1-简介
Home Page : https://www.pylint.org/
- 检查语法错误，是否遵守编码风格标准、潜在的问题等；
- 支持自定义配置：例如显示或隐藏特定的警告，并且可以通过编写插件来添加功能；
- 使用Pylint检查文件时，需要直接将模块或包名作为参数；
- 可以在命令行以脚本方式运行（pylint），也可作为模块（pylint.lint）导入，建议作为命令行工具使用；
2-帮助信息
帮助信息：
- 在命令行下运行“pylint -h”或“pylint --help”获取帮助信息；
常用命令行参数：
--generate-rcfile 生成一个配置文件示例； 可以使用重定向把这个配置文件保存下来用做以后使用； 也可以在前面加上其它选项，使这些选项的值被包含在这个产生的配置文件里； 如：“pylint --persistent=n --generate-rcfile > pylint.conf”，查看 pylint.conf，可以看到 persistent=no，而不再是其默认值 yes； --rcfile=<file> 指定一个配置文件； 把使用的配置放在配置文件中，这样不仅规范了自己代码，也可以方便地和别人共享这些规范； -i <y_or_n>, --include-ids=<y_or_n> 在输出中包含 message 的 id, 然后通过“pylint --help-msg=<msg-id>”来查看这个错误的详细信息，这样可以具体地定位错误。 -r <y_or_n>, --reports=<y_or_n> 表示 Pylint 的输出中是否包含报告部分； --files-output=<y_or_n> 将每个 module /package 的 message 输出到一个以 pylint_module/package. [txt|html] 命名的文件中； 如果有 report 的话，输出到名为 pylint_global.[txt|html] 的文件中。默认是输出到屏幕上不输出到文件里； -f <format>, --output-format=<format> 设置输出格式； 可以选择的格式有 text, parseable, colorized, msvs (visual studio) 和 html, 默认的输出格式是 text； --disable-msg=<msg ids> 禁止指定 id 的 message； 例如：输出中包含了 W0402 这个 warning 的 message, 如果不希望它在输出中出现，可以使用“--disable-msg= W0402”；
3-安装
$ pip3 show pylint Name: pylint Version: 2.1.1 Summary: python code static checker Home-page: https://github.com/PyCQA/pylint Author: Python Code Quality Authority Author-email: code-quality@python.org License: GPL Location: c:python36libsite-packages Requires: colorama, isort, astroid, mccabe Required-by: $ py --version Python 3.6.0 $ py -m pylint --version __main__.py 2.1.1 astroid 2.0.4 Python 3.6.0 (v3.6.0:41df79263a11, Dec 23 2016, 08:06:12) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)]
生成默认配置文件：将在当前目录生成pylint.conf文件，包含pylint的默认配置项；
$ py -m pylint --persistent=n --generate-rcfile > pylint.conf $ ll -h pylint.conf -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 18K Nov 12 10:23 pylint.conf
4-检查单个文件（模块）
$ cat test.py import time def shwotime(): print(time.asctime()) shwotime() $ py -m pylint --rcfile=pylint.conf test.py ************* Module test test.py:1:0: C0111: Missing module docstring (missing-docstring) test.py:4:0: C0111: Missing function docstring (missing-docstring) ----------------------------------- Your code has been rated at 5.00/10 $ py -m pylint -ry --rcfile=pylint.conf test.py ************* Module test test.py:1:0: C0111: Missing module docstring (missing-docstring) test.py:4:0: C0111: Missing function docstring (missing-docstring) Report ====== 4 statements analysed. Statistics by type ------------------ +---------+-------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+ |type |number |old number |difference |%documented |%badname | +=========+=======+===========+===========+============+=========+ |module |1 |NC |NC |0.00 |0.00 | +---------+-------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+ |class |0 |NC |NC |0 |0 | +---------+-------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+ |method |0 |NC |NC |0 |0 | +---------+-------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+ |function |1 |NC |NC |0.00 |0.00 | +---------+-------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------+ Raw metrics ----------- +----------+-------+------+---------+-----------+ |type |number |% |previous |difference | +==========+=======+======+=========+===========+ |code |5 |50.00 |NC |NC | +----------+-------+------+---------+-----------+ |docstring |0 |0.00 |NC |NC | +----------+-------+------+---------+-----------+ |comment |0 |0.00 |NC |NC | +----------+-------+------+---------+-----------+ |empty |5 |50.00 |NC |NC | +----------+-------+------+---------+-----------+ Duplication ----------- +-------------------------+------+---------+-----------+ | |now |previous |difference | +=========================+======+=========+===========+ |nb duplicated lines |0 |NC |NC | +-------------------------+------+---------+-----------+ |percent duplicated lines |0.000 |NC |NC | +-------------------------+------+---------+-----------+ Messages by category -------------------- +-----------+-------+---------+-----------+ |type |number |previous |difference | +===========+=======+=========+===========+ |convention |2 |NC |NC | +-----------+-------+---------+-----------+ |refactor |0 |NC |NC | +-----------+-------+---------+-----------+ |warning |0 |NC |NC | +-----------+-------+---------+-----------+ |error |0 |NC |NC | +-----------+-------+---------+-----------+ Messages -------- +------------------+------------+ |message id |occurrences | +==================+============+ |missing-docstring |2 | +------------------+------------+ ----------------------------------- Your code has been rated at 5.00/10
结果说明：
- Pylint结果的级别：error，warning，refactor，convention；
- 可以根据首字母确定相应的级别，例如，C表示convention（规范）、W表示warning（告警）；
- 级别之后的数字表示告警所在文件中的行号和列号；
- 参数 “-ry”开启报告，“-rn”关闭报告（只显示警告和错误），默认为关闭报告；
5-检查整个工程
在工程根目录下添加init.py文件，即把工程当做一个python包，可以对整个工程进行pylint；
$ ll -Ri testproject/ testproject/: total 13 3940649673951194 -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 25 Sep 21 09:37 __init__.py 5348024557504430 -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 5241 Sep 21 09:37 Chapter06_Modules.py 3377699720529875 -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 2719 Sep 12 09:17 Chapter06_ModuleTest.py 17732923532773334 drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Nov 12 10:46 TestPackage/ testproject/TestPackage: total 8 1970324836976601 -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 818 Sep 21 09:37 __init__.py 25895697857382360 -rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 1338 Sep 21 09:37 ModuleTest.py $ py -m pylint --rcfile=pylint.conf testproject/ ************* Module testproject.Chapter06_Modules testprojectChapter06_Modules.py:1:0: C0103: Module name "Chapter06_Modules" doesn't conform to snake_case naming style (invalid-name) testprojectChapter06_Modules.py:1:0: C0111: Missing module docstring (missing-docstring) testprojectChapter06_Modules.py:4:0: E0401: Unable to import 'Chapter06_ModuleTest' (import-error) testprojectChapter06_Modules.py:5:0: E0401: Unable to import 'TestPackage' (import-error) testprojectChapter06_Modules.py:6:0: E0401: Unable to import 'TestPackage.ModuleTest' (import-error) testprojectChapter06_Modules.py:22:0: C0103: Constant name "mp" doesn't conform to UPPER_CASE naming style (invalid-name) testprojectChapter06_Modules.py:8:0: C0411: standard import "import os" should be placed before "import Chapter06_ModuleTest as cMT" (wrong-import-order) testprojectChapter06_Modules.py:9:0: C0411: standard import "import pprint" should be placed before "import Chapter06_ModuleTest as cMT" (wrong-import-order) ************* Module testproject.Chapter06_ModuleTest testprojectChapter06_ModuleTest.py:1:0: C0103: Module name "Chapter06_ModuleTest" doesn't conform to snake_case naming style (invalid-name) testprojectChapter06_ModuleTest.py:1:0: C0111: Missing module docstring (missing-docstring) testprojectChapter06_ModuleTest.py:6:0: C0111: Missing function docstring (missing-docstring) testprojectChapter06_ModuleTest.py:18:0: C0111: Missing function docstring (missing-docstring) testprojectChapter06_ModuleTest.py:19:4: R1705: Unnecessary "else" after "return" (no-else-return) ************* Module testproject.TestPackage.ModuleTest testprojectTestPackageModuleTest.py:1:0: C0103: Module name "ModuleTest" doesn't conform to snake_case naming style (invalid-name) testprojectTestPackageModuleTest.py:1:0: C0111: Missing module docstring (missing-docstring) testprojectTestPackageModuleTest.py:5:0: C0111: Missing function docstring (missing-docstring) ************* Module testproject.TestPackage testprojectTestPackage\__init__.py:1:0: C0103: Module name "TestPackage" doesn't conform to snake_case naming style (invalid-name) testprojectTestPackage\__init__.py:1:0: C0111: Missing module docstring (missing-docstring) ----------------------------------- Your code has been rated at 3.18/10
6-集成到PyCharm
File --》Settings --》Tools --》External Tools
保存并应用后，Tools菜单下将会显示pylint工具选项；
如果想要pylint当前文件，只需要点击此选项即可；
7-其他工具
pycodestyle
- 根据PEP8中的某些样式约定来检查Python代码的工具
- https://pypi.org/project/pycodestyle/
- 使用pip安装pycodestyle：pip install pycodestyle
- 从终端运行pycodestyle：pycodestyle code.py
flake8
- 结合了pyflakes和pycodestyle的工具
- https://pypi.org/project/flake8/
- 使用pip安装flake8：pip install flake8
- 从终端运行flake8：flake8 code.py