0x00 前言简介
Microsoft为Windows Server 2008 R2（以及更高版本）提供了多个Active Directory PowerShell cmdlet，这大大简化了以前需要将涉及到的ADSI冗长代码行放在一起的任务。
在Windows客户端上，需要安装远程服务器管理工具（RSAT）并确保已安装Active Directory PowerShell模块。而在Windows服务器（2008 R2或更高版本）上的 PowerShell控制台（作为管理员）中运行如下命令：Import-Module ServerManager ; Add-WindowsFeature RSAT-AD-PowerShell。
0x01 AD的目录预览
AD PowerShell cmdlet和以下方式执行效果一样：
Import-module activeDirectory
$UserID = “JoeUser”
Get-ADUser $UserID –property *
需要值得注意的是使用PowerShell v3版本以及高版本，你无需运行第一行命令，因为PowerShell的将识别必要的模块和自动加载它。一旦加载了Active Directory PowerShell模块，就可以像浏览文件系统那样浏览AD。命令如下：
Ps> Import-module activeDirectory
Ps>dir ad:
Ps>set-location ad:
Ps >set-location “dc=lab,dc=adsecurity,dc=org”
Ps>dir
0x02 查找有用的命令（Cmdlet）
1.基本的模块和统计
发现可用的PowerShell模块：Get-Module -ListAvailable
在PowerShell模块中发现cmdlet：Get-Command -module ActiveDirectory
PowerShell AD模块的Cmdlet个数：
(Get-Command -module ActiveDirectory).count
- Windows Server 2008 R2: 76 cmdlets
- Windows Server 2012: 135 cmdlets
- Windows Server 2012 R2: 147 cmdlets
- Windows Server 2016: 147 cmdlets
WINDOWS SERVER 2008 R2主要的cmdlets：
• Get/Set-ADForest
• Get/Set-ADDomain
• Get/Set-ADDomainController
• Get/Set-ADUser
• Get/Set-ADComputer
• Get/Set-ADGroup
• Get/Set-ADGroupMember
• Get/Set-ADObject
• Get/Set-ADOrganizationalUnit
• Enable-ADOptionalFeature
• Disable/Enable-ADAccount
• Move-ADDirectoryServerOperationMasterRole
• New-ADUser
• New-ADComputer
• New-ADGroup
• New-ADObject
• New-ADOrganizationalUnit
WINDOWS SERVER 2012含以版本一些新的cmdlets:
• *-ADResourcePropertyListMember
• *-ADAuthenticationPolicy
• *-ADAuthenticationPolicySilo
• *-ADCentralAccessPolicy
• *-ADCentralAccessRule
• *-ADResourceProperty
• *-ADResourcePropertyList
• *-ADResourcePropertyValueType
• *-ADDCCloneConfigFile
• *-ADReplicationAttributeMetadata
• *-ADReplicationConnection
• *-ADReplicationFailure
• *-ADReplicationPartnerMetadata
• *-ADReplicationQueueOperation
• *-ADReplicationSite
• *-ADReplicationSiteLink
• *-ADReplicationSiteLinkBridge
• *-ADReplicationSubnet
• *-ADReplicationUpToDatenessVectorTable
• Sync-ADObject
2.发现全局目录 GLOBAL CATALOGS (GCS)
• Forest GCs（森林全局目录）：
import-module ActiveDirectory
$ADForest = Get-ADForest
$ADForestGlobalCatalogs = $ADForest.GlobalCatalogs
• Domain DCs that are GCs（以域DCS的全局目录）：
import-module ActiveDirectory
$DCsNotGCs = Get-ADDomainController -filter { IsGlobalCatalog -eq $True}
• Domain DCs that are not GCs（以非域DCS的全局目录）：
import-module ActiveDirectory
$DCsNotGCs = Get-ADDomainController -filter { IsGlobalCatalog -eq $False }
3.查找Active Directory灵活单主机操作（FSMO）角色
活动目录模块：
（GET-ADForest）.SchemaMaster
（GET-ADForest）.DomainNamingMaster
（GET-ADDomain）.InfrastructureMaster
（GET-ADDomain）.PDCEmulator
（GET-ADDomain）.RIDMaster
.NET调用：
•Get the Current Domain:
[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain().Name
[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetComputerDomain().Name
• Get the Computer’s Site:
[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.ActiveDirectorySite]::GetComputerSite()
• List All Domain Controllers in a Domain:
[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain().DomainControllers
• Get Active Directory Domain Mode:
[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain().DomainMode
• List Active Directory FSMOs:
([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest()).SchemaRoleOwner
([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest()).NamingRoleOwner
([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain()).InfrastructureRoleOwner
([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain()).PdcRoleOwner
([System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain()).RidRoleOwner
•Get Active Directory Forest Name:
[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest().Name
• Get a List of Sites in the Active Directory Forest:
[array] $ADSites = [System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest().Sites
• Get Active Directory Forest Domains:
[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest().Domains
• Get Active Directory Forest Global Catalogs:
[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest().GlobalCatalogs
• Get Active Directory Forest Mode:
[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest().ForestMode
• Get Active Directory Forest Root Domain:
[System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Forest]::GetCurrentForest().RootDomain
4.FSMO角色从一个DC移动到另一个DC
get-command -module activedirectory -noun *Master*
•Moving FSMO Roles:
Move-ADDirectoryServerOperationMasterRole -Identity $DCName -OperationMasterRole RIDMaster
Move-ADDirectoryServerOperationMasterRole -Identity $DCName -
OperationMasterRole DomainNamingMaster
Move-ADDirectoryServerOperationMasterRole -Identity $DCName -OperationMasterRole PDCEmulato
•Seizing FSMO Roles:
Move-ADDirectoryServerOperationMasterRole -Identity $DCName -OperationMasterRole PDCEmulator –FORCE
0x03 Active Directory PowerShell模块Cmdlet示例
1.Get-RootDSE
获取有关LDAP服务器（域控制器）的信息并显示其内容，结果中有一些有趣的信息，比如DC运行的操作系统信息。
2.Get-ADForest
提供有关运行该命令计算机所在的Active Directory森林信息。
3.Get-ADDomain
提供有关当前所在域的信息
4.Get-ADDomainController
提供特定于域控制器的计算机信息，通过cmdlet命令，可轻松查找到特定站点中的所有DC或运行OS版本信息。
5.Get-ADComputer
提供了关于AD中大多数计算机对象的信息，使用“-Prop *”参数运行的命令可以显示所有标准属性信息。
6. AD计算机的统计
$Time = (Measure-Command `
{[array] $AllComputers = Get-ADComputer -filter * -properties
Name,CanonicalName,Enabled,passwordLastSet,SAMAccountName,LastLogonTimeSt
amp,DistinguishedName,OperatingSystem }).TotalMinutes
$AllComputersCount = $AllComputers.Count
Write-Output “There were $AllComputersCount Computers discovered in
$DomainDNS in $Time minutes… `r “
7.Get-ADUser
提供了想要了解有关AD用户的大部分内容信息，使用“-Prop *”参数运行的命令可以显示所有标准属性信息。
8. AD用户的统计
import-Module ActiveDirectory
$DomainDNS = [System.DirectoryServices.ActiveDirectory.Domain]::GetCurrentDomain().Name
[array]$AllUsers = Get-ADUser -filter * -properties
Name,DistinguishedName,Enabled,LastLogonDate,LastLogonTimeStamp,LockedOut,msExchHom
eServerName,SAMAccountName
$AllUsersCount = $AllUsers.Count
Write-Output “There were $AllUsersCount user objects discovered in $ADDomainDNSRoot … “
[array] $DisabledUsers = $AllUsers | Where-Object { $_.Enabled -eq $False }
$DisabledUsersCount = $DisabledUsers.Count
[array] $EnabledUsers = $AllUsers | Where-Object { $_.Enabled -eq $True }
$EnabledUsersCount = $EnabledUsers.Count
Write-Output “There are $EnabledUsersCount Enabled users and there are $DisabledUsersCount
Disabled users in $DomainDNS “
9.Get-ADGroup
提供有关AD组的信息，运行如下命令可查找所有安全组：
Get-ADGroup -Filter {GroupCategory -eq ‘Security}
10.Get-ADGroupMember
枚举并返回组成员信息，使用”-Recursive”参数可包括嵌套组的所有成员。
Get-ADGroupMember ‘Administrators’ -Recursive
11.查找非活动计算机
以下示例查找非活动（旧版本）计算机和用户：在过去10天内未更改其密码的帐户。请注意，这是一个测试示例。对于实际的生产环境，将此建议更改为计算机的60到90天，用户的180到365天的策略。
12.查找非活动用户
13.枚举域信任
14.获取活动目录的实施日期
15.获取AD密码策略
16.获取AD站点信息
请注意Windows 2012模块中包含站点的cmdlet（Get-ADReplicationSite *）。
17. 获得tombstonelifetime信息
18.AD的回收信息
Requires Forest Functional Mode = Windows Server 2008 R2
• Enable the Recycle Bin (as Enterprise Admin)
Enable-ADOptionalFeature –Identity ‘CN=Recycle Bin Feature,CN=Optional Features,CN=Directory
Service,CN=Windows NT,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=DOMAIN,DC=COM’ –Scope
ForestOrConfigurationSet –Target ‘DOMAIN.COM’
• Find all Deleted Users
$DeletedUsers = Get-ADObject -SearchBase “CN=Deleted Objects,DC=DOMAIN,DC=COM” -Filter
{ObjectClass -eq “user”} -IncludeDeletedObjects -Properties lastKnownParent
• Restore all Deleted Users
$DeletedUsers | Restore-ADObject
• Restore users deleted on a specific date
$ChangeDate = Get-Date (“1/1/2015″)
Get-ADObject -Filter { (whenChanged -eq $changeDate) -and (isDeleted -eq $true) -and (name -ne
“Deleted Objects”) -and (ObjectClass -eq “user”) } -IncludeDeletedObjects -Properties * | RestoreADObject
19.DOMAIN RID STATS（域 rid 统计）
20.备份域GPO
请注意，这需要安装组策略PowerShell模块，该模块与Active Directory模块分开。
21.查找AD Kerberos服务帐户
22. 服务账号脚本
https://github.com/PyroTek3/PowerShell-AD-Recon/blob/master/Find-PSServiceAccounts
使用SPNS在AD中发现服务：SQl
列出SQL服务：
https://github.com/PyroTek3/PowerShell-AD-Recon/blob/master/Discover-PSMSSQLServers
23.列出域控制器
Get-ADDomainController-filter
* | `select hostname，IPv4Address，IsGlobalCatalog，IsReadOnly，OperatingSystem
| `format-table -auto
24.DOMAIN CONTROLLERS DISCOVERY（域控制器的发现）
• Discover
PDCe in domain（发现域的PDCe）
Get-ADDomainController –Discover –ForceDiscover –Service “PrimaryDC” –
DomainName “lab.adsecurity.org”
• Discover
DCs in a Site（发现站点的DCs）
Get-ADDomainController –Discover –Site “HQ”
• Find all
Read-Only Domain Controllers that are GCs(查找所有作为GCs的只读域控制器)
Get-ADDomainController –filter `
{ (isGlobalCatalog –eq $True) –AND (isReadOnly –eq $True) }
25.AD数据库完整性检查
Write-Output "Checking the NTDS database for errors (semantic database
analysis) `r "
Stop-Service ntds -force
$NTDSdbChecker = ntdsutil "activate instance ntds" "semantic database
analysis" "verbose on" "Go" q q
Start-Service ntds
Write-Output "Results of Active Directory database integrity check: `r "
$NTDSdbChecker
26.Get-ADReplicationPartnerMetadata
Windows Server 2012及更高版本，此命令用于显示目标DC复制伙伴的复制元数据
27.Get-ADReplicationPartnerFailure
提供有关DC复制失败状态的信息，此命令显示AD复制错误的描述，CMDLETS (2012)
28.Get-ADReplicationUptodatenessVectorTable
跟踪域控制器之间的复制状态，CMDLETS (2012)
29.AD Web服务（ADWS）
需要在目标DC上运行AD Web服务（ADWS）（TCP 9389）
Get-ADDomainController –Discover –Service “ADWS”
30.REPADMIN（目录复制工具） VS. POWERSHELL
|
REPADMIN |
PowerShell |
|
2012 Cmdlets |
|
|
/FailCache |
Get-ADReplicationFailure |
|
/Queue |
Get-ADReplicationQueueOperation |
|
/ReplSingleObj |
Sync-ADObject |
|
/ShowConn |
Get-ADReplicationConnection |
|
/ShowObjMeta |
Get-ADReplicationAttributeMetadata |
|
/ShowRepl |
Get-ADReplicationPartnerMetadata |
|
/ShowUTDVec |
Get-ADReplicationUpToDatenessVectorTable |
|
/SiteOptions |
Set-ADReplicationSite |
|
2008 R2 Cmdlets |
|
|
/ShowAttr |
Get-ADObject |
|
/SetAttr |
Set-ADObject |
|
/PRP |
Get-ADDomainControllerPasswordReplicationPolicy |
|
Add-ADDomainControllerPasswordReplicationPolicy |
|
|
Remove-ADDomainControllerPasswordReplicationPolicy |
|
|
Get-ADAccountResultantPasswordReplicationPolicy |
|
|
Get-ADDomainControllerPasswordReplicationPolicyUsage |