Machine Learning for hackers读书笔记(三)分类：垃圾邮件过滤

#定义函数，打开每一个文件，找到空行，将空行后的文本返回为一个字符串向量，该向量只有一个元素，就是空行之后的所有文本拼接之后的字符串

#很多邮件都包含了非ASCII字符，因此设为latin1就可以读取非ASCII字符

#readLines，读取每一行作为一个元素

#异常捕获是自己加的，书上没有，不加会出错，因为有些邮件没有空行

get.msg <- function(path)
{
con <- file(path, open = "rt",encoding='latin1')
text <- readLines(con)
# The message always begins after the first full line break
msg <- tryCatch(text[seq(which(text == "")[1] + 1, length(text),1)],error=function(e) return(NA))
close(con)
return(paste(msg, collapse = " "))
}

#dir读取目录下所有文件

spam.docs<-dir(spam.path)

#去掉目录下的cmds文件

spam.docs<-spam.docs[which(spam.docs!='cmds')]

#利用get.msg函数，读取每个邮件空行后的全部内容并形成文本向量

all.spam<-sapply(spam.docs,function(p) get.msg(paste(spam.path,p,sep='')))

#定义函数get.tdm，输入邮件文本向量，输出词项文档矩阵

#control设定如何提取文件，stopwords表示移除停用词，removePunctuation移除标点，removeNumbers移除数字，minDocFreq=2表示矩阵只包含词频>=2的词
get.tdm <- function(doc.vec)
{
control <- list(stopwords = TRUE,
removePunctuation = TRUE,
removeNumbers = TRUE,
minDocFreq = 2)
doc.corpus <- Corpus(VectorSource(doc.vec))
doc.dtm <- TermDocumentMatrix(doc.corpus, control)
return(doc.dtm)
}

#调用

spam.tdm<-get.tdm(all.spam)

#转矩阵,行为词项，列是文档

spam.matrix<-as.matrix(spam.tdm)

#rowSums创建向量，表示每个词在文档集中的频率

spam.counts<-rowSums(spam.matrix)

spam.df<-data.frame(cbind(names(spam.counts),as.numeric(spam.counts)),stringsAsFactors=FALSE)

names(spam.df)<-c('terms','frequency')

spam.df$frequency<-as.numeric(spam.df$frequency)

#通过sapply将每一行的行号传入一个无名函数，该函数统计该行中值为正数的元素个数，然后除以TDM中列的总数（垃圾邮件语料库中的文档总数），即文档频率/文档总数

spam.occurrence<-sapply(1:nrow(spam.matrix),function(i) {length(which(spam.matrix[i,]>0))/ncol(spam.matrix)})

#统计整个语料库中每个词项的频次，词频/词频总和

spam.density<-spam.df$frequency/sum(spam.df$frequency)

spam.df<-transform(spam.df,density=spam.density,occurrence=spam.occurrence)

#看看情况，截图与书上并不一致

head(spam.df[with(spam.df,order(-occurrence)),])

#接下来构造正常邮件的，跟垃圾邮件一样，但要注意限制在500封，因为垃圾邮件也只有500封

easyham.path<-'data\easy_ham\'

easyham.docs<-dir(easyham.path)

easyham.docs<-easyham.docs[which(easyham.docs!='cmds')]
easyham.docs<-easyham.docs[1:500]
all.easyham<-sapply(easyham.docs,function(p) get.msg(paste(easyham.path,p,sep='')))

get.tdm <- function(doc.vec)
{
control <- list(stopwords = TRUE,
removePunctuation = TRUE,
removeNumbers = TRUE,
minDocFreq = 2)
doc.corpus <- Corpus(VectorSource(doc.vec))
doc.dtm <- TermDocumentMatrix(doc.corpus, control)
return(doc.dtm)
}

easyham.tdm<-get.tdm(all.easyham)
easyham.matrix<-as.matrix(easyham.tdm)
easyham.counts<-rowSums(easyham.matrix)
easyham.df<-data.frame(cbind(names(easyham.counts),as.numeric(easyham.counts)),stringsAsFactors=FALSE)
names(easyham.df)<-c('terms','frequency')
easyham.df$frequency<-as.numeric(easyham.df$frequency)
easyham.occurrence<-sapply(1:nrow(easyham.matrix),function(i) {length(which(easyham.matrix[i,]>0))/ncol(easyham.matrix)})
easyham.density<-easyham.df$frequency/sum(easyham.df$frequency)
easyham.df<-transform(easyham.df,density=easyham.density,occurrence=easyham.occurrence)

#接下来定义分类器，目的是给出一封邮件，用分类器来判定是正常邮件还是垃圾邮件

#新邮件中有些词已经在分类器中，但有些词不在分类器中，此时将未出现的词的概率c定为0.0001%

#假设是垃圾邮件和是正常邮件的可能性相同，将每一类的先验概率prior都设为50%

#以下函数用于分类

classify.email <- function(path, training.df, prior = 0.5, c = 1e-6)
{
# Here, we use many of the support functions to get the
# email text data in a workable format
msg <- get.msg(path)
msg.tdm <- get.tdm(msg)
msg.freq <- rowSums(as.matrix(msg.tdm))
# Find intersections of words
msg.match <- intersect(names(msg.freq), training.df$term)
# Now, we just perform the naive Bayes calculation
if(length(msg.match) < 1)
{

#没有任何词出现在垃圾邮件集中，length(msg.freq)是词的个数
return(prior * c ^ (length(msg.freq)))
}
else
{

#找出共现词的文档频率放到match.probs
match.probs <- training.df$occurrence[match(msg.match, training.df$term)]
return(prior * prod(match.probs) * c ^ (length(msg.freq) - length(msg.match)))
}
}

 #可以应用了

hardham.docs <- dir(hardham.path)
hardham.docs <- hardham.docs[which(hardham.docs != "cmds")]

#应用正常邮件词频，得出是正常邮件的概率

hardham.spamtest <- sapply(hardham.docs,

function(p) classify.email(file.path(hardham.path, p), training.df = spam.df))

#应用垃圾邮件词频，得出是垃圾邮件的概率

hardham.hamtest <- sapply(hardham.docs,
function(p) classify.email(file.path(hardham.path, p), training.df = easyham.df))
#如果一封邮件是正常邮件的概率大于是垃圾邮件的概率，返回TRUE，否则返回FALSE
hardham.res <- ifelse(hardham.spamtest > hardham.hamtest,
TRUE,
FALSE)
summary(hardham.res)

#不能只拿正常邮件来测试，把刚才的正常和垃圾邮件都拿来分类看看效果

#结果分三个列，正常邮件概率，垃圾邮件概率和判别结果

spam.classifier <- function(path)
{
pr.spam <- classify.email(path, spam.df)
pr.ham <- classify.email(path, easyham.df)
return(c(pr.spam, pr.ham, ifelse(pr.spam > pr.ham, 1, 0)))
}

 #把所有没分类的文件合并起来

easyham2.docs <- dir(easyham2.path)
easyham2.docs <- easyham2.docs[which(easyham2.docs != "cmds")]

hardham2.docs <- dir(hardham2.path)
hardham2.docs <- hardham2.docs[which(hardham2.docs != "cmds")]

spam2.docs <- dir(spam2.path)
spam2.docs <- spam2.docs[which(spam2.docs != "cmds")] 

# 全部分类
easyham2.class <- suppressWarnings(lapply(easyham2.docs,
function(p)
{
spam.classifier(file.path(easyham2.path, p))
}))
hardham2.class <- suppressWarnings(lapply(hardham2.docs,
function(p)
{
spam.classifier(file.path(hardham2.path, p))
}))
spam2.class <- suppressWarnings(lapply(spam2.docs,
function(p)
{
spam.classifier(file.path(spam2.path, p))
}))

# 创建单个数据框包含了全部要分类的数据
easyham2.matrix <- do.call(rbind, easyham2.class)
easyham2.final <- cbind(easyham2.matrix, "EASYHAM")

hardham2.matrix <- do.call(rbind, hardham2.class)
hardham2.final <- cbind(hardham2.matrix, "HARDHAM")

spam2.matrix <- do.call(rbind, spam2.class)
spam2.final <- cbind(spam2.matrix, "SPAM")

class.matrix <- rbind(easyham2.final, hardham2.final, spam2.final)
class.df <- data.frame(class.matrix, stringsAsFactors = FALSE)

names(class.df) <- c("Pr.SPAM" ,"Pr.HAM", "Class", "Type")
class.df$Pr.SPAM <- as.numeric(class.df$Pr.SPAM)
class.df$Pr.HAM <- as.numeric(class.df$Pr.HAM)
class.df$Class <- as.logical(as.numeric(class.df$Class))
class.df$Type <- as.factor(class.df$Type)

# 画图
class.plot <- ggplot(class.df, aes(x = log(Pr.HAM), log(Pr.SPAM))) +
geom_point(aes(shape = Type, alpha = 0.5)) +
stat_abline(yintercept = 0, slope = 1) +
scale_shape_manual(values = c("EASYHAM" = 1,
"HARDHAM" = 2,
"SPAM" = 3),
name = "Email Type") +
scale_alpha(guide = "none") +
xlab("log[Pr(HAM)]") +
ylab("log[Pr(SPAM)]") +
theme_bw() +
theme(axis.text.x = element_blank(), axis.text.y = element_blank())
print(class.plot)

get.results <- function(bool.vector)
{
results <- c(length(bool.vector[which(bool.vector == FALSE)]) / length(bool.vector),
length(bool.vector[which(bool.vector == TRUE)]) / length(bool.vector))
return(results)
}

# 给出正确率
easyham2.col <- get.results(subset(class.df, Type == "EASYHAM")$Class)
hardham2.col <- get.results(subset(class.df, Type == "HARDHAM")$Class)
spam2.col <- get.results(subset(class.df, Type == "SPAM")$Class)

class.res <- rbind(easyham2.col, hardham2.col, spam2.col)
colnames(class.res) <- c("NOT SPAM", "SPAM")
print(class.res)