1、通过mdadm命令进行磁盘阵列部署
mdadm是multiple devices admin的简称，它是Linux下的一款标准的软件 RAID 管理工具
如果没有mdadm命令，通过yum安装一下
yum install -y mdadm
mdadm的主要参数
-a 检测设备名称 -n 指定设备数量 -l 指定 RAID 级别 -C 创建 -v 显示过程 -f 模拟设备损坏 -r 移除设备 -Q 查看摘要信息 -D 查看详细信息 -S 停止 RAID 磁盘阵列
更多的参数说明使用man mdadm来查看。
2、创建raid10
1）查看硬盘情况
#先看看磁盘情况 [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot └─sda2 8:2 0 19G 0 part ├─centos-root 253:0 0 32G 0 lvm / └─centos-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP] sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk ├─sdb1 8:17 0 2G 0 part /backup ├─sdb2 8:18 0 3G 0 part [SWAP] └─sdb3 8:19 0 15G 0 part └─centos-root 253:0 0 32G 0 lvm / sdc 8:32 0 1G 0 disk sdd 8:48 0 1G 0 disk sde 8:64 0 1G 0 disk sdf 8:80 0 1G 0 disk sr0 11:0 1 4.2G 0 rom
2）开始创建：
-C 参数代表创建一个 RAID 阵列卡；-v 参数显示创建的过程，后面是一个设备名称/dev/md0，是创建后的RAID磁盘阵列的名称；
-a yes 参数代表自动创建设备文件；-n 4 参数代表使用 4 块硬盘来部署这个RAID 磁盘阵列；
而-l 10 参数则代表 RAID 10 方案；最后 4 块硬盘设备的名称
[root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm -Cv /dev/md0 -a yes -n 4 -l 10 /dev/sdc /dev/sdd /dev/sde /dev/sdf mdadm: layout defaults to n2 mdadm: layout defaults to n2 mdadm: chunk size defaults to 512K mdadm: size set to 1046528K mdadm: Fail create md0 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
[root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# file /dev/md0 /dev/md0: block special
3）格式化阵列
[root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mkfs mkfs mkfs.btrfs mkfs.cramfs mkfs.ext2 mkfs.ext3 mkfs.ext4 mkfs.minix mkfs.xfs [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0 mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) 文件系统标签= OS type: Linux 块大小=4096 (log=2) 分块大小=4096 (log=2) Stride=128 blocks, Stripe width=256 blocks 130816 inodes, 523264 blocks 26163 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user 第一个数据块=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=536870912 16 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8176 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912 Allocating group tables: 完成 正在写入inode表: 完成 Creating journal (8192 blocks): 完成 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
4）挂载阵列
[root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mount /dev/md0 /raid/raid10 [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# df -h 文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点 /dev/mapper/centos-root 32G 4.2G 28G 13% / devtmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /dev tmpfs 912M 0 912M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 912M 8.6M 904M 1% /run tmpfs 912M 0 912M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda1 1014M 143M 872M 15% /boot /dev/sdb1 2.0G 67M 2.0G 4% /backup tmpfs 183M 0 183M 0% /run/user/1004 /dev/md0 2.0G 6.0M 1.9G 1% /raid/raid10 阵列容量2G，符合预期
5）查看阵列信息
[root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Wed Jan 16 16:23:44 2019 Raid Level : raid10 Array Size : 2093056 (2044.00 MiB 2143.29 MB) Used Dev Size : 1046528 (1022.00 MiB 1071.64 MB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 4 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Wed Jan 16 16:31:05 2019 State : clean Active Devices : 4 Working Devices : 4 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Layout : near=2 Chunk Size : 512K Consistency Policy : resync Name : bigdata-senior01.home.com:0 (local to host bigdata-senior01.home.com) UUID : 1ad7fbe9:3ed88dbf:48408f25:9d49eae2 Events : 17 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 32 0 active sync set-A /dev/sdc 1 8 48 1 active sync set-B /dev/sdd 2 8 64 2 active sync set-A /dev/sde 3 8 80 3 active sync set-B /dev/sdf
6）编辑/etc/fstab永久挂载阵列
vi /etc/fstab # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Sun Apr 29 17:25:33 2018 # # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info # /dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=fa75616e-a122-4c73-9fd4-b1d50a4af91a /boot xfs defaults 0 0 /dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0 /dev/sdb1 /backup xfs defaults 0 0 /dev/sdb2 swap swap defaults 0 0 /dev/md0 /raid/raid10 ext4 defaults 0 0
7）模拟磁盘损坏及修复
#模拟/dev/sdc损坏 [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -f /dev/sdc mdadm: set /dev/sdc faulty in /dev/md0 [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Wed Jan 16 16:23:44 2019 Raid Level : raid10 Array Size : 2093056 (2044.00 MiB 2143.29 MB) Used Dev Size : 1046528 (1022.00 MiB 1071.64 MB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 4 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Wed Jan 16 16:42:27 2019 State : clean, degraded Active Devices : 3 Working Devices : 3 Failed Devices : 1 Spare Devices : 0 Layout : near=2 Chunk Size : 512K Consistency Policy : resync Name : bigdata-senior01.home.com:0 (local to host bigdata-senior01.home.com) UUID : 1ad7fbe9:3ed88dbf:48408f25:9d49eae2 Events : 19 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State - 0 0 0 removed 1 8 48 1 active sync set-B /dev/sdd 2 8 64 2 active sync set-A /dev/sde 3 8 80 3 active sync set-B /dev/sdf 0 8 32 - faulty /dev/sdc #查看raid状态，缺了一个U，说明4个盘有一个down了 [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid10] md0 : active raid10 sdf[3] sde[2] sdd[1] sdc[0](F) 2093056 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 near-copies [4/3] [_UUU] #移除/dev/sdc root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -r /dev/sdc mdadm: hot removed /dev/sdc from /dev/md0 #通过lsblk以及mdadm -D /dev/md0命令可以查看一下情况 [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot └─sda2 8:2 0 19G 0 part ├─centos-root 253:0 0 32G 0 lvm / └─centos-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP] sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk ├─sdb1 8:17 0 2G 0 part /backup ├─sdb2 8:18 0 3G 0 part [SWAP] └─sdb3 8:19 0 15G 0 part └─centos-root 253:0 0 32G 0 lvm / sdc 8:32 0 1G 0 disk #已经离开阵列 sdd 8:48 0 1G 0 disk └─md0 9:0 0 2G 0 raid10 /raid/raid10 sde 8:64 0 1G 0 disk └─md0 9:0 0 2G 0 raid10 /raid/raid10 sdf 8:80 0 1G 0 disk └─md0 9:0 0 2G 0 raid10 /raid/raid10 sr0 11:0 1 4.2G 0 rom #现在假设/dev/sdc已经修复，重新加回到阵列里 [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/sdc mdadm: added /dev/sdc #四个U，表示4块盘都正常了 [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid10] md0 : active raid10 sdc[4] sdf[3] sde[2] sdd[1] 2093056 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 near-copies [4/4] [UUUU] unused devices: <none> 用mdadm -D /dev/md0也可以验证一下
最后：
#重要 mdadm运行时会自动检查/etc/mdadm.conf 文件并尝试自动装配，因此第一次配置raid后可以将信息导入到/etc/mdadm.conf中 [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm -Ds /dev/md0 > /etc/mdadm.conf
[root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# cat /etc/mdadm.conf
ARRAY /dev/md0 metadata=1.2 spares=1 name=bigdata-senior01.home.com:0 UUID=8eafb085:276f669d:c1b5cdd7:5ccd72d7
如果不生成mdadm.conf文件，mdadm会尝试自己加载raid，最后可能会出现把raid生成到/dev/md127里（不一定是127）
3、磁盘阵列+备份盘，实现4+1方式，准备一块多余的硬盘，这块硬盘平时处于闲置状态，一旦 RAID磁盘阵列中有硬盘出现故障后则会马上自动顶替
1）创建
[root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# cat /proc/partitions #查看硬盘和分区情况 major minor #blocks name 8 0 20971520 sda 8 1 1048576 sda1 8 2 19921920 sda2 8 16 20971520 sdb 8 17 2097152 sdb1 8 18 3145728 sdb2 8 19 15727616 sdb3 8 32 1048576 sdc 8 48 1048576 sdd 8 64 1048576 sde 8 80 1048576 sdf 8 96 1048576 sdg 11 0 4365312 sr0 253 0 33546240 dm-0 253 1 2097152 dm-1 [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# cat /proc/mdstat #查看有没有阵列 Personalities : unused devices: <none>
#普通阵列多一个参数-x，表示空余的盘 [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm -Cv /dev/md0 -a yes -n 4 -l 10 -x 1 /dev/sdc /dev/sdd /dev/sde /dev/sdf /dev/sdg
mdadm: layout defaults to n2 mdadm: layout defaults to n2 mdadm: chunk size defaults to 512K mdadm: size set to 1046528K mdadm: Fail create md0 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
#查看阵列创建进度，最后等进度结束后再格式化 [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid10] md0 : active raid10 sdg[4](S) sdf[3] sde[2] sdd[1] sdc[0] 2093056 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 near-copies [4/4] [UUUU] [=============>.......] resync = 67.8% (1419776/2093056) finish=0.0min speed=236629K/sec unused devices: <none> [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : [raid10] md0 : active raid10 sdg[4](S) sdf[3] sde[2] sdd[1] sdc[0] 2093056 blocks super 1.2 512K chunks 2 near-copies [4/4] [UUUU] unused devices: <none> [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Wed Jan 16 17:55:46 2019 Raid Level : raid10 Array Size : 2093056 (2044.00 MiB 2143.29 MB) Used Dev Size : 1046528 (1022.00 MiB 1071.64 MB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 5 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Wed Jan 16 17:55:56 2019 State : clean Active Devices : 4 Working Devices : 5 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 1 Layout : near=2 Chunk Size : 512K Consistency Policy : resync Name : bigdata-senior01.home.com:0 (local to host bigdata-senior01.home.com) UUID : 8eafb085:276f669d:c1b5cdd7:5ccd72d7 Events : 17 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 32 0 active sync set-A /dev/sdc 1 8 48 1 active sync set-B /dev/sdd 2 8 64 2 active sync set-A /dev/sde 3 8 80 3 active sync set-B /dev/sdf 4 8 96 - spare /dev/sdg [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 20G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot └─sda2 8:2 0 19G 0 part ├─centos-root 253:0 0 32G 0 lvm / └─centos-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP] sdb 8:16 0 20G 0 disk ├─sdb1 8:17 0 2G 0 part /backup ├─sdb2 8:18 0 3G 0 part [SWAP] └─sdb3 8:19 0 15G 0 part └─centos-root 253:0 0 32G 0 lvm / sdc 8:32 0 1G 0 disk └─md0 9:0 0 2G 0 raid10 sdd 8:48 0 1G 0 disk └─md0 9:0 0 2G 0 raid10 sde 8:64 0 1G 0 disk └─md0 9:0 0 2G 0 raid10 sdf 8:80 0 1G 0 disk └─md0 9:0 0 2G 0 raid10 sdg 8:96 0 1G 0 disk └─md0 9:0 0 2G 0 raid10 sr0 11:0 1 4.2G 0 rom
#重要 mdadm运行时会自动检查/etc/mdadm.conf 文件并尝试自动装配，因此第一次配置raid后可以将信息导入到/etc/mdadm.conf中 [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm -Ds /dev/md0 > /etc/mdadm.conf
2） 格式化
[root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0 mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) 文件系统标签= OS type: Linux 块大小=4096 (log=2) 分块大小=4096 (log=2) Stride=128 blocks, Stripe width=256 blocks 130816 inodes, 523264 blocks 26163 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user 第一个数据块=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=536870912 16 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8176 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912 Allocating group tables: 完成 正在写入inode表: 完成 Creating journal (8192 blocks): 完成 Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: 完成
3）挂载：
[root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mount /dev/md0 /raid/raid10 [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# df -h 文件系统 容量 已用 可用 已用% 挂载点 /dev/mapper/centos-root 32G 4.2G 28G 13% / devtmpfs 901M 0 901M 0% /dev tmpfs 912M 0 912M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 912M 8.7M 903M 1% /run tmpfs 912M 0 912M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda1 1014M 143M 872M 15% /boot /dev/sdb1 2.0G 67M 2.0G 4% /backup tmpfs 183M 0 183M 0% /run/user/1004 /dev/md0 2.0G 6.0M 1.9G 1% /raid/raid10
4）故障测试
#设置/dev/sdc故障
[root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -f /dev/sdc mdadm: set /dev/sdc faulty in /dev/md0 [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Wed Jan 16 17:55:46 2019 Raid Level : raid10 Array Size : 2093056 (2044.00 MiB 2143.29 MB) Used Dev Size : 1046528 (1022.00 MiB 1071.64 MB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 5 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Wed Jan 16 19:09:03 2019 State : clean, degraded, recovering Active Devices : 3 Working Devices : 4 Failed Devices : 1 Spare Devices : 1 Layout : near=2 Chunk Size : 512K Consistency Policy : resync Rebuild Status : 87% complete Name : bigdata-senior01.home.com:0 (local to host bigdata-senior01.home.com) UUID : 8eafb085:276f669d:c1b5cdd7:5ccd72d7 Events : 32 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 4 8 96 0 spare rebuilding /dev/sdg 1 8 48 1 active sync set-B /dev/sdd 2 8 64 2 active sync set-A /dev/sde 3 8 80 3 active sync set-B /dev/sdf 0 8 32 - faulty /dev/sdc
#/dev/sdg自动顶替了/dev/sdc
5）移除故障盘/dev/sdc，然后重新加入
[root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -r /dev/sdc mdadm: hot removed /dev/sdc from /dev/md0 [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Wed Jan 16 17:55:46 2019 Raid Level : raid10 Array Size : 2093056 (2044.00 MiB 2143.29 MB) Used Dev Size : 1046528 (1022.00 MiB 1071.64 MB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 4 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Wed Jan 16 19:13:08 2019 State : clean Active Devices : 4 Working Devices : 4 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Layout : near=2 Chunk Size : 512K Consistency Policy : resync Name : bigdata-senior01.home.com:0 (local to host bigdata-senior01.home.com) UUID : 8eafb085:276f669d:c1b5cdd7:5ccd72d7 Events : 37 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 4 8 96 0 active sync set-A /dev/sdg 1 8 48 1 active sync set-B /dev/sdd 2 8 64 2 active sync set-A /dev/sde 3 8 80 3 active sync set-B /dev/sdf [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/sdc mdadm: added /dev/sdc [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Wed Jan 16 17:55:46 2019 Raid Level : raid10 Array Size : 2093056 (2044.00 MiB 2143.29 MB) Used Dev Size : 1046528 (1022.00 MiB 1071.64 MB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 5 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Wed Jan 16 19:14:38 2019 State : clean Active Devices : 4 Working Devices : 5 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 1 Layout : near=2 Chunk Size : 512K Consistency Policy : resync Name : bigdata-senior01.home.com:0 (local to host bigdata-senior01.home.com) UUID : 8eafb085:276f669d:c1b5cdd7:5ccd72d7 Events : 38 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 4 8 96 0 active sync set-A /dev/sdg 1 8 48 1 active sync set-B /dev/sdd 2 8 64 2 active sync set-A /dev/sde 3 8 80 3 active sync set-B /dev/sdf 5 8 32 - spare /dev/sdc
6）备盘可以加多块，可以在阵列已经创建后hot-add
#按上例，创建是用mdadm -Cv /dev/md0 -a yes -n 4 -l 10 /dev/sdc /dev/sdd /dev/sde /dev/sdf完成，备盘可以后加 [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm /dev/md0 --add-spare /dev/sdg mdadm: added /dev/sdg [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Wed Jan 16 22:16:28 2019 Raid Level : raid10 Array Size : 2093056 (2044.00 MiB 2143.29 MB) Used Dev Size : 1046528 (1022.00 MiB 1071.64 MB) Raid Devices : 4 Total Devices : 5 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Wed Jan 16 22:19:25 2019 State : clean Active Devices : 4 Working Devices : 5 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 1 Layout : near=2 Chunk Size : 512K Consistency Policy : resync Name : bigdata-senior01.home.com:0 (local to host bigdata-senior01.home.com) UUID : c9d67482:d9fb7776:3384ac75:2d46763a Events : 18 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 32 0 active sync set-A /dev/sdc 1 8 48 1 active sync set-B /dev/sdd 2 8 64 2 active sync set-A /dev/sde 3 8 80 3 active sync set-B /dev/sdf 4 8 96 - spare /dev/sdg
4、移除阵列，不正确移除阵列会引起各种奇葩的问题
1）卸载raid设备
[root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# umount /dev/md0
2）停止阵列
[root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm -S /dev/md0 mdadm: stopped /dev/md0 PS:重启阵列 [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm -A -s /dev/md0 mdadm: Fail create md0 when using /sys/module/md_mod/parameters/new_array mdadm: /dev/md0 has been started with 4 drives and 1 spare.
[root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm -D /dev/md0
mdadm: cannot open /dev/md0: No such file or directory
[root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid10]
unused devices: <none>
3）删除磁盘
[root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm --misc --zero-superblock /dev/sdc [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm --misc --zero-superblock /dev/sdd [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm --misc --zero-superblock /dev/sde [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm --misc --zero-superblock /dev/sdf [root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# mdadm --misc --zero-superblock /dev/sdg
4）删除或注销配置文件mdadm.conf和fstab等
[root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# cat /etc/mdadm.conf # ARRAY /dev/md0 metadata=1.2 spares=1 name=bigdata-senior01.home.com:0 UUID=8eafb085:276f669d:c1b5cdd7:5ccd72d7
[root@bigdata-senior01 ~]# cat /etc/fstab # # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Sun Apr 29 17:25:33 2018 # # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info # /dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=fa75616e-a122-4c73-9fd4-b1d50a4af91a /boot xfs defaults 0 0 /dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0 /dev/sdb1 /backup xfs defaults 0 0 /dev/sdb2 swap swap defaults 0 0 # /dev/md0 /raid/raid10 ext4 defaults 0 0
reboot看看效果