Input and output are mapped into logical data streams whose properties are more uniform than their various inputs and outputs. Two forms of mapping are supported, one for text streams and one for binary streams. They differ in the actual representation of data as well as in the functionality of some C functions.
Text Streams
Representation
Characters may have to be altered to conform to differing conventions for representing text in the host environment. As a consequence, data read to or written from a text stream will not necessarily compare equal to the stream's byte content.
The following code opens the file myfile as a text stream:
char *file_name;/* Initialize file_name */FILE *file = fopen(file_name, "w");/* Check for errors */fputs("
", file); |
Environments may model line breaks differently. For example, on Windows, this code writes 2 bytes (a carriage return and then a newline) to the file, whereas on POSIX systems, this code writes only 1 byte (a newline).
fseek()
For a text stream, the offset for fseek() must be either 0 or a value returned by an earlier successful call to the ftell() function (on a stream associated with the same file) with a mode of SEEK_SET.
ungetc()
The ungetc() function causes the file position indicator to be unspecified until all pushed-back characters are read. As a result, care must be taken that file-position-related functions are not used while this is true.
Binary Streams
Representation
A binary stream is an ordered sequence of characters that can transparently record internal data. As a consequence, data read from or written to a binary stream will necessarily compare equal to the stream's byte content.
The following code opens the file myfile as a binary stream:
char *file_name;/* Initialize file_name */FILE *file = fopen(file_name, "wb");/* Check for errors */fputs("
", file); |
Regardless of environment, this code writes exactly 1 byte (a newline).
fseek()
According to the C Standard, a binary stream may be terminated with an unspecified number of null characters and need not meaningfully support fseek() calls with a mode of SEEK_END. Consequently, do not call fseek() on a binary stream with a mode of SEEK_END.
ungetc()
The ungetc() function causes the file-position indicator to be decremented by 1 for each successful call, with the value being indeterminate if it is 0 before any call. As a result, ungetc() must never be called on a binary stream where the file position indicator is 0.
Risk Assessment
Failure to understand file stream mappings can result in unexpectedly formatted files.