我们的异常处理类的features
如何写一个异常处理类是一个不太容易的事情,最近刚好接触了一些不错的代码,看到了一些技巧,这里和大家分享一下。
一个相对完善的异常处理类(以及附加的一些东西)应该能够处理下面的一些功能:
1) 能够方便的定义异常类的继承树
2) 能够方便的throw、catch,也就是在代码中捕获、处理代码的部分应该更短
3) 能够获取异常出现的源文件的名字、方法的名字、行号
4) 能够获取异常出现的调用栈并且打印出来
由于目前我用的平台是linux,所以里面调用的一些函数也只是在linux下面有用。Windows也肯定是具有相应的函数的,具体可能需要去查查
首先科普一些内容:
1) 对于没有捕获的异常(no handler),则会终止程序,调用terminate()
2) 在定义函数的时候,我们可以在定义的后面加上throw (exception1, exception2…):
a) 如果没有写这一段、则可能抛出任意的异常
b) 如果写throw(),则表示函数不能抛出任意的异常
c) 如果写throw(A, B), 表示函数抛出A、B的异常
如果抛出的异常不在列表范围内,则异常不能被catch,也就会调用terminate()
我们构想一下我们定义、调用我们的异常类的时候是怎样的一个情形:
1) 定义:
1: class DerivedException : public BaseException
2: { 3: public:
4: MY_DEFINE_EXCEPTION(DerivedException, BaseException); 5: };2) 如何抛出异常
1: MY_THROW(DerivedException)3) 如何catch异常
1: catch (DerivedException& e)
2: { 3: cout<< e.what() << endl; 4: }这个输出的内容包括错误的行号、文件名、方法名、和调用栈的列表
给出我们异常类的头文件:
1: #ifndef EXCEPTION_TEST
2: #define EXCEPTION_TEST
3: 4: #include <exception>
5: #include <string>
6: 7: #define MY_THROW(ExClass, args...) \
8: do \
9: { \ 10: ExClass e(args); \ 11: e.Init(__FILE__, __PRETTY_FUNCTION__, __LINE__); \ 12: throw e; \
13: } \ 14: while (false)
15: 16: #define MY_DEFINE_EXCEPTION(ExClass, Base) \
17: ExClass(const std::string& msg = "") throw() \
18: : Base(msg) \ 19: {} \ 20: \ 21: ~ExClass() throw() {} \
22: \ 23: /* override */ std::string GetClassName() const \
24: { \ 25: return #ExClass; \
26: } 27: 28: class ExceptionBase : public std::exception
29: { 30: public:
31: ExceptionBase(const std::string& msg = "") throw();
32: 33: virtual ~ExceptionBase() throw();
34: 35: void Init(const char* file, const char* func, int line);
36: 37: virtual std::string GetClassName() const;
38: 39: virtual std::string GetMessage() const;
40: 41: const char* what() const throw();
42: 43: const std::string& ToString() const;
44: 45: std::string GetStackTrace() const;
46: 47: protected:
48: std::string mMsg; 49: const char* mFile;
50: const char* mFunc;
51: int mLine;
52: 53: private:
54: enum { MAX_STACK_TRACE_SIZE = 50 };
55: void* mStackTrace[MAX_STACK_TRACE_SIZE];
56: size_t mStackTraceSize; 57: mutable std::string mWhat;
58: }; 59: 60: class ExceptionDerived : public ExceptionBase
61: { 62: public:
63: MY_DEFINE_EXCEPTION(ExceptionDerived, ExceptionBase); 64: }; 65: 66: #endif
这个头文件首先定义了两个宏,这里先暂时不管他,我先来解释一下ExceptionBase,它继承自std::exception,std::exception里面其实已经提供了一些功能了,但是比较弱,为了实现我们上文提到的功能,这里只是继承了std:exception的借口,也就是what()函数。
上面的接口应该比较好理解,45行的GetStackTrace是打印当前的调用栈,49-51行分别存储了当前出现exception的源文件名,函数名,行号,54行定义了最大的调用栈显示的深度,也就是显示50行。
60行显示了怎样定义一个新的异常类,这个就很方便了,通过MY_DEFINE_EXCEPTION宏去定义了一个继承类,详情见16行,这里不再细说,我这里想说说7行的MY_THROW宏,使用了3个内置的参数,__FILE__, __LINE__, __PRETTY_FUNCTION__, 他们分别是当前的文件名,行号,和函数名,他们的使用方法是在哪儿出现,其相应的值就是什么。
为什么这里要使用MY_THROW宏呢?其实是为了方便的把行号、文件名等加入进来,宏展开的时候是在一行上的,这样也使得行号与出错的行号保持一致,而且让代码更简单。
给出异常类的.cpp文件:
1: #include <execinfo.h>
2: #include <stdlib.h>
3: #include <cxxabi.h>
4: 5: #include <iostream>
6: #include <sstream>
7: 8: #include "exception_test.h"
9: 10: using namespace std;
11: 12: ExceptionBase::ExceptionBase(const std::string& msg) throw()
13: : mMsg(msg), 14: mFile("<unknown file>"),
15: mFunc("<unknown func>"),
16: mLine(-1), 17: mStackTraceSize(0) 18: {} 19: 20: ExceptionBase::~ExceptionBase() throw()
21: {} 22: 23: void ExceptionBase::Init(const char* file, const char* func, int line)
24: { 25: mFile = file; 26: mFunc = func; 27: mLine = line; 28: mStackTraceSize = backtrace(mStackTrace, MAX_STACK_TRACE_SIZE); 29: } 30: 31: std::string ExceptionBase::GetClassName() const
32: { 33: return "ExceptionBase";
34: } 35: 36: const char* ExceptionBase::what() const throw()
37: { 38: return ToString().c_str();
39: } 40: 41: const std::string& ExceptionBase::ToString() const
42: { 43: if (mWhat.empty())
44: { 45: stringstream sstr("");
46: if (mLine > 0)
47: { 48: sstr << mFile << "(" << mLine << ")";
49: } 50: sstr << ": " << GetClassName();
51: if (!GetMessage().empty())
52: { 53: sstr << ": " << GetMessage();
54: } 55: sstr << "\nStack Trace:\n";
56: sstr << GetStackTrace(); 57: mWhat = sstr.str(); 58: } 59: return mWhat;
60: } 61: 62: std::string ExceptionBase::GetMessage() const
63: { 64: return mMsg;
65: } 66: 67: std::string ExceptionBase::GetStackTrace() const
68: { 69: if (mStackTraceSize == 0)
70: return "<No stack trace>\n";
71: char** strings = backtrace_symbols(mStackTrace, 10);
72: if (strings == NULL) // Since this is for debug only thus
73: // non-critical, don't throw an exception.
74: return "<Unknown error: backtrace_symbols returned NULL>\n";
75: 76: std::string result; 77: for (size_t i = 0; i < mStackTraceSize; ++i)
78: { 79: std::string mangledName = strings[i]; 80: std::string::size_type begin = mangledName.find('(');
81: std::string::size_type end = mangledName.find('+', begin);
82: if (begin == std::string::npos || end == std::string::npos)
83: { 84: result += mangledName; 85: result += '\n';
86: continue;
87: } 88: ++begin; 89: int status;
90: char* s = abi::__cxa_demangle(mangledName.substr(begin, end-begin).c_str(),
91: NULL, 0, &status); 92: if (status != 0)
93: { 94: result += mangledName; 95: result += '\n';
96: continue;
97: } 98: std::string demangledName(s); 99: free(s); 100: // Ignore ExceptionBase::Init so the top frame is the
101: // user's frame where this exception is thrown.
102: //
103: // Can't just ignore frame#0 because the compiler might
104: // inline ExceptionBase::Init.
105: result += mangledName.substr(0, begin); 106: result += demangledName; 107: result += mangledName.substr(end); 108: result += '\n';
109: } 110: free(strings); 111: return result;
112: } 113: 114: /*
115: * test-main
116: */
117: int f2()
118: { 119: MY_THROW(ExceptionDerived, "f2 throw");
120: } 121: void f1()
122: { 123: try
124: { 125: f2(); 126: } 127: catch (ExceptionDerived& e)
128: { 129: cout << e.what() << endl; 130: } 131: } 132: int main()
133: { 134: f1(); 135: }这是函数的实现代码,其他的都比较好理解,67行的GetStackTrace是相对复杂一点的,里面用backtrace函数去获取了当前调用栈的层数,用backtrace_symbols去获取当前调用栈的符号,而且__cxa_demangle函数的使用也值得去看看,这里不再细说了。
117行后展示了一个测试代码,代码虽然定义比较麻烦,不过使用还是很方便的:)。
有什么问题意见欢迎大家指教,回复,站内信都可以
1: class DerivedException : public BaseException
2: {3: public:
4: MY_DEFINE_EXCEPTION(DerivedException, BaseException); 5: }; 1: MY_THROW(DerivedException)1: catch (DerivedException& e)
2: { 3: cout<< e.what() << endl; 4: }1: #ifndef EXCEPTION_TEST
2: #define EXCEPTION_TEST
3: 4: #include <exception>
5: #include <string>
6: 7: #define MY_THROW(ExClass, args...) \
8: do \
9: { \ 10: ExClass e(args); \ 11: e.Init(__FILE__, __PRETTY_FUNCTION__, __LINE__); \12: throw e; \
13: } \14: while (false)
15: 16: #define MY_DEFINE_EXCEPTION(ExClass, Base) \
17: ExClass(const std::string& msg = "") throw() \
18: : Base(msg) \ 19: {} \ 20: \21: ~ExClass() throw() {} \
22: \23: /* override */ std::string GetClassName() const \
24: { \25: return #ExClass; \
26: } 27: 28: class ExceptionBase : public std::exception
29: {30: public:
31: ExceptionBase(const std::string& msg = "") throw();
32: 33: virtual ~ExceptionBase() throw();
34: 35: void Init(const char* file, const char* func, int line);
36: 37: virtual std::string GetClassName() const;
38: 39: virtual std::string GetMessage() const;
40: 41: const char* what() const throw();
42: 43: const std::string& ToString() const;
44: 45: std::string GetStackTrace() const;
46: 47: protected:
48: std::string mMsg;49: const char* mFile;
50: const char* mFunc;
51: int mLine;
52: 53: private:
54: enum { MAX_STACK_TRACE_SIZE = 50 };
55: void* mStackTrace[MAX_STACK_TRACE_SIZE];
56: size_t mStackTraceSize;57: mutable std::string mWhat;
58: }; 59: 60: class ExceptionDerived : public ExceptionBase
61: {62: public:
63: MY_DEFINE_EXCEPTION(ExceptionDerived, ExceptionBase); 64: }; 65: 66: #endif
1: #include <execinfo.h>
2: #include <stdlib.h>
3: #include <cxxabi.h>
4: 5: #include <iostream>
6: #include <sstream>
7: 8: #include "exception_test.h"
9: 10: using namespace std;
11: 12: ExceptionBase::ExceptionBase(const std::string& msg) throw()
13: : mMsg(msg),14: mFile("<unknown file>"),
15: mFunc("<unknown func>"),
16: mLine(-1), 17: mStackTraceSize(0) 18: {} 19: 20: ExceptionBase::~ExceptionBase() throw()
21: {} 22: 23: void ExceptionBase::Init(const char* file, const char* func, int line)
24: { 25: mFile = file; 26: mFunc = func; 27: mLine = line; 28: mStackTraceSize = backtrace(mStackTrace, MAX_STACK_TRACE_SIZE); 29: } 30: 31: std::string ExceptionBase::GetClassName() const
32: {33: return "ExceptionBase";
34: } 35: 36: const char* ExceptionBase::what() const throw()
37: {38: return ToString().c_str();
39: } 40: 41: const std::string& ExceptionBase::ToString() const
42: {43: if (mWhat.empty())
44: {45: stringstream sstr("");
46: if (mLine > 0)
47: {48: sstr << mFile << "(" << mLine << ")";
49: }50: sstr << ": " << GetClassName();
51: if (!GetMessage().empty())
52: {53: sstr << ": " << GetMessage();
54: }55: sstr << "\nStack Trace:\n";
56: sstr << GetStackTrace(); 57: mWhat = sstr.str(); 58: }59: return mWhat;
60: } 61: 62: std::string ExceptionBase::GetMessage() const
63: {64: return mMsg;
65: } 66: 67: std::string ExceptionBase::GetStackTrace() const
68: {69: if (mStackTraceSize == 0)
70: return "<No stack trace>\n";
71: char** strings = backtrace_symbols(mStackTrace, 10);
72: if (strings == NULL) // Since this is for debug only thus
73: // non-critical, don't throw an exception.
74: return "<Unknown error: backtrace_symbols returned NULL>\n";
75: 76: std::string result;77: for (size_t i = 0; i < mStackTraceSize; ++i)
78: { 79: std::string mangledName = strings[i];80: std::string::size_type begin = mangledName.find('(');
81: std::string::size_type end = mangledName.find('+', begin);
82: if (begin == std::string::npos || end == std::string::npos)
83: { 84: result += mangledName;85: result += '\n';
86: continue;
87: } 88: ++begin;89: int status;
90: char* s = abi::__cxa_demangle(mangledName.substr(begin, end-begin).c_str(),
91: NULL, 0, &status);92: if (status != 0)
93: { 94: result += mangledName;95: result += '\n';
96: continue;
97: } 98: std::string demangledName(s); 99: free(s);100: // Ignore ExceptionBase::Init so the top frame is the
101: // user's frame where this exception is thrown.
102: //
103: // Can't just ignore frame#0 because the compiler might
104: // inline ExceptionBase::Init.
105: result += mangledName.substr(0, begin); 106: result += demangledName; 107: result += mangledName.substr(end);108: result += '\n';
109: } 110: free(strings);111: return result;
112: } 113: 114: /*
115: * test-main
116: */
117: int f2()
118: {119: MY_THROW(ExceptionDerived, "f2 throw");
120: }121: void f1()
122: {123: try
124: { 125: f2(); 126: }127: catch (ExceptionDerived& e)
128: { 129: cout << e.what() << endl; 130: } 131: }132: int main()
133: { 134: f1(); 135: }