动条。 
          JScrollPane scrollPane = new JScrollPane(textArea);
    
          add(scrollPane, BorderLayout.CENTER);
    
          // add button to append text into the text area
    
          JPanel southPanel = new JPanel();
    
          JButton insertButton = new JButton("Insert");
          southPanel.add(insertButton);
          //将给定文本追加到文档结尾。
          insertButton.addActionListener(event ->
             textArea.append("User name: " + textField.getText() + " Password: "
                + new String(passwordField.getPassword()) + "
    "));
    
          add(southPanel, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
          pack();
       }
    }

    测试程序3

    在elipse IDE中调试运行教材489页程序12-3,结合运行结果理解程序;

    掌握复选框组件的用法;

    记录示例代码阅读理解中存在的问题与疑惑。

    package checkBox;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * @version 1.34 2015-06-12
     * @author Cay Horstmann
     */
    public class CheckBoxTest
    {
       public static void main(String[] args)
       {
          EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> {
             JFrame frame = new CheckBoxFrame();
             frame.setTitle("CheckBoxTest");
             frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
             frame.setVisible(true);
          });
       }
    }
    package checkBox;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import java.awt.event.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * A frame with a sample text label and check boxes for selecting font attributes.
     */
    public class CheckBoxFrame extends JFrame
    {
       private JLabel label;
       private JCheckBox bold;
       private JCheckBox italic;
       private static final int FONTSIZE = 24;
    
       public CheckBoxFrame()
       {
          // 添加示例文本标签
    
          label = new JLabel("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.");
          label.setFont(new Font("Serif", Font.BOLD, FONTSIZE));
          add(label, BorderLayout.CENTER);
    
          // 字体属性
          // 复选框状态的标签
    
          ActionListener listener = event -> {
             int mode = 0;
             if (bold.isSelected()) mode += Font.BOLD;
             if (italic.isSelected()) mode += Font.ITALIC;
             label.setFont(new Font("Serif", mode, FONTSIZE));
          };
    
          // 添加复选框
    
          JPanel buttonPanel = new JPanel();
    
          bold = new JCheckBox("Bold");
          bold.addActionListener(listener);
          bold.setSelected(true);
          buttonPanel.add(bold);
    
          italic = new JCheckBox("Italic");
          italic.addActionListener(listener);
          buttonPanel.add(italic);
    
          add(buttonPanel, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
          pack();
       }
    }

    测试程序4

    在elipse IDE中调试运行教材491页程序12-4,运行结果理解程序;

    掌握单选按钮组件的用法;

    记录示例代码阅读理解中存在的问题与疑惑。

    package radioButton;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * @version 1.34 2015-06-12
     * @author Cay Horstmann
     */
    public class RadioButtonTest
    {
       public static void main(String[] args)
       {
          EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> {
             JFrame frame = new RadioButtonFrame();
             frame.setTitle("RadioButtonTest");
             frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
             frame.setVisible(true);
          });
       }
    }
    package radioButton;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import java.awt.event.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * 带有示例文本标签和用于选择字体大小的单选按钮的框架。
     */
    public class RadioButtonFrame extends JFrame
    {
       private JPanel buttonPanel;
       private ButtonGroup group;
       private JLabel label;
       private static final int DEFAULT_SIZE = 36;
    
       public RadioButtonFrame()
       {      
          // add the sample text label
    
          label = new JLabel("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.");
          label.setFont(new Font("Serif", Font.PLAIN, DEFAULT_SIZE));
          add(label, BorderLayout.CENTER);
    
          // add the radio buttons
    
          buttonPanel = new JPanel();
          group = new ButtonGroup();
    
          addRadioButton("Small", 8);
          addRadioButton("Medium", 12);
          addRadioButton("Large", 18);
          addRadioButton("Extra large", 36);
    
          add(buttonPanel, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
          pack();
       }
    
       /**
        * 添加一个单选按钮,用于设置示例文本的字体大小。
        * @param 大小的规格要出现在按钮上的字符串
        * @param 按钮设置的字体大小
        */
       public void addRadioButton(String name, int size)
       {
          boolean selected = size == DEFAULT_SIZE;
          JRadioButton button = new JRadioButton(name, selected);
          group.add(button);
          buttonPanel.add(button);
    
          // 此监听器设置标签字体大小
    
          ActionListener listener = event -> label.setFont(new Font("Serif", Font.PLAIN, size));
    
          button.addActionListener(listener);
       }
    }

     

    测试程序5

    在elipse IDE中调试运行教材494页程序12-5,结合运行结果理解程序;

    掌握边框的用法;

    记录示例代码阅读理解中存在的问题与疑惑。

    package border;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * @version 1.34 2015-06-13
     * @author Cay Horstmann
     */
    public class BorderTest
    {
       public static void main(String[] args)
       {
          EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> {
             JFrame frame = new BorderFrame();
             frame.setTitle("BorderTest");
             frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
             frame.setVisible(true);
          });
       }
    }
    package border;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    import javax.swing.border.*;
    
    /**
     * A frame with radio buttons to pick a border style.
     */
    public class BorderFrame extends JFrame
    {
       private JPanel demoPanel;
       private JPanel buttonPanel;
       private ButtonGroup group;
    
       public BorderFrame()
       {
          demoPanel = new JPanel();
          buttonPanel = new JPanel();
          group = new ButtonGroup();
          
          //设置不同的边框类型按钮,共六种(提供标准 Border 对象的工厂类)
          addRadioButton("Lowered bevel", BorderFactory.createLoweredBevelBorder());
          addRadioButton("Raised bevel", BorderFactory.createRaisedBevelBorder());
          addRadioButton("Etched", BorderFactory.createEtchedBorder());
          addRadioButton("Line", BorderFactory.createLineBorder(Color.BLUE));
          addRadioButton("Matte", BorderFactory.createMatteBorder(10, 10, 10, 10, Color.BLUE));
          addRadioButton("Empty", BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder());
          
          Border etched = BorderFactory.createEtchedBorder();
          Border titled = BorderFactory.createTitledBorder(etched, "Border types");
          buttonPanel.setBorder(titled);
    
          setLayout(new GridLayout(2, 1));
          add(buttonPanel);
          add(demoPanel);
          pack();
       }
    
       public void addRadioButton(String buttonName, Border b)
       {
          JRadioButton button = new JRadioButton(buttonName);
          button.addActionListener(event -> demoPanel.setBorder(b));
          group.add(button);
          buttonPanel.add(button);
       }
    }

     点其中一个按钮,实验结果

    测试程序6

    在elipse IDE中调试运行教材498页程序12-6,结合运行结果理解程序;

    掌握组合框组件的用法;

    记录示例代码阅读理解中存在的问题与疑惑。

    package comboBox;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * @version 1.35 2015-06-12
     * @author Cay Horstmann
     */
    public class ComboBoxTest
    {
       public static void main(String[] args)
       {
          //lambda表达式
          EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> {
         
             JFrame frame = new ComboBoxFrame();
          
             frame.setTitle("ComboBoxTest");
            
            frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
          
             frame.setVisible(true);
          });
       }
    }
    package comboBox;
    
    import java.awt.BorderLayout;
    import java.awt.Font;
    
    import javax.swing.JComboBox;
    import javax.swing.JFrame;
    import javax.swing.JLabel;
    import javax.swing.JPanel;
    
    /**
     * 具有示例文本标签和用于选择字体外观的组合框的框架。
     * 组合框:将按钮或可编辑字段与下拉列表组合的组件。
     * 用户可以从下拉列表中选择值,下拉列表在用户请求时显示
     */
    
    public class ComboBoxFrame extends JFrame
    {
       private JComboBox<String> faceCombo;
       private JLabel label;
       private static final int DEFAULT_SIZE = 24;
    
       public ComboBoxFrame()
       {
          // 添加示例文本标签
    
          label = new JLabel("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.");
       
          label.setFont(new Font("Serif", Font.PLAIN, DEFAULT_SIZE));
          //添加到边框布局管理器的中间
          add(label, BorderLayout.CENTER);
    
          // 创建一个组合框对象并添加项目名称
    
          faceCombo = new JComboBox<>();
          faceCombo.addItem("Serif");
          faceCombo.addItem("SansSerif");
          faceCombo.addItem("Monospaced");
          faceCombo.addItem("Dialog");
          faceCombo.addItem("DialogInput");
    
          // 组合框监听器将标签字体更改为所选的名称(添加监听器,使用lambda表达式)
    
          faceCombo.addActionListener(event ->
         
             label.setFont(
                //getItemAt用于返回指定索引处的列表项;getSelectedIndex用于返回当前选择的选项
                new Font(faceCombo.getItemAt(faceCombo.getSelectedIndex()), 
                   Font.PLAIN, DEFAULT_SIZE)));
    
    
    
          JPanel comboPanel = new JPanel();
          comboPanel.add(faceCombo);
          add(comboPanel, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
          pack();
       }
    }

     

    测试程序7

    在elipse IDE中调试运行教材501页程序12-7,结合运行结果理解程序;

    掌握滑动条组件的用法;

    记录示例代码阅读理解中存在的问题与疑惑。

    package slider;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * @version 1.15 2015-06-12
     * @author Cay Horstmann
     */
    public class SliderTest
    {
       public static void main(String[] args)
       {
          EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> {
             SliderFrame frame = new SliderFrame();//生成类对象
             frame.setTitle("SliderTest");//将此窗体的标题设置为指定的字符串
             frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);//设置用户在此窗体上发起 "close" 时默认执行的操作
             frame.setVisible(true);//根据参数 b 的值显示或隐藏此 Window
          });
       }
    }
    package slider;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import java.util.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    import javax.swing.event.*;
    
    /**
     * A frame with many sliders and a text field to show slider values.
     */
    public class SliderFrame extends JFrame//类的继承
    {
       private JPanel sliderPanel;
       private JTextField textField;
       private ChangeListener listener;
    
       public SliderFrame()
       {
          sliderPanel = new JPanel();//生成类对象
          sliderPanel.setLayout(new GridBagLayout());//设置此容器的布局管理器为网格包布局管理器。 
    
          // 为所有 sliders注册监听器
          listener = event -> {
             //当滑动slider的时候 更新文本域的值
             JSlider source = (JSlider) event.getSource();//生成一个让用户以图形方式在有界区间内通过移动滑块来选择值的组件类对象。 
             textField.setText("" + source.getValue());//将此 TextComponent 文本设置为指定文本
          };
    
     
    
          JSlider slider = new JSlider();//创建一个水平滑块。
          addSlider(slider, "Plain");
    
    
          slider = new JSlider();
          slider.setPaintTicks(true);//在滑块上绘制刻度标记
          slider.setMajorTickSpacing(20);//设置主刻度标记的间隔
          slider.setMinorTickSpacing(5);
          addSlider(slider, "Ticks");
    
          slider = new JSlider();
          slider.setPaintTicks(true);
          slider.setSnapToTicks(true);
          slider.setMajorTickSpacing(20);
          slider.setMinorTickSpacing(5);
          addSlider(slider, "Snap to ticks");
    
          // 添加没有轨迹的平滑快
    
          slider = new JSlider();
          slider.setPaintTicks(true);
          slider.setMajorTickSpacing(20);
          slider.setMinorTickSpacing(5);
          slider.setPaintTrack(false);
          addSlider(slider, "No track");
    
          //添加倒置的平滑快
    
          slider = new JSlider();
          slider.setPaintTicks(true);
          slider.setMajorTickSpacing(20);
          slider.setMinorTickSpacing(5);
          slider.setInverted(true);
          addSlider(slider, "Inverted");
    
          // 添加一个数字标签的平滑快
    
          slider = new JSlider();
          slider.setPaintTicks(true);
          slider.setPaintLabels(true);//在滑块上绘制标签。
          slider.setMajorTickSpacing(20);
          slider.setMinorTickSpacing(5);
          addSlider(slider, "Labels");
    
          // 添加一个字母标签的平滑快
    
          slider = new JSlider();
          slider.setPaintLabels(true);
          slider.setPaintTicks(true);//在滑块上绘制刻度标记
          slider.setMajorTickSpacing(20);
          slider.setMinorTickSpacing(5);
    
          Dictionary<Integer, Component> labelTable = new Hashtable<>();
          labelTable.put(0, new JLabel("A"));//创建 JLabel 实例。
          labelTable.put(20, new JLabel("B"));
          labelTable.put(40, new JLabel("C"));
          labelTable.put(60, new JLabel("D"));
          labelTable.put(80, new JLabel("E"));
          labelTable.put(100, new JLabel("F"));
    
          slider.setLabelTable(labelTable);//在给定值处绘制标签
          addSlider(slider, "Custom labels");
    
    
          slider = new JSlider();
          slider.setPaintTicks(true);
          slider.setPaintLabels(true);
          slider.setSnapToTicks(true);
          slider.setMajorTickSpacing(20);
          slider.setMinorTickSpacing(20);
    
          labelTable = new Hashtable<Integer, Component>();//构造一个新的空哈希表。 
    
          // 添加图像
    
          labelTable.put(0, new JLabel(new ImageIcon("nine.gif")));
          labelTable.put(20, new JLabel(new ImageIcon("ten.gif")));
          labelTable.put(40, new JLabel(new ImageIcon("jack.gif")));
          labelTable.put(60, new JLabel(new ImageIcon("queen.gif")));
          labelTable.put(80, new JLabel(new ImageIcon("king.gif")));
          labelTable.put(100, new JLabel(new ImageIcon("ace.gif")));
    
          slider.setLabelTable(labelTable);//用于指定将在给定值处绘制标签
          addSlider(slider, "Icon labels");
    
          // 添加文本域
    
          textField = new JTextField();
          add(sliderPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
          add(textField, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
          pack();//调整此窗口的大小,以适合其子组件的首选大小和布局。
       }
    
       /**
        * Adds a slider to the slider panel and hooks up the listener
        * @param s the slider
        * @param description the slider description
        */
       public void addSlider(JSlider s, String description)//一个让用户以图形方式在有界区间内通过移动滑块来选择值的组件。 
       {
          s.addChangeListener(listener);
          JPanel panel = new JPanel();
          panel.add(s);
          panel.add(new JLabel(description));
          panel.setAlignmentX(Component.LEFT_ALIGNMENT);//设置垂直对齐方式。 
          GridBagConstraints gbc = new GridBagConstraints();//设置组件间的约束关系
          gbc.gridy = sliderPanel.getComponentCount();
          gbc.anchor = GridBagConstraints.WEST;
          sliderPanel.add(panel, gbc);
       }
    }

    实验结果

    测试程序8

    在elipse IDE中调试运行教材512页程序12-8,结合运行结果理解程序;

    掌握菜单的创建、菜单事件监听器、复选框和单选按钮菜单项、弹出菜单以及快捷键和加速器的用法。

    记录示例代码阅读理解中存在的问题与疑惑。

    package menu;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * @version 1.24 2012-06-12
     * @author Cay Horstmann
     */
    public class MenuTest
    {
       public static void main(String[] args)
       {
          EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> {
             JFrame frame = new MenuFrame();
             frame.setTitle("MenuTest");
             frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
             frame.setVisible(true);
          });
       }
    }
    package menu;
    
    import java.awt.event.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * A frame with a sample menu bar.
     */
    public class MenuFrame extends JFrame
    {
       private static final int DEFAULT_WIDTH = 300;
       private static final int DEFAULT_HEIGHT = 200;
       private Action saveAction;
       private Action saveAsAction;
       private JCheckBoxMenuItem readonlyItem;
       private JPopupMenu popup;
    
       /**
        * A sample action that prints the action name to System.out
        */
       class TestAction extends AbstractAction
       {
          public TestAction(String name)
          {
             super(name);
          }
    
          public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
          {
             System.out.println(getValue(Action.NAME) + " selected.");
          }
       }
    
       public MenuFrame()
       {
          setSize(DEFAULT_WIDTH, DEFAULT_HEIGHT);
    
          JMenu fileMenu = new JMenu("File");
          fileMenu.add(new TestAction("New"));
    
          //演示加速器
    
          JMenuItem openItem = fileMenu.add(new TestAction("Open"));
          openItem.setAccelerator(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke("ctrl O"));
    
          fileMenu.addSeparator();
    
          saveAction = new TestAction("Save");
          JMenuItem saveItem = fileMenu.add(saveAction);
          saveItem.setAccelerator(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke("ctrl S"));
    
          saveAsAction = new TestAction("Save As");
          fileMenu.add(saveAsAction);
          fileMenu.addSeparator();
    
          fileMenu.add(new AbstractAction("Exit")
             {
                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
                {
                   System.exit(0);
                }
             });
    
          //演示复选框和单选按钮菜单
    
          readonlyItem = new JCheckBoxMenuItem("Read-only");
          readonlyItem.addActionListener(new ActionListener()
             {
                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
                {
                   boolean saveOk = !readonlyItem.isSelected();
                   saveAction.setEnabled(saveOk);
                   saveAsAction.setEnabled(saveOk);
                }
             });
    
          ButtonGroup group = new ButtonGroup();
    
          JRadioButtonMenuItem insertItem = new JRadioButtonMenuItem("Insert");
          insertItem.setSelected(true);
          JRadioButtonMenuItem overtypeItem = new JRadioButtonMenuItem("Overtype");
    
          group.add(insertItem);
          group.add(overtypeItem);
    
          //演示图标
    
          Action cutAction = new TestAction("Cut");
          cutAction.putValue(Action.SMALL_ICON, new ImageIcon("cut.gif"));
          Action copyAction = new TestAction("Copy");
          copyAction.putValue(Action.SMALL_ICON, new ImageIcon("copy.gif"));
          Action pasteAction = new TestAction("Paste");
          pasteAction.putValue(Action.SMALL_ICON, new ImageIcon("paste.gif"));
    
          JMenu editMenu = new JMenu("Edit");
          editMenu.add(cutAction);
          editMenu.add(copyAction);
          editMenu.add(pasteAction);
    
          // 演示嵌套菜单
    
          JMenu optionMenu = new JMenu("Options");
    
          optionMenu.add(readonlyItem);
          optionMenu.addSeparator();
          optionMenu.add(insertItem);
          optionMenu.add(overtypeItem);
    
          editMenu.addSeparator();
          editMenu.add(optionMenu);
    
          // 说明助记符
    
          JMenu helpMenu = new JMenu("Help");
          helpMenu.setMnemonic('H');
    
          JMenuItem indexItem = new JMenuItem("Index");
          indexItem.setMnemonic('I');
          helpMenu.add(indexItem);
    
          //您还可以向操作添加助记符键
          Action aboutAction = new TestAction("About");
          aboutAction.putValue(Action.MNEMONIC_KEY, new Integer('A'));
          helpMenu.add(aboutAction);
          
          // 将所有顶级菜单添加到菜单栏
    
          JMenuBar menuBar = new JMenuBar();
          setJMenuBar(menuBar);
    
          menuBar.add(fileMenu);
          menuBar.add(editMenu);
          menuBar.add(helpMenu);
    
          // 显示弹出窗口
    
          popup = new JPopupMenu();
          popup.add(cutAction);
          popup.add(copyAction);
          popup.add(pasteAction);
    
          JPanel panel = new JPanel();
          panel.setComponentPopupMenu(popup);
          add(panel);
       }
    }

    测试程序9

    在elipse IDE中调试运行教材517页程序12-9,结合运行结果理解程序;

    掌握工具栏和工具提示的用法;

    记录示例代码阅读理解中存在的问题与疑惑。

    package toolBar;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * @version 1.14 2015-06-12
     * @author Cay Horstmann
     */
    public class ToolBarTest
    {
       public static void main(String[] args)
       {
          EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> {
             ToolBarFrame frame = new ToolBarFrame();
             frame.setTitle("ToolBarTest");//设置标题
             frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
             frame.setVisible(true);//设置可见
          });
       }
    }
    package toolBar;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import java.awt.event.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * A frame with a toolbar and menu for color changes.
     */
    public class ToolBarFrame extends JFrame
    {
       private static final int DEFAULT_WIDTH = 300;
       private static final int DEFAULT_HEIGHT = 200;
       private JPanel panel;
    
       public ToolBarFrame()
       {
          setSize(DEFAULT_WIDTH, DEFAULT_HEIGHT);
    
          // 添加颜色更改面板
    
          panel = new JPanel();
          add(panel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
    
          // 设定动作
          Action blueAction = new ColorAction("Blue", new ImageIcon("blue-ball.gif"), Color.BLUE);
          Action yellowAction = new ColorAction("Yellow", new ImageIcon("yellow-ball.gif"),
                Color.YELLOW);
          Action redAction = new ColorAction("Red", new ImageIcon("red-ball.gif"), Color.RED);
    
          Action exitAction = new AbstractAction("Exit", new ImageIcon("exit.gif"))
             {
                public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
                {
                   System.exit(0);
                }
             };
          exitAction.putValue(Action.SHORT_DESCRIPTION, "Exit");
    
          //填充工具栏
    
          JToolBar bar = new JToolBar();
          bar.add(blueAction);
          bar.add(yellowAction);
          bar.add(redAction);
          bar.addSeparator();
          bar.add(exitAction);
          add(bar, BorderLayout.NORTH);
    
          // populate menu
    
          JMenu menu = new JMenu("Color");
          menu.add(yellowAction);
          menu.add(blueAction);
          menu.add(redAction);
          menu.add(exitAction);
          JMenuBar menuBar = new JMenuBar();
          menuBar.add(menu);
          setJMenuBar(menuBar);
       }
    
       /**
        * The color action sets the background of the frame to a given color.
        */
       class ColorAction extends AbstractAction
       {
          public ColorAction(String name, Icon icon, Color c)
          {
             putValue(Action.NAME, name);
             putValue(Action.SMALL_ICON, icon);
             putValue(Action.SHORT_DESCRIPTION, name + " background");
             putValue("Color", c);
          }
    
          public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
          {
             Color c = (Color) getValue("Color");
             panel.setBackground(c);
          }
       }
    }

    点一个按钮之后

    测试程序10

    在elipse IDE中调试运行教材524页程序12-10、12-11,结合运行结果理解程序,了解GridbagLayout的用法。

    在elipse IDE中调试运行教材533页程序12-12,结合程序运行结果理解程序,了解GroupLayout的用法。

    记录示例代码阅读理解中存在的问题与疑惑。

    package gridbag;
    
    import java.awt.Font;
    import java.awt.GridBagLayout;
    import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
    
    import javax.swing.BorderFactory;
    import javax.swing.JCheckBox;
    import javax.swing.JComboBox;
    import javax.swing.JFrame;
    import javax.swing.JLabel;
    import javax.swing.JTextArea;
    
    /**
     * A frame that uses a grid bag layout to arrange font selection components.
     */
    public class FontFrame extends JFrame
    {
       public static final int TEXT_ROWS = 10;
       public static final int TEXT_COLUMNS = 20;
    
       private JComboBox<String> face;
       private JComboBox<Integer> size;
       private JCheckBox bold;
       private JCheckBox italic;
       private JTextArea sample;
    
       public FontFrame()
       {
          GridBagLayout layout = new GridBagLayout();
          setLayout(layout);
    
          ActionListener listener = event -> updateSample();
    
          // 构建组件
    
          JLabel faceLabel = new JLabel("Face: ");
    
          face = new JComboBox<>(new String[] { "Serif", "SansSerif", "Monospaced",
                "Dialog", "DialogInput" });
    
          face.addActionListener(listener);
    
          JLabel sizeLabel = new JLabel("Size: ");
    
          size = new JComboBox<>(new Integer[] { 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24, 36, 48 });
    
          size.addActionListener(listener);
    
          bold = new JCheckBox("Bold");
          bold.addActionListener(listener);
    
          italic = new JCheckBox("Italic");
          italic.addActionListener(listener);
    
          sample = new JTextArea(TEXT_ROWS, TEXT_COLUMNS);
          sample.setText("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog");
          sample.setEditable(false);
          sample.setLineWrap(true);
          sample.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEtchedBorder());
    
          // 使用GBC便利类向网格添加组件
    
          add(faceLabel, new GBC(0, 0).setAnchor(GBC.EAST));
          add(face, new GBC(1, 0).setFill(GBC.HORIZONTAL).setWeight(100, 0)
                .setInsets(1));
          add(sizeLabel, new GBC(0, 1).setAnchor(GBC.EAST));
          add(size, new GBC(1, 1).setFill(GBC.HORIZONTAL).setWeight(100, 0)
                .setInsets(1));
          add(bold, new GBC(0, 2, 2, 1).setAnchor(GBC.CENTER).setWeight(100, 100));
          add(italic, new GBC(0, 3, 2, 1).setAnchor(GBC.CENTER).setWeight(100, 100));
          add(sample, new GBC(2, 0, 1, 4).setFill(GBC.BOTH).setWeight(100, 100));
          pack();
          updateSample();
       }
    
       public void updateSample()
       {
          String fontFace = (String) face.getSelectedItem();
          int fontStyle = (bold.isSelected() ? Font.BOLD : 0)
                + (italic.isSelected() ? Font.ITALIC : 0);
          int fontSize = size.getItemAt(size.getSelectedIndex());
          Font font = new Font(fontFace, fontStyle, fontSize);
          sample.setFont(font);
          sample.repaint();
       }
    package groupLayout;
    
    import java.awt.Font;
    import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
    
    import javax.swing.BorderFactory;
    import javax.swing.GroupLayout;
    import javax.swing.JCheckBox;
    import javax.swing.JComboBox;
    import javax.swing.JFrame;
    import javax.swing.JLabel;
    import javax.swing.JScrollPane;
    import javax.swing.JTextArea;
    import javax.swing.LayoutStyle;
    import javax.swing.SwingConstants;
    
    /**
     * A frame that uses a group layout to arrange font selection components.
     */
    public class FontFrame extends JFrame
    {
       public static final int TEXT_ROWS = 10;
       public static final int TEXT_COLUMNS = 20;
    
       private JComboBox<String> face;
       private JComboBox<Integer> size;
       private JCheckBox bold;
       private JCheckBox italic;
       private JScrollPane pane;
       private JTextArea sample;
    
       public FontFrame()
       {
          ActionListener listener = event -> updateSample(); 
    
          // 构建组件
    
          JLabel faceLabel = new JLabel("Face: ");
    
          face = new JComboBox<>(new String[] { "Serif", "SansSerif", "Monospaced", "Dialog",
                "DialogInput" });
    
          face.addActionListener(listener);
    
          JLabel sizeLabel = new JLabel("Size: ");
    
          size = new JComboBox<>(new Integer[] { 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24, 36, 48 });
    
          size.addActionListener(listener);
    
          bold = new JCheckBox("Bold");
          bold.addActionListener(listener);
    
          italic = new JCheckBox("Italic");
          italic.addActionListener(listener);
    
          sample = new JTextArea(TEXT_ROWS, TEXT_COLUMNS);
          sample.setText("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog");
          sample.setEditable(false);
          sample.setLineWrap(true);
          sample.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEtchedBorder());
    
          pane = new JScrollPane(sample);
    
          GroupLayout layout = new GroupLayout(getContentPane());
          setLayout(layout);
          layout.setHorizontalGroup(layout.createParallelGroup(GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING)
                .addGroup(
                      layout.createSequentialGroup().addContainerGap().addGroup(
                            layout.createParallelGroup(GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING).addGroup(
                                  GroupLayout.Alignment.TRAILING,
                                  layout.createSequentialGroup().addGroup(
                                        layout.createParallelGroup(GroupLayout.Alignment.TRAILING)
                                              .addComponent(faceLabel).addComponent(sizeLabel))
                                        .addPreferredGap(LayoutStyle.ComponentPlacement.RELATED)
                                        .addGroup(
                                              layout.createParallelGroup(
                                                    GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING, false)
                                                    .addComponent(size).addComponent(face)))
                                  .addComponent(italic).addComponent(bold)).addPreferredGap(
                            LayoutStyle.ComponentPlacement.RELATED).addComponent(pane)
                            .addContainerGap()));
    
          layout.linkSize(SwingConstants.HORIZONTAL, new java.awt.Component[] { face, size });
    
          layout.setVerticalGroup(layout.createParallelGroup(GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING)
                .addGroup(
                      layout.createSequentialGroup().addContainerGap().addGroup(
                            layout.createParallelGroup(GroupLayout.Alignment.LEADING).addComponent(
                                  pane, GroupLayout.Alignment.TRAILING).addGroup(
                                  layout.createSequentialGroup().addGroup(
                                        layout.createParallelGroup(GroupLayout.Alignment.BASELINE)
                                              .addComponent(face).addComponent(faceLabel))
                                        .addPreferredGap(LayoutStyle.ComponentPlacement.RELATED)
                                        .addGroup(
                                              layout.createParallelGroup(
                                                    GroupLayout.Alignment.BASELINE).addComponent(size)
                                                    .addComponent(sizeLabel)).addPreferredGap(
                                              LayoutStyle.ComponentPlacement.RELATED).addComponent(
                                              italic, GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE,
                                              GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, Short.MAX_VALUE)
                                        .addPreferredGap(LayoutStyle.ComponentPlacement.RELATED)
                                        .addComponent(bold, GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE,
                                              GroupLayout.DEFAULT_SIZE, Short.MAX_VALUE)))
                            .addContainerGap()));
          pack();
       }
       
       public void updateSample()
       {
          String fontFace = (String) face.getSelectedItem();
          int fontStyle = (bold.isSelected() ? Font.BOLD : 0)
                + (italic.isSelected() ? Font.ITALIC : 0);
          int fontSize = size.getItemAt(size.getSelectedIndex());
          Font font = new Font(fontFace, fontStyle, fontSize);
          sample.setFont(font);
          sample.repaint();
       }
    }
     

     

    测试程序11

    在elipse IDE中调试运行教材539页程序12-13、12-14,结合运行结果理解程序;

    掌握定制布局管理器的用法。

    记录示例代码阅读理解中存在的问题与疑惑。

    package fileChooser;
    
    import java.io.*;
    
    import javax.swing.*;
    import javax.swing.filechooser.*;
    import javax.swing.filechooser.FileFilter;
    
    /**
     * A frame that has a menu for loading an image and a display area for the
     * loaded image.
     */
    public class ImageViewerFrame extends JFrame
    {
       private static final int DEFAULT_WIDTH = 300;
       private static final int DEFAULT_HEIGHT = 400;
       private JLabel label;
       private JFileChooser chooser;
    
       public ImageViewerFrame()
       {
          setSize(DEFAULT_WIDTH, DEFAULT_HEIGHT);
    
          // set up menu bar
          JMenuBar menuBar = new JMenuBar();
          setJMenuBar(menuBar);
    
          JMenu menu = new JMenu("File");
          menuBar.add(menu);
    
          JMenuItem openItem = new JMenuItem("Open");
          menu.add(openItem);
          openItem.addActionListener(event -> {
             chooser.setCurrentDirectory(new File("."));
    
             // show file chooser dialog
                int result = chooser.showOpenDialog(ImageViewerFrame.this);
    
                // if image file accepted, set it as icon of the label
                if (result == JFileChooser.APPROVE_OPTION)
                {
                   String name = chooser.getSelectedFile().getPath();
                   label.setIcon(new ImageIcon(name));
                   pack();
                }
             });
    
          JMenuItem exitItem = new JMenuItem("Exit");
          menu.add(exitItem);
          exitItem.addActionListener(event -> System.exit(0));
    
          // use a label to display the images
          label = new JLabel();
          add(label);
    
          // set up file chooser
          chooser = new JFileChooser();
    
          // accept all image files ending with .jpg, .jpeg, .gif
          FileFilter filter = new FileNameExtensionFilter(
                "Image files", "jpg", "jpeg", "gif");
          chooser.setFileFilter(filter);
    
          chooser.setAccessory(new ImagePreviewer(chooser));
    
          chooser.setFileView(new FileIconView(filter, new ImageIcon("palette.gif")));
       }
    }
    package circleLayout;
    
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * A frame that shows buttons arranged along a circle.
     */
    public class CircleLayoutFrame extends JFrame
    {
       public CircleLayoutFrame()
       {
          setLayout(new CircleLayout());
          add(new JButton("Yellow"));
          add(new JButton("Blue"));
          add(new JButton("Red"));
          add(new JButton("Green"));
          add(new JButton("Orange"));
          add(new JButton("Fuchsia"));
          add(new JButton("Indigo"));
          pack();
       }
    }
    package circleLayout;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * @version 1.33 2015-06-12
     * @author Cay Horstmann
     */
    public class CircleLayoutTest
    {
       public static void main(String[] args)
       {
          EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> {
             JFrame frame = new CircleLayoutFrame();
             frame.setTitle("CircleLayoutTest");
             frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
             frame.setVisible(true);
          });
       }
    }

     

    测试程序12

    在elipse IDE中调试运行教材544页程序12-15、12-16,结合运行结果理解程序;

    掌握选项对话框的用法。

    记录示例代码阅读理解中存在的问题与疑惑。

    package optionDialog;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * @version 1.34 2015-06-12
     * @author Cay Horstmann
     */
    public class OptionDialogTest
    {
       public static void main(String[] args)
       {
          EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> {
             JFrame frame = new OptionDialogFrame();
             frame.setTitle("OptionDialogTest");
             frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
             frame.setVisible(true);
          });
       }
    }
    
    package optionDialog;
    
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * A panel with radio buttons inside a titled border.
     */
    public class ButtonPanel extends JPanel
    {
       private ButtonGroup group;
    
       /**
        * Constructs a button panel.
        * @param title the title shown in the border
        * @param options an array of radio button labels
        */
       public ButtonPanel(String title, String... options)
       {
          setBorder(BorderFactory.createTitledBorder(BorderFactory.createEtchedBorder(), title));
          setLayout(new BoxLayout(this, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
          group = new ButtonGroup();
    
          // make one radio button for each option
          for (String option : options)
          {
             JRadioButton b = new JRadioButton(option);
             b.setActionCommand(option);
             add(b);
             group.add(b);
             b.setSelected(option == options[0]);
          }
       }
    
       /**
        * Gets the currently selected option.
        * @return the label of the currently selected radio button.
        */
       public String getSelection()
       {
          return group.getSelection().getActionCommand();
       }
    }
    package optionDialog;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import java.awt.event.*;
    import java.awt.geom.*;
    import java.util.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * A frame that contains settings for selecting various option dialogs.
     */
    public class OptionDialogFrame extends JFrame
    {
       private ButtonPanel typePanel;
       private ButtonPanel messagePanel;
       private ButtonPanel messageTypePanel;
       private ButtonPanel optionTypePanel;
       private ButtonPanel optionsPanel;
       private ButtonPanel inputPanel;
       private String messageString = "Message";
       private Icon messageIcon = new ImageIcon("blue-ball.gif");
       private Object messageObject = new Date();
       private Component messageComponent = new SampleComponent();
    
       public OptionDialogFrame()
       {
          JPanel gridPanel = new JPanel();
          gridPanel.setLayout(new GridLayout(2, 3));
    
          typePanel = new ButtonPanel("Type", "Message", "Confirm", "Option", "Input");
          messageTypePanel = new ButtonPanel("Message Type", "ERROR_MESSAGE", "INFORMATION_MESSAGE",
                "WARNING_MESSAGE", "QUESTION_MESSAGE", "PLAIN_MESSAGE");
          messagePanel = new ButtonPanel("Message", "String", "Icon", "Component", "Other", 
                "Object[]");
          optionTypePanel = new ButtonPanel("Confirm", "DEFAULT_OPTION", "YES_NO_OPTION",
                "YES_NO_CANCEL_OPTION", "OK_CANCEL_OPTION");
          optionsPanel = new ButtonPanel("Option", "String[]", "Icon[]", "Object[]");
          inputPanel = new ButtonPanel("Input", "Text field", "Combo box");
    
          gridPanel.add(typePanel);
          gridPanel.add(messageTypePanel);
          gridPanel.add(messagePanel);
          gridPanel.add(optionTypePanel);
          gridPanel.add(optionsPanel);
          gridPanel.add(inputPanel);
    
          // add a panel with a Show button
    
          JPanel showPanel = new JPanel();
          JButton showButton = new JButton("Show");
          showButton.addActionListener(new ShowAction());
          showPanel.add(showButton);
    
          add(gridPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
          add(showPanel, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
          pack();
       }
    
       /**
        * Gets the currently selected message.
        * @return a string, icon, component, or object array, depending on the Message panel selection
        */
       public Object getMessage()
       {
          String s = messagePanel.getSelection();
          if (s.equals("String")) return messageString;
          else if (s.equals("Icon")) return messageIcon;
          else if (s.equals("Component")) return messageComponent;
          else if (s.equals("Object[]")) return new Object[] { messageString, messageIcon,
                messageComponent, messageObject };
          else if (s.equals("Other")) return messageObject;
          else return null;
       }
    
       /**
        * Gets the currently selected options.
        * @return an array of strings, icons, or objects, depending on the Option panel selection
        */
       public Object[] getOptions()
       {
          String s = optionsPanel.getSelection();
          if (s.equals("String[]")) return new String[] { "Yellow", "Blue", "Red" };
          else if (s.equals("Icon[]")) return new Icon[] { new ImageIcon("yellow-ball.gif"),
                new ImageIcon("blue-ball.gif"), new ImageIcon("red-ball.gif") };
          else if (s.equals("Object[]")) return new Object[] { messageString, messageIcon,
                messageComponent, messageObject };
          else return null;
       }
    
       /**
        * Gets the selected message or option type
        * @param panel the Message Type or Confirm panel
        * @return the selected XXX_MESSAGE or XXX_OPTION constant from the JOptionPane class
        */
       public int getType(ButtonPanel panel)
       {
          String s = panel.getSelection();
          try
          {
             return JOptionPane.class.getField(s).getInt(null);
          }
          catch (Exception e)
          {
             return -1;
          }
       }
    
       /**
        * The action listener for the Show button shows a Confirm, Input, Message, or Option dialog
        * depending on the Type panel selection.
        */
       private class ShowAction implements ActionListener
       {
          public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
          {
             if (typePanel.getSelection().equals("Confirm")) JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(
                   OptionDialogFrame.this, getMessage(), "Title", getType(optionTypePanel),
                   getType(messageTypePanel));
             else if (typePanel.getSelection().equals("Input"))
             {
                if (inputPanel.getSelection().equals("Text field")) JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
                      OptionDialogFrame.this, getMessage(), "Title", getType(messageTypePanel));
                else JOptionPane.showInputDialog(OptionDialogFrame.this, getMessage(), "Title",
                      getType(messageTypePanel), null, new String[] { "Yellow", "Blue", "Red" },
                      "Blue");
             }
             else if (typePanel.getSelection().equals("Message")) JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(
                   OptionDialogFrame.this, getMessage(), "Title", getType(messageTypePanel));
             else if (typePanel.getSelection().equals("Option")) JOptionPane.showOptionDialog(
                   OptionDialogFrame.this, getMessage(), "Title", getType(optionTypePanel),
                   getType(messageTypePanel), null, getOptions(), getOptions()[0]);
          }
       }
    }
    
    /**
     * A component with a painted surface
     */
    
    class SampleComponent extends JComponent
    {
       public void paintComponent(Graphics g)
       {
          Graphics2D g2 = (Graphics2D) g;
          Rectangle2D rect = new Rectangle2D.Double(0, 0, getWidth() - 1, getHeight() - 1);
          g2.setPaint(Color.YELLOW);
          g2.fill(rect);
          g2.setPaint(Color.BLUE);
          g2.draw(rect);
       }
    
       public Dimension getPreferredSize()
       {
          return new Dimension(10, 10);
       }
    }

    测试程序13

    在elipse IDE中调试运行教材552页程序12-17、12-18,结合运行结果理解程序;

    掌握对话框的创建方法;

    记录示例代码阅读理解中存在的问题与疑惑。

    测试程序14

    在elipse IDE中调试运行教材556页程序12-19、12-20,结合运行结果理解程序;

    掌握对话框的数据交换用法记录示例代码阅读理解中存在的问题package dimport java.awt.*import javax.sw

    /**
     * @version 1.34 2015-06-12
     * @author Cay Horstmann
     */
    public class DataExchangeTest
    {
       public static void main(String[] args)
       {
          EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> {
             JFrame frame = new DataExchangeFrame();
             frame.setTitle("DataExchangeTest");
             frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
             frame.setVisible(true);
          });
       }
    import java.awt.*import java.awt.event.*/* * A frame with a menu whose File->Connect action shows a password dialog.
    */
    public class DataExchangeFrame extends JFrame
    {
       public static final int TEXT_ROWS = 20;
       public static final int TEXT_COLUMNS = 40;
       private PasswordChooser dialog = null;
       private JTextArea textArea;
    
       public DataExchangeFrame()
       {
    
          JMenuBar mbar = new JMenuBar();
          setJMenuBar(mbar);
          JMenu fileMenu = new JMenu("File");
          mbar.add(fileMenu);
    
          JMenuItem connectItem = new JMenuItem("Connect");
          connectItem.addActionListener(new ConnectAction());
          fileMenu.add(connectItem);
    
          // The Exit item exits the program
    
          JMenuItem exitItem = new JMenuItem("Exit");
          exitItem.addActionListener(event -> System.exit(0));
          fileMenu.add(exitItem);
    
          textArea = new JTextArea(TEXT_ROWS, TEXT_COLUMNS);
          add(new JScrollPane(textArea), BorderLayout.CENTER);
          pack();
       }
    
       /**
        * The Connect action pops up the password dialog.
        */
       private class ConnectAction implements ActionListener
       {
          public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
          {
             //
    
             if (dialog == null) dialog = new PasswordChooser();
    
             
             dialog.etUser(new User("yourname", null));
    
             
             if (dialog.showDialog(DataExchangeFrame.this, "Connect"))
             {
                //
                User u = dialog.getUser();
                textArea.append("user name = " + u.getName() + ", password = "
                      + (new String(u.getPassword())) + "
    ");
             }
          }
       }
    }
    package dataExchange;
    
    import java.awt.BorderLayout;
    import java.awt.Component;
    import java.awt.Frame;
    import java.awt.GridLayout;
    
    import javax.swing.JButton;
    import javax.swing.JDialog;
    import javax.swing.JLabel;
    import javax.swing.JPanel;
    import javax.swing.JPasswordField;
    import javax.swing.JTextField;
    import javax.swing.SwingUtilities;
    
    /**
     * A password chooser that is shown inside a dialog
     */
    public class PasswordChooser extends JPanel
    {
       private JTextField username;
       private JPasswordField password;
       private JButton okButton;
       private boolean ok;
       private JDialog dialog;
    
       public PasswordChooser()
       {
          setLayout(new BorderLayout());
    
          // construct a panel with user name and password fields
    
          JPanel panel = new JPanel();
          panel.setLayout(new GridLayout(2, 2));
          panel.add(new JLabel("User name:"));
          panel.add(username = new JTextField(""));
          panel.add(new JLabel("Password:"));
          panel.add(password = new JPasswordField(""));
          add(panel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
    
          // create Ok and Cancel buttons that terminate the dialog
    
          okButton = new JButton("Ok");
          okButton.addActionListener(event -> {
             ok = true;
             dialog.setVisible(false);
          });
    
          JButton cancelButton = new JButton("Cancel");
          cancelButton.addActionListener(event -> dialog.setVisible(false));
    
          // add buttons to southern border
    
          JPanel buttonPanel = new JPanel();
          buttonPanel.add(okButton);
          buttonPanel.add(cancelButton);
          add(buttonPanel, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
       }
    
       /**
        * Sets the dialog defaults.
        * @param u the default user information
        */
       public void setUser(User u)
       {
          username.setText(u.getName());
       }
    
       /**
        * Gets the dialog entries.
        * @return a User object whose state represents the dialog entries
        */
       public User getUser()
       {
          return new User(username.getText(), password.getPassword());
       }
    
       /**
        * Show the chooser panel in a dialog
        * @param parent a component in the owner frame or null
        * @param title the dialog window title
        */
       public boolean showDialog(Component parent, String title)
       {
          ok = false;
    
          // locate the owner frame
    
          Frame owner = null;
          if (parent instanceof Frame)
             owner = (Frame) parent;
          else
             owner = (Frame) SwingUtilities.getAncestorOfClass(Frame.class, parent);
    
          // if first time, or if owner has changed, make new dialog
    
          if (dialog == null || dialog.getOwner() != owner)
          {
             dialog = new JDialog(owner, true);
             dialog.add(this);
             dialog.getRootPane().setDefaultButton(okButton);
             dialog.pack();
          }
    
          // set title and show dialog
    
          dialog.setTitle(title);
          dialog.setVisible(true);
          return ok;
       }
    }
    package dataExchange;
    
    /**
     * A user has a name and password. For security reasons, the password is stored as a char[], not a
     * String.
     */
    public class User
    {
       private String name;
       private char[] password;
    
       public User(String aName, char[] aPassword)
       {
          name = aName;
          password = aPassword;
       }
    
       public String getName()
       {
          return name;
       }
    
       public char[] getPassword()
       {
          return password;
       }
    
       public void setName(String aName)
       {
          name = aName;
       }
    
       public void setPassword(char[] aPassword)
       {
          password = aPassword;
       }
    }

    测试程序15

    在elipse IDE中调试运行教材556页程序12-21、12-2212-23,结合程序运行结果理解程序;

    掌握文件对话框的用法;

    记录示例代码阅读理解中存在的问题与疑惑。

    package fileChooser;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * @version 1.25 2015-06-12
     * @author Cay Horstmann
     */
    public class FileChooserTest
    {
       public static void main(String[] args)
       {
          EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> {
             JFrame frame = new ImageViewerFrame();
             frame.setTitle("FileChooserTest");
             frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
             frame.setVisible(true);
          });
       }
    }
    package fileChooser;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import java.io.*;
    
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * A file chooser accessory that previews images.
     */
    public class ImagePreviewer extends JLabel
    {
       /**
        * Constructs an ImagePreviewer.
        * @param chooser the file chooser whose property changes trigger an image
        *        change in this previewer
        */
       public ImagePreviewer(JFileChooser chooser)
       {
          setPreferredSize(new Dimension(100, 100));
          setBorder(BorderFactory.createEtchedBorder());
    
          chooser.addPropertyChangeListener(event -> {
             if (event.getPropertyName() == JFileChooser.SELECTED_FILE_CHANGED_PROPERTY)
             {
                // the user has selected a new file
                File f = (File) event.getNewValue();
                if (f == null)
                {
                   setIcon(null);
                   return;
                }
    
                // read the image into an icon
                ImageIcon icon = new ImageIcon(f.getPath());
    
                // if the icon is too large to fit, scale it
                if (icon.getIconWidth() > getWidth())
                   icon = new ImageIcon(icon.getImage().getScaledInstance(
                         getWidth(), -1, Image.SCALE_DEFAULT));
    
                setIcon(icon);
             }
          });
       }
    }
    package fileChooser;
    
    import java.io.*;
    
    import javax.swing.*;
    import javax.swing.filechooser.*;
    import javax.swing.filechooser.FileFilter;
    
    /**
     * A frame that has a menu for loading an image and a display area for the
     * loaded image.
     */
    public class ImageViewerFrame extends JFrame
    {
       private static final int DEFAULT_WIDTH = 300;
       private static final int DEFAULT_HEIGHT = 400;
       private JLabel label;
       private JFileChooser chooser;
    
       public ImageViewerFrame()
       {
          setSize(DEFAULT_WIDTH, DEFAULT_HEIGHT);
    
          // set up menu bar
          JMenuBar menuBar = new JMenuBar();
          setJMenuBar(menuBar);
    
          JMenu menu = new JMenu("File");
          menuBar.add(menu);
    
          JMenuItem openItem = new JMenuItem("Open");
          menu.add(openItem);
          openItem.addActionListener(event -> {
             chooser.setCurrentDirectory(new File("."));
    
             // show file chooser dialog
                int result = chooser.showOpenDialog(ImageViewerFrame.this);
    
                // if image file accepted, set it as icon of the label
                if (result == JFileChooser.APPROVE_OPTION)
                {
                   String name = chooser.getSelectedFile().getPath();
                   label.setIcon(new ImageIcon(name));
                   pack();
                }
             });
    
          JMenuItem exitItem = new JMenuItem("Exit");
          menu.add(exitItem);
          exitItem.addActionListener(event -> System.exit(0));
    
          // use a label to display the images
          label = new JLabel();
          add(label);
    
          // set up file chooser
          chooser = new JFileChooser();
    
          // accept all image files ending with .jpg, .jpeg, .gif
          FileFilter filter = new FileNameExtensionFilter(
                "Image files", "jpg", "jpeg", "gif");
          chooser.setFileFilter(filter);
    
          chooser.setAccessory(new ImagePreviewer(chooser));
    
          chooser.setFileView(new FileIconView(filter, new ImageIcon("palette.gif")));
       }
    }

    测试程序16

    在elipse IDE中调试运行教材570页程序12-24,结合运行结果理解程序;

    了解颜色选择器的用法。

    记录示例代码阅读理解中存在的问题与疑惑。

    package colorChooser;
    
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * A frame with a color chooser panel
     */
    public class ColorChooserFrame extends JFrame
    {
       private static final int DEFAULT_WIDTH = 300;
       private static final int DEFAULT_HEIGHT = 200;
    
       public ColorChooserFrame()
       {      
          setSize(DEFAULT_WIDTH, DEFAULT_HEIGHT);
    
          // add color chooser panel to frame
    
          ColorChooserPanel panel = new ColorChooserPanel();
          add(panel);
       }
    }
    package colorChooser;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * @version 1.04 2015-06-12
     * @author Cay Horstmann
     */
    public class ColorChooserTest
    {
       public static void main(String[] args)
       {
          EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> {
             JFrame frame = new ColorChooserFrame();
             frame.setTitle("ColorChooserTest");
             frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
             frame.setVisible(true);
          });
       }
    }

    实验2:组内讨论反思本组负责程序,理解程序总体结构,梳理程序GUI设计中应用的相关组件,整理相关组件的API,对程序中组件应用的相关代码添加注释。

    本组负责第七个实验

    package slider;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    
    /**
     * @version 1.15 2015-06-12
     * @author Cay Horstmann
     */
    public class SliderTest
    {
       public static void main(String[] args)
       {
          EventQueue.invokeLater(() -> {
             SliderFrame frame = new SliderFrame();//生成类对象
             frame.setTitle("SliderTest");//将此窗体的标题设置为指定的字符串
             frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);//设置用户在此窗体上发起 "close" 时默认执行的操作
             frame.setVisible(true);//根据参数 b 的值显示或隐藏此 Window
          });
       }
    }
    
    package slider;
    
    import java.awt.*;
    import java.util.*;
    import javax.swing.*;
    import javax.swing.event.*;
    
    /**
     * A frame with many sliders and a text field to show slider values.
     */
    public class SliderFrame extends JFrame//类的继承
    {
       private JPanel sliderPanel;
       private JTextField textField;
       private ChangeListener listener;
    
       public SliderFrame()
       {
          sliderPanel = new JPanel();//生成类对象
          sliderPanel.setLayout(new GridBagLayout());//设置此容器的布局管理器为网格包布局管理器。 
    
          // 为所有 sliders注册监听器
          listener = event -> {
             //当滑动slider的时候 更新文本域的值
             JSlider source = (JSlider) event.getSource();//生成一个让用户以图形方式在有界区间内通过移动滑块来选择值的组件类对象。 
             textField.setText("" + source.getValue());//将此 TextComponent 文本设置为指定文本
          };
    
     
    
          JSlider slider = new JSlider();//创建一个水平滑块。
          addSlider(slider, "Plain");
    
    
          slider = new JSlider();
          slider.setPaintTicks(true);//在滑块上绘制刻度标记
          slider.setMajorTickSpacing(20);//设置主刻度标记的间隔
          slider.setMinorTickSpacing(5);
          addSlider(slider, "Ticks");
    
          slider = new JSlider();
          slider.setPaintTicks(true);
          slider.setSnapToTicks(true);
          slider.setMajorTickSpacing(20);
          slider.setMinorTickSpacing(5);
          addSlider(slider, "Snap to ticks");
    
          // 添加没有轨迹的平滑快
    
          slider = new JSlider();
          slider.setPaintTicks(true);
          slider.setMajorTickSpacing(20);
          slider.setMinorTickSpacing(5);
          slider.setPaintTrack(false);
          addSlider(slider, "No track");
    
          //添加倒置的平滑快
    
          slider = new JSlider();
          slider.setPaintTicks(true);
          slider.setMajorTickSpacing(20);
          slider.setMinorTickSpacing(5);
          slider.setInverted(true);
          addSlider(slider, "Inverted");
    
          // 添加一个数字标签的平滑快
    
          slider = new JSlider();
          slider.setPaintTicks(true);
          slider.setPaintLabels(true);//在滑块上绘制标签。
          slider.setMajorTickSpacing(20);
          slider.setMinorTickSpacing(5);
          addSlider(slider, "Labels");
    
          // 添加一个字母标签的平滑快
    
          slider = new JSlider();
          slider.setPaintLabels(true);
          slider.setPaintTicks(true);//在滑块上绘制刻度标记
          slider.setMajorTickSpacing(20);
          slider.setMinorTickSpacing(5);
    
          Dictionary<Integer, Component> labelTable = new Hashtable<>();
          labelTable.put(0, new JLabel("A"));//创建 JLabel 实例。
          labelTable.put(20, new JLabel("B"));
          labelTable.put(40, new JLabel("C"));
          labelTable.put(60, new JLabel("D"));
          labelTable.put(80, new JLabel("E"));
          labelTable.put(100, new JLabel("F"));
    
          slider.setLabelTable(labelTable);//在给定值处绘制标签
          addSlider(slider, "Custom labels");
    
    
          slider = new JSlider();
          slider.setPaintTicks(true);
          slider.setPaintLabels(true);
          slider.setSnapToTicks(true);
          slider.setMajorTickSpacing(20);
          slider.setMinorTickSpacing(20);
    
          labelTable = new Hashtable<Integer, Component>();//构造一个新的空哈希表。 
    
          // 添加图像
    
          labelTable.put(0, new JLabel(new ImageIcon("nine.gif")));
          labelTable.put(20, new JLabel(new ImageIcon("ten.gif")));
          labelTable.put(40, new JLabel(new ImageIcon("jack.gif")));
          labelTable.put(60, new JLabel(new ImageIcon("queen.gif")));
          labelTable.put(80, new JLabel(new ImageIcon("king.gif")));
          labelTable.put(100, new JLabel(new ImageIcon("ace.gif")));
    
          slider.setLabelTable(labelTable);//用于指定将在给定值处绘制标签
          addSlider(slider, "Icon labels");
    
          // 添加文本域
    
          textField = new JTextField();
          add(sliderPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER);
          add(textField, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
          pack();//调整此窗口的大小,以适合其子组件的首选大小和布局。
       }
    
       /**
        * Adds a slider to the slider panel and hooks up the listener
        * @param s the slider
        * @param description the slider description
        */
       public void addSlider(JSlider s, String description)//一个让用户以图形方式在有界区间内通过移动滑块来选择值的组件。 
       {
          s.addChangeListener(listener);
          JPanel panel = new JPanel();
          panel.add(s);
          panel.add(new JLabel(description));
          panel.setAlignmentX(Component.LEFT_ALIGNMENT);//设置垂直对齐方式。 
          GridBagConstraints gbc = new GridBagConstraints();//设置组件间的约束关系
          gbc.gridy = sliderPanel.getComponentCount();
          gbc.anchor = GridBagConstraints.WEST;
          sliderPanel.add(panel, gbc);
       }
    }

    .setMajorTickSpacing(10); //设置长刻度线间隔
    setMinorTickSpacing(1); //设置短刻度线间隔
    setPaintTicks(true); //设置刻度线
    setPaintLabels(true); //设置刻度数

    实验3:组间协同学习:在本班课程QQ群内,各位同学对实验1中存在的问题进行提问,提问时注明实验1中的测试程序编号,负责对应程序的小组需及时对群内提问进行回答。

     实验总结:

    学习总结:

    布局管理器

    1.为了设计美观合理的GUI界面,需要考虑组件在容器组件中的位置和相互关系,就需要学习布局设计的知识。

    2.在java的GUI应用程序界面设计中,布局控制通过为容器设置布局管理器来实现的

    5种布局管理器

    (1)FlowLayout: 流布局(Applet和Panel的默认布局管理器)

    (2)BorderLayout:边框布局( Window、Frame和Dialog的默认布局管理器)

    (3)GridLayout: 网格布局

    1.Swing和MVC设计模式

    a.设计模式(Design pattern)是设计者一种流行的思考设计问题的方法,是一套被反复使用,多数人知晓的,经过分类编目的,代码设计经验的总结。使用设计模式是为了可重用代码、让代码更容易被他人理解、保证代码可靠性。

    b.每一个模式描述了一个不断重复发生的设计问题,以及该问题的核心解决方案

    c.模型-视图-控制器设计模式(Model –ViewController )是Java EE平台下创建 Web 应用程序的重要设计模式。

    MVC设计模式

    – Model(模型):是程序中用于处理程序数据逻辑的部分,通常模型负责在数据库中存取数据。

    – View(视图):是程序中处理数据显示的部分,通常视图依据模型存取的数据创建。

    – Controller(控制器):是程序中处理用户交互的部分。通常控制器负责从视图读取数据,控制用户输入,并向模型发送数据。

     感受:我们采用了自小组协作学习模式,自己存在的问题和学习感悟记录下来,之后在小组学习时讨论解决。通过本周的小组学习,我们收获了自主学习所得不到的好处,那就是学习理解别人的学习感悟和知识理解。但是在本章的学习中也存在很多问题,知识容量过大,自主学习需花费较多时间。课下应该加强学习。

     

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/LRHLRH123----/p/10053166.html
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