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  • ArrayList 的实现原理

    ArrayList 概述

    ArrayList 可以理解为动态数组,用 MSDN 中的说法,就是 Array 的复杂版本。与 Java 中的数组相比,它的容量能动态增长。ArrayList 是 List 接口的可变数组的实现。实现了所有可选列表操作,并允许包括 null 在内的所有元素。除了实现 List 接口外,此类还提供一些方法来操作内部用来存储列表的数组的大小。(此类大致上等同于 Vector 类,除了此类是不同步的。)

    每个 ArrayList 实例都有一个容量,该容量是指用来存储列表元素的数组的大小。它总是至少等于列表的大小。随着向 ArrayList 中不断添加元素,其容量也自动增长。自动增长会带来数据向新数组的重新拷贝,因此,如果可预知数据量的多少,可在构造 ArrayList 时指定其容量。在添加大量元素前,应用程序也可以使用 ensureCapacity 操作来增加 ArrayList 实例的容量,这可以减少递增式再分配的数量。

    注意,此实现不是同步的。如果多个线程同时访问一个 ArrayList 实例,而其中至少一个线程从结构上修改了列表,那么它必须保持外部同步。(结构上的修改是指任何添加或删除一个或多个元素的操作,或者显式调整底层数组的大小;仅仅设置元素的值不是结构上的修改。)

    我们先学习了解其内部的实现原理,才能更好的理解其应用。

    ArrayList 的实现

    对于 ArrayList 而言,它实现 List 接口、底层使用数组保存所有元素。其操作基本上是对数组的操作。下面我们来分析 ArrayList 的源代码:

    实现的接口

    public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
            implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
    {
    }

    ArrayList 继承了 AbstractList,实现了 List。它是一个数组队列,提供了相关的添加、删除、修改、遍历等功能。

    ArrayList 实现了 RandmoAccess 接口,即提供了随机访问功能。RandmoAccess 是 java 中用来被 List 实现,为 List 提供快速访问功能的。在 ArrayList 中,我们即可以通过元素的序号快速获取元素对象;这就是快速随机访问。

    ArrayList 实现了 Cloneable 接口,即覆盖了函数 clone(),能被克隆。 ArrayList 实现 java.io.Serializable 接口,这意味着 ArrayList 支持序列化,能通过序列化去传输。

    底层使用数组实现

    /**
    * The array buffer into which the elements of the ArrayList are stored.
    * The capacity of the ArrayList is the length of this array buffer.
    */
    private transient Object[] elementData;

    构造方法

    
        /**
         * Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
         */
        public ArrayList() {
            this(10);
        }
        /**
         * Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
         *
         * @param  initialCapacity  the initial capacity of the list
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if the specified initial capacity
         *         is negative
         */
        public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
            super();
            if (initialCapacity < 0)
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
                                                   initialCapacity);
            this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
        }
    
        /**
         * Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified
         * collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's
         * iterator.
         *
         * @param c the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list
         * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
         */
        public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
            elementData = c.toArray();
            size = elementData.length;
            // c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
            if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
                elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
        }

    ArrayList 提供了三种方式的构造器:

    1. public ArrayList()可以构造一个默认初始容量为10的空列表;
    2. public ArrayList(int initialCapacity)构造一个指定初始容量的空列表;
    3. public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c)构造一个包含指定 collection 的元素的列表,这些元素按照该collection的迭代器返回它们的顺序排列的。

    存储

    ArrayList 中提供了多种添加元素的方法,下面将一一进行讲解:

    1.set(int index, E element):该方法首先调用rangeCheck(index)来校验 index 变量是否超出数组范围,超出则抛出异常。而后,取出原 index 位置的值,并且将新的 element 放入 Index 位置,返回 oldValue。

        /**
         * Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with
         * the specified element.
         *
         * @param index index of the element to replace
         * @param element element to be stored at the specified position
         * @return the element previously at the specified position
         * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public E set(int index, E element) {
            rangeCheck(index);
    
            E oldValue = elementData(index);
            elementData[index] = element;
            return oldValue;
        }
        /**
          * Checks if the given index is in range.  If not, throws an appropriate
          * runtime exception.  This method does *not* check if the index is
          * negative: It is always used immediately prior to an array access,
          * which throws an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException if index is negative.
          */
          private void rangeCheck(int index) {
            if (index >= size)
            throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
          }

    2.add(E e):该方法是将指定的元素添加到列表的尾部。当容量不足时,会调用 grow 方法增长容量。

        /**
         * Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
         *
         * @param e element to be appended to this list
         * @return <tt>true</tt> (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
         */
        public boolean add(E e) {
            ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
            elementData[size++] = e;
            return true;
        }
        private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
            modCount++;
            // overflow-conscious code
            if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
                grow(minCapacity);
        }
        private void grow(int minCapacity) {
            // overflow-conscious code
            int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
            int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
            if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
                newCapacity = minCapacity;
            if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
                newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
            // minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
            elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
        }

    3.add(int index, E element):在 index 位置插入 element。

        /**
         * Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this
         * list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and
         * any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
         *
         * @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted
         * @param element element to be inserted
         * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public void add(int index, E element) {
            rangeCheckForAdd(index);
    
            ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1);  // Increments modCount!!
            System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
                             size - index);
            elementData[index] = element;
            size++;
        }

    4.addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) 和 addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c):将特定 Collection 中的元素添加到 Arraylist 末尾。

    /**
         * Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of
         * this list, in the order that they are returned by the
         * specified collection's Iterator.  The behavior of this operation is
         * undefined if the specified collection is modified while the operation
         * is in progress.  (This implies that the behavior of this call is
         * undefined if the specified collection is this list, and this
         * list is nonempty.)
         *
         * @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
         * @return <tt>true</tt> if this list changed as a result of the call
         * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
         */
        public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
            Object[] a = c.toArray();
            int numNew = a.length;
            ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew);  // Increments modCount
            System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, size, numNew);
            size += numNew;
            return numNew != 0;
        }
    
        /**
         * Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this
         * list, starting at the specified position.  Shifts the element
         * currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to
         * the right (increases their indices).  The new elements will appear
         * in the list in the order that they are returned by the
         * specified collection's iterator.
         *
         * @param index index at which to insert the first element from the
         *              specified collection
         * @param c collection containing elements to be added to this list
         * @return <tt>true</tt> if this list changed as a result of the call
         * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
         * @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection is null
         */
        public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
            rangeCheckForAdd(index);
    
            Object[] a = c.toArray();
            int numNew = a.length;
            ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew);  // Increments modCount
    
            int numMoved = size - index;
            if (numMoved > 0)
                System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + numNew,
                                 numMoved);
    
            System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew);
            size += numNew;
            return numNew != 0;
        }

    在 ArrayList 的存储方法,其核心本质是在数组的某个位置将元素添加进入。但其中又会涉及到关于数组容量不够而增长等因素。

    读取

    这个方法就比较简单了,ArrayList 能够支持随机访问的原因也是很显然的,因为它内部的数据结构是数组,而数组本身就是支持随机访问。该方法首先会判断输入的index值是否越界,然后将数组的 index 位置的元素返回即可。

    /**
    * Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
    *
    * @param  index index of the element to return
    * @return the element at the specified position in this list
    * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
    */
    public E get(int index) {
        rangeCheck(index);
        return (E) elementData[index];
    }
    private void rangeCheck(int index) {
        if (index >= size)
        throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
    }

    删除

    ArrayList 提供了根据下标或者指定对象两种方式的删除功能。需要注意的是该方法的返回值并不相同,如下:

        /**
         * Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
         * Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their
         * indices).
         *
         * @param index the index of the element to be removed
         * @return the element that was removed from the list
         * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
         */
        public E remove(int index) {
            rangeCheck(index);
    
            modCount++;
            E oldValue = elementData(index);
    
            int numMoved = size - index - 1;
            if (numMoved > 0)
                System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
                                 numMoved);
            elementData[--size] = null; // Let gc do its work
    
            return oldValue;
        }
    /**
         * Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list,
         * if it is present.  If the list does not contain the element, it is
         * unchanged.  More formally, removes the element with the lowest index
         * <tt>i</tt> such that
         * <tt>(o==null&nbsp;?&nbsp;get(i)==null&nbsp;:&nbsp;o.equals(get(i)))</tt>
         * (if such an element exists).  Returns <tt>true</tt> if this list
         * contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this list
         * changed as a result of the call).
         *
         * @param o element to be removed from this list, if present
         * @return <tt>true</tt> if this list contained the specified element
         */
        public boolean remove(Object o) {
            if (o == null) {
                for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
                    if (elementData[index] == null) {
                        fastRemove(index);
                        return true;
                    }
            } else {
                for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
                    if (o.equals(elementData[index])) {
                        fastRemove(index);
                        return true;
                    }
            }
            return false;
        }

    注意:从数组中移除元素的操作,也会导致被移除的元素以后的所有元素的向左移动一个位置。

    调整数组容量

    从上面介绍的向 ArrayList 中存储元素的代码中,我们看到,每当向数组中添加元素时,都要去检查添加后元素的个数是否会超出当前数组的长度,如果超出,数组将会进行扩容,以满足添加数据的需求。数组扩容有两个方法,其中开发者可以通过一个 public 的方法ensureCapacity(int minCapacity)来增加 ArrayList 的容量,而在存储元素等操作过程中,如果遇到容量不足,会调用priavte方法private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity)实现。

        public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
            if (minCapacity > 0)
                ensureCapacityInternal(minCapacity);
        }
    
        private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
            modCount++;
            // overflow-conscious code
            if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
                grow(minCapacity);
        }
        /**
         * Increases the capacity to ensure that it can hold at least the
         * number of elements specified by the minimum capacity argument.
         *
         * @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity
         */
        private void grow(int minCapacity) {
            // overflow-conscious code
            int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
            int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);
            if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
                newCapacity = minCapacity;
            if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
                newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
            // minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
            elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
        }

    从上述代码中可以看出,数组进行扩容时,会将老数组中的元素重新拷贝一份到新的数组中,每次数组容量的增长大约是其原容量的 1.5 倍(从int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1)这行代码得出)。这种操作的代价是很高的,因此在实际使用时,我们应该尽量避免数组容量的扩张。当我们可预知要保存的元素的多少时,要在构造 ArrayList 实例时,就指定其容量,以避免数组扩容的发生。或者根据实际需求,通过调用ensureCapacity 方法来手动增加 ArrayList 实例的容量。

    Fail-Fast 机制

    ArrayList 也采用了快速失败的机制,通过记录 modCount 参数来实现。在面对并发的修改时,迭代器很快就会完全失败,而不是冒着在将来某个不确定时间发生任意不确定行为的风险。 关于 Fail-Fast 的更详细的介绍,我在之前将 HashMap 中已经提到。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/baojun/p/11087009.html
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