Scala--commonly used 1

Recently I transit to use scala to program.

scala is a functional and objected oriented language, but it has seamless java Interoperability  (they both run in JVM and freely mixed).

Compared to the java that I am familiar to,  there are some common concepts, data structure functions I often use in Scala,

They are also some kinds of distinctions from Java object oriented language.  I put here also for quick search afterwards.

 

(1)  var:  define variable;

       val: deine a constant

       e.g.

       var i = 0;      i = i + 1        // i can be changed

       val i: Int = 0       //i value is not allowed to change

 

(2) object

Everything is object;         

e.g.  even basic data structure Int   are interpreted as  abstract final class Int

 

(3)  difference between object  and  class:

Simple differences:

Object:  A singleton is a class that can have only one instance, it is like the static field and method in  the java class , but it can extend another superclass, implement interfaces,

Class is  that you can have multiple instances of a class.

 e.g.

object A extends B with C {
  def f(x: Any): Any = ???
}

 It declares an anonymous (inaccessible) class that extends both B and C, and creates a single instance of this class named A.

(4) Option/Some/None pattern

Scala uses option to avoid the null or null pointer problem in Java etc. 

it use values that may be present or not:  the Option[A] trait.

Some extends Option, so it inherits everything except get and isEmpty (and some other methods implemented by a case class).

None also extend option

In a word,

 Option
            /   
           /     
          /       
        Some     None

Option is container base which can be empty or full

While Some(x) represent full with 'x' being present in the container, None represents empty.

val a: Option[String] = Option(null) // a will be None

val b: Option[String] = Option("Hello!") // "hello"

 

(4) trait

       Similar to java's interface, it encapsulates method and field definitions. It can also be used to define object types by specifying the signature of the supported methods.

example:

 

trait Equal {
   def isEqual(x: Any): Boolean
   def isNotEqual(x: Any): Boolean = !isEqual(x)
}

class Point(xc: Int, yc: Int) extends Equal {
   var x: Int = xc
   var y: Int = yc
   
   def isEqual(obj: Any) = obj.isInstanceOf[Point] && obj.asInstanceOf[Point].x == y
}
 

(5)  case class 

It defines abstract or concrete properties in an abstract base class (or trait) that can be referenced in all child classes.

Case classes are compared by structure and not by reference:

case class Message(sender: String, recipient: String, body: String)

val message1 = Message("jorge@catalonia.es", "guillaume@quebec.ca", "Com va?")

 

You can create a deep copy of an instance of a case class simply by using the copy method. You can optionally change the constructor arguments.

val message2 = message1.copy(sender = message4.recipient, recipient = "claire@bourgogne.fr")

 It can be used to construct the struct  data structure in c/c++

 

reference:

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/scala/

http://docs.scala-lang.org/index.html

http://danielwestheide.com/blog/2012/12/19/the-neophytes-guide-to-scala-part-5-the-option-type.html