一、前言
前文 树莓派/Debian Apache2 实现 HTTPS(SSL) 服务 提到，Apache2 实现 HTTPS(SSL) 服务有两种方法以及之间的区别，这里讲述如何通过 **OpenSSL 自建 CA ** 来 自签名证书 和 颁发 SSL 证书 实现 HTTPS(SSL) 服务。
1. 下载 Apache2
sudo apt-get install apache2
2. 停止 Apache2 服务
这一步必做 。
-
以 root 权限执行命令：
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 stop -
这时应显示：
[ ok ] Stopping apache2 (via systemctl): apache2.service.
二、自建 CA
1. 创建工作环境
cd /etc/apache2/ && sudo mkdir -p ownSSL/CA && sudo mkdir ownSSL/Server && cd /etc/apache2/
-
在此初始工作环境中，子目录的重要性及其内容如下：
/etc/apache2/ownSSL/CA : 包含CA私匙、CA 证书请求、CA根证书 /etc/apache2/ownSSL/Server : 包含Server私匙、Server证书请求、Server证书
1. 生成 CA 私匙
sudo openssl genrsa -out CA/CA_private.key 2048
成功显示：
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus (2 primes)
................+++++
...................................................+++++
e is 65537 (0x010001)
2. 生成 CA 证书请求
sudo openssl req -new -key CA/CA_private.key -out CA/CA_request.csr
过程中，提示需要你输入该根证书相关信息，自行更改：
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:BeiJing
Locality Name (eg, city) []:BJ
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Yogile
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Yogile
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:Yogile
Email Address []:example@mail.com
Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:opensslca
An optional company name []:Yogile
3. 生成 CA 根证书
sudo openssl x509 -req -in CA/CA_request.csr -extensions v3_ca -signkey CA/CA_private.key -out CA/CA_root.crt
成功显示：
Signature ok
subject=C = CN, ST = BeiJing, L = BJ, O = Yogile, OU = Yogile, CN = Yogile, emailAddress = example@mail.com
Getting Private key
三、自建 Server 端证书
1. 生成 Server 私匙
sudo openssl genrsa -out Server/Server_private.key 2048
成功显示：
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus (2 primes)
............+++++
.......................+++++
e is 65537 (0x010001)
2. 生成 Server 证书请求
sudo openssl req -new -key Server/Server_private.key -out Server/Server_request.csr
过程中，提示需要你输入该根证书相关信息，自行更改：
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:CN
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:BeiJing
Locality Name (eg, city) []:BJ
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Yogile
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Yogile
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:Yogile
Email Address []:example@mail.com
Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:example@mail.com
An optional company name []:Yogile
3. 生成 Server 证书
-
创建配置文件 openssl.cnf
sudo vim openssl.cnf参考如下：
[req] distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name req_extensions = v3_req [req_distinguished_name] countryName = CN countryName_default = CN stateOrProvinceName = BJ stateOrProvinceName_default = BeiJing localityName = BJ localityName_default = BeiJing organizationalUnitName = Yogile organizationalUnitName_default = Domain Control Validated commonName = Internet Widgits Ltd commonName_max = 64 [ v3_req ] # Extensions to add to a certificate request basicConstraints = CA:FALSE keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment subjectAltName = @alt_names [alt_names] # 注意这个IP.1的设置，IP地址需要和你的服务器的监听地址一样 DNS为server网址 IP.1 = 192.168.0.129 DNS.1 = www.example.com需要将 Server 监听的地址写入证书中，如果访问时地址与证书中地址不一致将不能通过证书认证。
- 在这里我用是虚拟机，没有公网 IP ，也没有设置域名解析，IP.1 和 DNS.1 都设为了虚拟机 IP 地址，可行。
-
执行命令生成 Server 证书
sudo openssl x509 -days 365 -req -in Server/Server_request.csr -extensions v3_req -CAkey CA/CA_private.key -CA CA/CA_root.crt -CAcreateserial -out Server/Server_root.crt -extfile openssl.cnf成功显示：
Signature ok subject=C = CN, ST = BeiJing, L = BJ, O = Yogile, OU = Yogile, CN = Yogile, emailAddress = example@mail.com Getting CA Private Key
四、检查目录结构，确定无误
使用 tree 命令检查环境良好，配置无误：
yogile@debyogile:/etc/apache2/ownSSL$ tree
.
├── CA
│ ├── CA_private.key
│ ├── CA_request.csr
│ ├── CA_root.crt
│ └── CA_root.srl
├── openssl.cnf
└── Server
├── Server_private.key
├── Server_request.csr
└── Server_root.crt
2 directories, 8 files
五、Apache2 SSL 证书加载
- 特别注意：必须一步步按照后续步骤来，否则特别容易出错！
1. 停止 Apache2 服务
这一步必做 。
-
以 root 权限执行命令：
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 stop -
这时应显示：
[ ok ] Stopping apache2 (via systemctl): apache2.service.
2. 启用SSL模块
-
以 root 权限启用SSL模块：
sudo a2enmod ssl如果执行成功显示：
Considering dependency setenvif for ssl: Module setenvif already enabled Considering dependency mime for ssl: Module mime already enabled Considering dependency socache_shmcb for ssl: Enabling module socache_shmcb. Enabling module ssl. See /usr/share/doc/apache2/README.Debian.gz on how to configure SSL and create self-signed certificates. To activate the new configuration, you need to run: systemctl restart apache2 -
它最后提醒你执行一条重启命令：
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart这里要以 root 权限执行这条命令，否则报错。
注意：这里重启了 Apache2。
3. 停止 Apache2 服务
这一步必做，和前两步的 “停止 Apache2 服务” 起到同样的效果 。
-
以 root 权限执行命令：
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 stop -
这时应显示：
[ ok ] Stopping apache2 (via systemctl): apache2.service.
4. 加载 SSL 配置文件 default-ssl.conf
-
以 root 权限执行命令：
sudo a2ensite default-ssl正确返回结果：
yogile@debyogile:/etc/apache2# sudo a2ensite default-ssl a2ensite default-sslEnabling site default-ssl. To activate the new configuration, you need to run: systemctl reload apache2它提醒执行
systemctl reload apache2，先不管它，进行下一步 启动 Apache2 服务 。 -
这时 启动 Apache2 服务 ：
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 start启动成功显示：
[ ok ] Starting apache2 (via systemctl): apache2.service. -
启动 Apache2 服务成功后，加载 SSL 配置文件 default-ssl.conf
sudo systemctl reload apache2成功无显示。
四、Apache2 SSL 证书配置
加载完成了，修改其配置。
1. 添加监听端口
-
编辑监听端口配置文件
sudo vim /etc/apache2/ports.conf一般显示：
# If you just change the port or add more ports here, you will likely also # have to change the VirtualHost statement in # /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default.conf Listen 80 <IfModule ssl_module> Listen 443 </IfModule> <IfModule mod_gnutls.c> Listen 443 </IfModule> # vim: syntax=apache ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 sr noet -
添加监听端口 443
将示例中第 5 行
Listen 80修改成Listen 80 443：# If you just change the port or add more ports here, you will likely also # have to change the VirtualHost statement in #/etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default.conf Listen 80 443 <IfModule ssl_module> Listen 443 </IfModule> <IfModule mod_gnutls.c> Listen 443 </IfModule> # vim: syntax=apache ts=4 sw=4 sts=4 sr noet -
:wq保存退出
2. 修改 SSL 配置文件 default-ssl.conf
-
编辑 SSL 配置文件 default-ssl.conf
sudo vim /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/default-ssl.conf如果忽略注释会显示：
<IfModule mod_ssl.c> <VirtualHost _default_:443> ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost DocumentRoot /var/www/html SSLEngine on SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key <FilesMatch ".(cgi|shtml|phtml|php)$"> SSLOptions +StdEnvVars </FilesMatch> <Directory /usr/lib/cgi-bin> SSLOptions +StdEnvVars </Directory> </VirtualHost> </IfModule> -
添加
ServerName <主机名>，例：ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost ServerName yogile.icu DocumentRoot /var/www/html这里的主机名填写为： 按 OpenSSL 文档操作时文件 exampleserver.cnf 中的
DNS.0：[ alt_names ] DNS.0 = yogile.icu DNS.1 = www.yogile.icu -
修改加载 SSL 证书位置，例：
SSLCertificateFile /etc/apache2/ownSSL/Server/Server_root.crt SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/apache2/ownSSL/Server/Server_private.key -
:wq保存退出
3. 重启 Apache2 服务
-
输入命令重启 Apache2 服务
sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart成功会显示：
[ ok ] Restarting apache2 (via systemctl): apache2.service. -
配benz置成功。
五、网页登录测试
1. 在浏览器中输入 https:// +域名、公网 IP 或私网 IP
2. 点击 “高级” -> 继续前往（不安全）
3. HTTPS(SSL) 配置成功
六、端口重定向
现在虽然实现了，HTTPS 协议服务，但是 80 端口依然可以访问 HTTP 协议服务。
可参考下一篇博客 树莓派/Debian HTTP 到 HTTPS 端口重定向 实现了 80 端口到 443 端口的重定向