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【Python爬虫】Requests库的基本使用

Requests库的基本使用

requests比起之前用到的urllib，requests模块的api更加便捷（本质就是封装了urllib3）

#GET请求
HTTP默认的请求方法就是GET
     * 没有请求体
     * 数据必须在1K之内！
     * GET请求数据会暴露在浏览器的地址栏中

GET请求常用的操作：
       1. 在浏览器的地址栏中直接给出URL，那么就一定是GET请求
       2. 点击页面上的超链接也一定是GET请求
       3. 提交表单时，表单默认使用GET请求，但可以设置为POST


#POST请求
(1). 数据不会出现在地址栏中
(2). 数据的大小没有上限
(3). 有请求体
(4). 请求体中如果存在中文，会使用URL编码！


#！！！requests.post()用法与requests.get()完全一致，特殊的是requests.post()有一个data参数，用来存放请求体数据

基本的GET请求

import requests
 
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')
print(response.text)

{
  "args": {}, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4"
  }, 
  "origin": "223.71.166.246", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/get"
}

输出结果

带参数的GET请求

#通常我们在发送请求时都需要带上请求头，请求头是将自身伪装成浏览器的关键，常见的有用的请求头如下
Host
Referer #大型网站通常都会根据该参数判断请求的来源（从哪里跳转到当前页面的）
User-Agent #浏览器内核，模拟是浏览器请求的
Cookie #Cookie信息虽然包含在请求头里，但requests模块有单独的参数来处理他，headers={}内就不要放它了

方式1：

import requests
 
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get?name=xiong&age=25')
print(response.text)

{
  "args": {
    "age": "25", 
    "name": "xiong"
  }, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4"
  }, 
  "origin": "223.71.166.246", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/get?name=0bug&age=25"
}

结果

输出结果

方式2：

import requests
 
data = {
    'name': 'xiong',
    'age': 25
}
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', params=data)
print(response.text)

{
  "args": {
    "age": "25", 
    "name": "xiong"
  }, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4"
  }, 
  "origin": "223.71.166.246", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/get?name=0bug&age=25"
}

输出结果

response = requests.get() 实例化对象response的方法总结

response = requests.get(url="http://www.baidu.com",params=None)     # get(url, params=None, **kwargs)

response.text       #获取网页HTML

response.content        #获取请求的url二进制内容，如 http://ww1.sinaimg.cn/large/007nuqGAly1g1yst34oyaj30ia0qedh5.jpg

response.encoding       #设置编码

response.apparent_encoding      #获取网页的编码方式

response.status_code        #获取请求的状态码

respone.headers        #获取请求头

respone.cookies        #获取cookies返回一个对象

respone.cookies.get_dict()        #返回cookies具体内容

respone.url        #获取请求地址

respone.history        #重定向

response.close()        ##关闭response

解析Json

#解析json
import requests
response=requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')

import json
res1=json.loads(response.text) #太麻烦

res2=response.json() #直接获取json数据


print(res1 == res2) #True

下载小的图片

import requests
 
response = requests.get('https://github.com/favicon.ico')
with open('img.ico','wb') as f:
    f.write(response.content)

下载大的视频文件

#stream参数:一点一点的取,比如下载视频时,如果视频100G,用response.content然后一下子写到文件中是不合理的

import requests

response=requests.get('https://gss3.baidu.com/6LZ0ej3k1Qd3ote6lo7D0j9wehsv/tieba-smallvideo-transcode/1767502_56ec685f9c7ec542eeaf6eac93a65dc7_6fe25cd1347c_3.mp4',
                      stream=True)

with open('b.mp4','wb') as f:
    for line in response.iter_content():
        f.write(line)

添加headers

import requests
 
headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/66.0.3359.117 Safari/537.36'
 
}
response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/', headers=headers)
print(response.status_code)

基本的POST请求

import requests
 
data = {'name':'xiong'}
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post',data=data)
print(response.text)

{
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "", 
  "files": {}, 
  "form": {
    "name": "xiong"
  }, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Content-Length": "9", 
    "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4"
  }, 
  "json": null, 
  "origin": "223.71.166.246", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

结果

输出结果

import requests
 
data = {'name': 'xiong'}
headers = {
    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/66.0.3359.117 Safari/537.36'
 
}
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', data=data, headers=headers)
print(response.json())

{'args': {}, 'data': '', 'files': {}, 'form': {'name': 'xiong'}, 'headers': {'Accept': '*/*', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Connection': 'close', 'Content-Length': '9', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded', 'Host': 'httpbin.org', 'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/66.0.3359.117 Safari/537.36'}, 'json': None, 'origin': '223.71.166.246', 'url': 'http://httpbin.org/post'}

输出结果

response属性

import requests
 
response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.com')
print(type(response.status_code), response.status_code)
print(type(response.headers), response.headers)
print(type(response.cookies), response.cookies)
print(type(response.url), response.url)
print(type(response.history), response.history)

<class 'int'> 403
<class 'requests.structures.CaseInsensitiveDict'> {'Date': 'Sat, 21 Apr 2018 02:16:27 GMT', 'Server': 'Tengine', 'Content-Type': 'text/html', 'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked', 'Strict-Transport-Security': 'max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains; preload', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'X-Via': '1.1 PSbjwjBGP2oc238:9 (Cdn Cache Server V2.0), 1.1 PSgxnnwt6jp78:4 (Cdn Cache Server V2.0), 1.1 PSbjhkwlwa80:0 (Cdn Cache Server V2.0)', 'Connection': 'close'}
<class 'requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar'> <RequestsCookieJar[]>
<class 'str'> https://www.jianshu.com/
<class 'list'> [<Response [301]>]

输出结果

文件上传

import requests
 
files = {'file': open('img.ico', 'rb')}
response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post', files=files)
print(response.text)

{
  "args": {}, 
  "data": "", 
  "files": {
    "file": "data:application/octet-stream;base64,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  }, 
  "form": {}, 
  "headers": {
    "Accept": "*/*", 
    "Accept-Encoding": "gzip, deflate", 
    "Connection": "close", 
    "Content-Length": "6661", 
    "Content-Type": "multipart/form-data; boundary=4ba9cec7ffee4873b4a00164473f792f", 
    "Host": "httpbin.org", 
    "User-Agent": "python-requests/2.18.4"
  }, 
  "json": null, 
  "origin": "223.71.166.246", 
  "url": "http://httpbin.org/post"
}

结果

输出结果

获取cookie

import requests
 
response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com')
print(response.cookies)
for key,value in response.cookies.items():
    print(key+'='+value)

<RequestsCookieJar[<Cookie BDORZ=27315 for .baidu.com/>]>
BDORZ=27315

输出结果

会话维持

import requests
 
s = requests.Session()
s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456')
response = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(response.text)

{
  "cookies": {
    "number": "123456"
  }
}

输出结果

证书验证

1.无证书报错

import requests
 
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn')
print(response.status_code)

2.设置不使用证书，会返回200，也会有警告信息

import requests
 
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False)
print(response.status_code)

3.消除警告信息

import requests
import urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings()
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',verify=False)
print(response.status_code)

4.使用本地证书

import requests
 
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn',cert=('/path/server.crt','/path/key'))
print(response.status_code)

代理设置

import requests
 
proxies = {
    'http': 'http://127.0.0.1:9743',
    'https': 'https://127.0.0.1:9743'
}
 
response = requests.get('https://www.taobao.com', proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)

有用户名和密码的代理

import requests
 
proxies = {
    'http': 'http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9743',
}
 
response = requests.get('https://www.taobao.com', proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)

使用socks代理，需要安装一个模块

pip install requests[socks]

再使用代理

import requests
 
proxies = {
    'http': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742',
    'https': 'socks5://127.0.0.1:9742',
}
 
response = requests.get('https://www.taobao.com', proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)

超时设置

import requests
 
response = requests.get('https://www.taobao.com',timeout=0.01)
print(response.status_code)

错误处理

import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout
 
try:
    response = requests.get('https://www.taobao.com', timeout=0.01)
    print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
    print('time out')

认证设置

方式1：

import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
 
r = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8080', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', '123'))
print(r.status_code)

方式2：

import requests
 
r = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8080', auth=('user', '123'))
print(r.status_code)

异常处理

import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout, HTTPError, RequestException
 
try:
    response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', timeout=0.01)
    print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
    print('Timeout')
except HTTPError:
    print('HTTP REEOR')
except RequestException:
    print('Error')

参考：

http://www.cnblogs.com/0bug/p/8899841.html

官方文档：http://www.python-requests.org/en/master/_modules/requests/exceptions/#RequestException

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原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/XJT2018/p/10312750.html