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Python

1- Setuptools简介

通过Setuptools可以更方便的创建和发布Python包，特别是那些对其它包具有依赖性的状况；

Python打包用户指南（Python Packaging User Guide）

Home-page: https://github.com/pypa/setuptools
Documentation：https://setuptools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

1.1 安装Setuptools

目前官网新版本Python的安装包已自带pip（封装了setuptools），并不需要手工安装；
也可通过pip安装新版本；

$ pip3 show setuptools
Name: setuptools
Version: 40.0.0
Summary: Easily download, build, install, upgrade, and uninstall Python packages
Home-page: https://github.com/pypa/setuptools
Author: Python Packaging Authority
Author-email: distutils-sig@python.org
License: UNKNOWN
Location: c:python36libsite-packages
Requires:
Required-by: PyInstaller, pipenv, kiwisolver, ipython, html5lib

1.2 简单的安装脚本

setup.py

# coding=utf-8
from setuptools import setup

setup(name='Hello',
      version='1.0',
      description='A simple example',
      author='Anliven',
      author_email='anliven@yeah.net',
      url='www.cnblogs.com/anliven',
      py_modules=['hello'])

setup函数参数详解

创建setup.py文件后，可通过执行“python setup.py --help”命令获得帮助信息

setup函数各参数详解：
>>python setup.py --help
  --name              包名称
  --version (-V)      包版本
  --author            程序的作者
  --author_email      程序的作者的邮箱地址
  --maintainer        维护者
  --maintainer_email  维护者的邮箱地址
  --url               程序的官网地址
  --license           程序的授权信息
  --description       程序的简单描述
  --long_description  程序的详细描述
  --platforms         程序适用的软件平台列表
  --classifiers       程序的所属分类列表
  --keywords          程序的关键字列表
  --packages  需要打包的目录列表
  --py_modules  需要打包的python文件列表
  --download_url  程序的下载地址
  --cmdclass  
  --data_files  打包时需要打包的数据文件，如图片，配置文件等
  --scripts  安装时需要执行的脚步列表

1.3 获得帮助信息

usage: setup.py [global_opts] cmd1 [cmd1_opts] [cmd2 [cmd2_opts] ...]
   or: setup.py --help [cmd1 cmd2 ...]
   or: setup.py --help-commands
   or: setup.py cmd --help

“--help”

$ py -3 setup.py --help

“--help-commands”

$ py -3 setup.py --help-commands

命令sdist（Source distribution）

$ py -3 setup.py sdist --help

2- 构建模块（执行build命令）

确保所在目录有模块文件hello.py；
执行后，将创建build目录及子目录lib，同时将模块文件hello.py复制到子目录中；
目录build：setuptools在此目录组装包以及编译扩展库等；

$ ls -l
total 2
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089  39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 251 Oct 11 17:00 setup.py


$ cat -n hello.py
     1  # coding=utf-8
     2  print("This is a test!")


$ cat -n setup.py
     1  # coding=utf-8
     2  from setuptools import setup
     3
     4  setup(name='Hello',
     5        version='1.0',
     6        description='A simple example',
     7        author='Anliven',
     8        author_email='anliven@yeah.net',
     9        url='www.cnblogs.com/anliven',
    10        py_modules=['hello'])


$ py -3 setup.py build
running build
running build_py
creating build
creating buildlib
copying hello.py -> buildlib


$ ls -lR
.:
total 2
drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089   0 Oct 11 17:00 build/
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089  39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 251 Oct 11 17:00 setup.py

./build:
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 11 17:00 lib/

./build/lib:
total 1
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py


$ cat -n build/lib/hello.py
     1  # coding=utf-8
     2  print("This is a test!")

$

3- 安装模块（执行install命令）

执行insall命令时会根据需要自动运行build命令，不需要手工执行build命令；
安装过程中，Setuptools将创建一个.egg文件（独立的的Python包）；
可用pip命令来确认安装结果；

特别注意：建议使用“--record log.txt”参数来记录安装Python包的安装路径，以便以后卸载；

$ pip3 show hello


$ py -3 setup.py install --record log.txt
running install
running bdist_egg
running egg_info
creating Hello.egg-info
writing Hello.egg-infoPKG-INFO
writing dependency_links to Hello.egg-infodependency_links.txt
writing top-level names to Hello.egg-info	op_level.txt
writing manifest file 'Hello.egg-infoSOURCES.txt'
reading manifest file 'Hello.egg-infoSOURCES.txt'
writing manifest file 'Hello.egg-infoSOURCES.txt'
installing library code to builddist.win-amd64egg
running install_lib
running build_py
creating builddist.win-amd64
creating builddist.win-amd64egg
copying buildlibhello.py -> builddist.win-amd64egg
byte-compiling builddist.win-amd64egghello.py to hello.cpython-36.pyc
creating builddist.win-amd64eggEGG-INFO
copying Hello.egg-infoPKG-INFO -> builddist.win-amd64eggEGG-INFO
copying Hello.egg-infoSOURCES.txt -> builddist.win-amd64eggEGG-INFO
copying Hello.egg-infodependency_links.txt -> builddist.win-amd64eggEGG-INFO
copying Hello.egg-info	op_level.txt -> builddist.win-amd64eggEGG-INFO
zip_safe flag not set; analyzing archive contents...
creating dist
creating 'distHello-1.0-py3.6.egg' and adding 'builddist.win-amd64egg' to it
removing 'builddist.win-amd64egg' (and everything under it)
Processing Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg
Copying Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg to c:python36libsite-packages
Adding Hello 1.0 to easy-install.pth file

Installed c:python36libsite-packageshello-1.0-py3.6.egg
Processing dependencies for Hello==1.0
Finished processing dependencies for Hello==1.0
writing list of installed files to 'log.txt'


$ ls -lR
.:
total 3
drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089   0 Oct 11 17:03 build/
drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089   0 Oct 11 17:03 dist/
drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089   0 Oct 11 17:03 Hello.egg-info/
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089  39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089  51 Oct 11 17:03 log.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 251 Oct 11 17:00 setup.py

./build:
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 11 17:03 bdist.win-amd64/
drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 11 17:00 lib/

./build/bdist.win-amd64:
total 0

./build/lib:
total 1
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py

./dist:
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 1259 Oct 11 17:03 Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg

./Hello.egg-info:
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089   1 Oct 11 17:03 dependency_links.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 221 Oct 11 17:03 PKG-INFO
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 133 Oct 11 17:03 SOURCES.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089   6 Oct 11 17:03 top_level.txt


$ cat log.txt
c:python36libsite-packagesHello-1.0-py3.6.egg


$ pip3 show hello
Name: hello
Version: 1.0
Summary: A simple example
Home-page: www.cnblogs.com/anliven
Author: Anliven
Author-email: anliven@yeah.net
License: UNKNOWN
Location: c:python36libsite-packageshello-1.0-py3.6.egg
Requires:
Required-by:


$

4- 安装演示

执行install命令时，使用参数“-n”，将只进行演示，并不真正执行安装；

--dry-run (-n) don't actually do anything

py -3 setup.py install -n

5- 卸载模块

Setuptools没有提供标准的uninstall命令，需要手工卸载安装的模块；

执行“python setup.py install --record log.txt”命令，安装包的同时记录Python包的安装文件路径；
卸载时，只需要删除log.txt文件记录的安装文件路径，即可卸载；
如在Linux环境下，可使用“cat log.txt | xargs rm –rf”命令删除，即可卸载；

$ cat log.txt
c:python36libsite-packagesHello-1.0-py3.6.egg

手工删除

$ ls -l /c/Python36/Lib/site-packages/Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 1246 Oct 10 16:49 /c/Python36/Lib/site-packages/Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg

$ pip3 show hello
Name: hello
Version: 1.0
Summary: A simple example
Home-page: UNKNOWN
Author: Anliven
Author-email: anliven@yeah.net
License: UNKNOWN
Location: c:python36libsite-packageshello-1.0-py3.6.egg
Requires:
Required-by:

$ rm -rf /c/Python36/Lib/site-packages/Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg

$ pip3 show hello

6- 程序打包（创建可分发的Python安装包）

编写安装脚本setup.py后，就可以用来进行程序打包（创建归档文件）；

支持多种格式，主要分为sdist（Source distribution，源码发布）和bdist（Built Distribution，可执行文件发布）两类；

6.1 Source Distribution（执行sdist命令）

使用命令sdist（Source distribution）可以打包成源码发布；
使用命令开关“--formats”可指定一种或多种压缩格式（用逗号分隔）；

如果执行“py -3 setup.py sdist --formats=tar,zip”，那么将生成.tar和.zip两个格式文件。

确认可使用的压缩格式：

$ py -3 setup.py sdist --help-formats
List of available source distribution formats:
  --formats=bztar  bzip2'ed tar-file
  --formats=gztar  gzip'ed tar-file
  --formats=tar    uncompressed tar file
  --formats=xztar  xz'ed tar-file
  --formats=zip    ZIP file
  --formats=ztar   compressed tar file

示例：默认压缩格式.tar.gz

$ ls -l
total 2
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089  39 Oct 10 16:34 hello.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 214 Oct 10 16:40 setup.py


$ cat -n hello.py
     1  # coding=utf-8
     2  print("This is a test!")


$ cat -n setup.py
     1  # coding=utf-8
     2  from setuptools import setup
     3
     4  setup(name='Hello',
     5        version='1.0',
     6        description='A simple example',
     7        author='Anliven',
     8        author_email='anliven@yeah.net',
     9        py_modules=['hello'])


$ py -3 setup.py sdist
running sdist
running egg_info
creating Hello.egg-info
writing Hello.egg-infoPKG-INFO
writing dependency_links to Hello.egg-infodependency_links.txt
writing top-level names to Hello.egg-info	op_level.txt
writing manifest file 'Hello.egg-infoSOURCES.txt'
reading manifest file 'Hello.egg-infoSOURCES.txt'
writing manifest file 'Hello.egg-infoSOURCES.txt'
warning: sdist: standard file not found: should have one of README, README.rst, README.txt, README.md

running check
warning: check: missing required meta-data: url

creating Hello-1.0
creating Hello-1.0Hello.egg-info
copying files to Hello-1.0...
copying hello.py -> Hello-1.0
copying setup.py -> Hello-1.0
copying Hello.egg-infoPKG-INFO -> Hello-1.0Hello.egg-info
copying Hello.egg-infoSOURCES.txt -> Hello-1.0Hello.egg-info
copying Hello.egg-infodependency_links.txt -> Hello-1.0Hello.egg-info
copying Hello.egg-info	op_level.txt -> Hello-1.0Hello.egg-info
Writing Hello-1.0setup.cfg
creating dist
Creating tar archive
removing 'Hello-1.0' (and everything under it)


$ ls -l
total 2
drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089   0 Oct 11 15:05 dist/
drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089   0 Oct 11 15:05 Hello.egg-info/
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089  39 Oct 10 16:34 hello.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 214 Oct 10 16:40 setup.py


$ ls -lR
.:
total 2
drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089   0 Oct 11 15:05 dist/
drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089   0 Oct 11 15:05 Hello.egg-info/
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089  39 Oct 10 16:34 hello.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 214 Oct 10 16:40 setup.py

./dist:
total 1
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 673 Oct 11 15:05 

./Hello.egg-info:
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089   1 Oct 11 15:05 dependency_links.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 205 Oct 11 15:05 PKG-INFO
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 133 Oct 11 15:05 SOURCES.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089   6 Oct 11 15:05 top_level.txt

$

告警提示

可能会出现一些告警提示缺少某些信息，不影响创建归档文件，可以忽略。

如果想去除告警，可以在setup.py所在目录添加相应文件或信息。

warning: sdist: standard file not found: should have one of README, README.rst, README.txt, README.md
warning: check: missing required meta-data: url

分发与安装

生成的dist目录里的Hello-1.0.tar.gz文件就是归档文件，可将此文件分发给他人，然后对方可将其解压缩，再使用脚本setup.py进行安装。

6-2 Built Distribution（执行bdist命令）

和源码包相比，由于是预先构建好的可执行文件，所以安装更快。

确认可使用的压缩格式：

$ py -3 setup.py bdist --help-formats
List of available distribution formats:
  --formats=rpm      RPM distribution
  --formats=gztar    gzip'ed tar file
  --formats=bztar    bzip2'ed tar file
  --formats=xztar    xz'ed tar file
  --formats=ztar     compressed tar file
  --formats=tar      tar file
  --formats=wininst  Windows executable installer
  --formats=zip      ZIP file
  --formats=msi      Microsoft Installer

同时为了简化操作，Setuptools 提供了如下命令（执行“py -3 setup.py --help-commands”获得详细信息）；

例如：执行“py -3 setup.py bdist_wininst”

  bdist_dumb        create a "dumb" built distribution
  bdist_rpm         create an RPM distribution
  bdist_wininst     create an executable installer for MS Windows

示例：wininst格式（Windows executable installer）

$ ls -l
total 2
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089  39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 251 Oct 11 17:00 setup.py


$ py -3 setup.py bdist --formats=wininst
running bdist
running bdist_wininst
running build
running build_py
creating build
creating buildlib
copying hello.py -> buildlib
installing to builddist.win-amd64wininst
running install_lib
creating builddist.win-amd64
creating builddist.win-amd64wininst
creating builddist.win-amd64wininstPURELIB
copying buildlibhello.py -> builddist.win-amd64wininstPURELIB
running install_egg_info
running egg_info
creating Hello.egg-info
writing Hello.egg-infoPKG-INFO
writing dependency_links to Hello.egg-infodependency_links.txt
writing top-level names to Hello.egg-info	op_level.txt
writing manifest file 'Hello.egg-infoSOURCES.txt'
reading manifest file 'Hello.egg-infoSOURCES.txt'
writing manifest file 'Hello.egg-infoSOURCES.txt'
Copying Hello.egg-info to builddist.win-amd64wininstPURELIBHello-1.0-py3.6.egg-info
running install_scripts
creating 'C:UsersguowliAppDataLocalTemp	mppdxufr2q.zip' and adding '.' to it
adding 'PURELIBhello.py'
adding 'PURELIBHello-1.0-py3.6.egg-infodependency_links.txt'
adding 'PURELIBHello-1.0-py3.6.egg-infoPKG-INFO'
adding 'PURELIBHello-1.0-py3.6.egg-infoSOURCES.txt'
adding 'PURELIBHello-1.0-py3.6.egg-info	op_level.txt'
creating dist
removing 'builddist.win-amd64wininst' (and everything under it)


$ ls -lR
.:
total 2
drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089   0 Oct 12 14:43 build/
drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089   0 Oct 12 14:43 dist/
drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089   0 Oct 12 14:43 Hello.egg-info/
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089  39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 251 Oct 11 17:00 setup.py

./build:
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 12 14:43 bdist.win-amd64/
drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 12 14:43 lib/

./build/bdist.win-amd64:
total 0

./build/lib:
total 1
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py

./dist:
total 580
-rwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 591354 Oct 12 14:43 Hello-1.0.win-amd64.exe*

./Hello.egg-info:
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089   1 Oct 12 14:43 dependency_links.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 221 Oct 12 14:43 PKG-INFO
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 133 Oct 12 14:43 SOURCES.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089   6 Oct 12 14:43 top_level.txt


$

7- wheel与egg格式

Wheel格式包其实也是一种 built 包，是官方推荐的打包方式，用来替换egg格式包；

创建egg包：“python setup.py bdist_egg”
创建wheel包：“python setup.py bdist_wheel”

执行“py -3 setup.py --help-commands”获得详细信息；

bdist_wheel    create a wheel distribution
bdist_egg      create an "egg" distribution

7-1 示例：生成Wheel格式包

使用 wheel 打包，首先要安装 wheel：“pip install wheel”

$ ls -l
total 2
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089  39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 251 Oct 11 17:00 setup.py


$ py -3 setup.py bdist_wheel
running bdist_wheel
running build
running build_py
creating build
creating buildlib
copying hello.py -> buildlib
installing to builddist.win-amd64wheel
running install
running install_lib
creating builddist.win-amd64
creating builddist.win-amd64wheel
copying buildlibhello.py -> builddist.win-amd64wheel.
running install_egg_info
running egg_info
creating Hello.egg-info
writing Hello.egg-infoPKG-INFO
writing dependency_links to Hello.egg-infodependency_links.txt
writing top-level names to Hello.egg-info	op_level.txt
writing manifest file 'Hello.egg-infoSOURCES.txt'
reading manifest file 'Hello.egg-infoSOURCES.txt'
writing manifest file 'Hello.egg-infoSOURCES.txt'
Copying Hello.egg-info to builddist.win-amd64wheel.Hello-1.0-py3.6.egg-info
running install_scripts
creating builddist.win-amd64wheelHello-1.0.dist-infoWHEEL
creating 'D:Anliven-RunningenPycharmProjectsTestPackagedistHello-1.0-py3-none-any.whl' and adding '.' to it
adding 'hello.py'
adding 'Hello-1.0.dist-info	op_level.txt'
adding 'Hello-1.0.dist-infoWHEEL'
adding 'Hello-1.0.dist-infoMETADATA'
adding 'Hello-1.0.dist-infoRECORD'
removing builddist.win-amd64wheel


$ ls -lR
.:
total 2
drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089   0 Oct 12 15:36 build/
drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089   0 Oct 12 15:36 dist/
drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089   0 Oct 12 15:36 Hello.egg-info/
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089  39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 251 Oct 11 17:00 setup.py

./build:
total 0
drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 12 15:36 bdist.win-amd64/
drwxr-xr-x 1 guowli 1049089 0 Oct 12 15:36 lib/

./build/bdist.win-amd64:
total 0

./build/lib:
total 1
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 39 Oct 11 16:57 hello.py

./dist:
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 1178 Oct 12 15:36 Hello-1.0-py3-none-any.whl

./Hello.egg-info:
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089   1 Oct 12 15:36 dependency_links.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 221 Oct 12 15:36 PKG-INFO
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 133 Oct 12 15:36 SOURCES.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089   6 Oct 12 15:36 top_level.txt


$

7-2 示例：安装Wheel格式包

可以使用pip直接安装和卸载wheel格式包

$ pip3 show hello


$ ls -l dist/
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 guowli 1049089 1178 Oct 12 15:36 Hello-1.0-py3-none-any.whl


$ pip3 install dist/Hello-1.0-py3-none-any.whl
Processing d:anliven-runningzenpycharmprojects	estpackagedisthello-1.0-py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: Hello
Successfully installed Hello-1.0


$ pip3 show hello
Name: Hello
Version: 1.0
Summary: A simple example
Home-page: www.cnblogs.com/anliven
Author: Anliven
Author-email: anliven@yeah.net
License: UNKNOWN
Location: c:python36libsite-packages
Requires:
Required-by:


$ pip3 uninstall hello
Uninstalling Hello-1.0:
  Would remove:
    c:python36libsite-packageshello-1.0.dist-info*
    c:python36libsite-packageshello.py
Proceed (y/n)? y
  Successfully uninstalled Hello-1.0


$ pip3 show hello


$

8- 向PyPI注册包

PyPI(Python Package Index)：https://pypi.org/

执行命令“python setup.py register”向标准库注册，将显示菜单；
根据提示，注册包；
执行命令“python setup.py sdist upload”上传源码分发包到PyPI；

$ py -3 setup.py register
running register
running check
warning: check: missing required meta-data: name, version, url

warning: check: missing meta-data: either (author and author_email) or (maintainer and maintainer_email) must be supplied

We need to know who you are, so please choose either:
 1. use your existing login,
 2. register as a new user,
 3. have the server generate a new password for you (and email it to you), or
 4. quit
Your selection [default 1]:

9- 拾遗

9.1 PYTHONPATH

PYTHONPATH是Python搜索路径，默认import的模块都会从PYTHONPATH里面寻找；

目前安装新Python版本时，有“Add Python to Path”选项，选中则会自动完成环境变量配置；

以在Windows系统中设置PYTHONPATH为例：

To set environment variable for Python, open environment variables setting, new a system variable named PYTHONPATH, set its value to the Python installation path and append PYTHONPATH to path.

C:Python36;C:Python36Libsite-packages;C:Python36Scripts

打印PYTHONPATH：

>>> import sys
>>> print(sys.path)
['', 'C:\Python36\python36.zip', 'C:\Python36\DLLs', 'C:\Python36\lib', 'C:\Python36', 'C:\Python36\lib\site-packages', 'C:\Python36\lib\site-packages\win32', 'C:\Python36\lib\site-packages\win32\lib', 'C:\Python36\lib\site-packages\Pythonwin']
>>>

9-2 对比egg与wheel

原文链接：https://packaging.python.org/discussions/wheel-vs-egg/

一句话总结：wheel文件格式将最终取代egg文件格式，建议使用wheel文件来发布Python包。

Wheel和Egg都是打包的格式，都可用于Python模块的分发与安装；
Egg格式是由Setuptools在2004年引入，通过Setuptools可以识别Egg格式并解析安装；
Wheel格式是由PEP427在2012年定义，本质是zip包格式，最终将替代Egg格式；
Wheel现在被认为是构建和二进制包的标准格式，推荐使用wheel格式发布Python包，目前pip也可直接安装wheel格式包；

Wheel和Egg的主要的不同点：
  - Wheel有一个官方的PEP427来定义，而Egg没有PEP定义；
  - Wheel是一种分发格式，即打包格式。而Egg既是一种分发格式，也是一种运行时安装的格式，并且是可以被import的；
  - Wheel文件不会包含.pyc文件；
  - Wheel使用和PEP376兼容的.dist-info目录，而Egg使用.egg-info目录；
  - Wheel有着更丰富的命名规则；
  - Wheel是有版本的。每个Wheel文件都包含wheel规格的版本和打包它的实现；
  - Wheel在内部被sysconfig path type管理，因此转向其他格式也更容易；

9-3 Python的包管理工具

包管理工具解惑：https://blog.zengrong.net/post/2169.html
Python打包分发工具setuptools：https://blog.csdn.net/chenfeidi1/article/details/80873979

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原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/anliven/p/9840583.html