各位老铁们，老张与大家又见面了。看到各位在博客里面给我的留言和访问量的情况，我很是欣慰，也谢谢大家对我的认可。我写这些博客，就是想把自己对于MySQL数据库的一些看法和自己平时的实战经验分享出来，我们可以一起探讨，共同进步。也保证今后只要一有空就更新博文，推出更多的干货。
我的学生经常对我说：“张老师，每次我遇到报错，有时还是会百度，但是最烦的是不知道百度哪篇帖子说的是正确的".其实这些呢，都是因为自己还没有对MySQL数据库核心知识的不熟悉，和对技术掌握的不牢固。平时下得功夫还是不到位。我们做技术这个行业，还是需要自己给自己加发条，促使自己每天都要学习一些新的知识。理论配合实验一起，先要学会多问自己几个问题，一个实验多做几遍，可能会得到不同的实验效果。学习知识要踏实下来，学会多做实验总结。我想今后再遇到报错，可能自己就会有一个清晰的解题思路，这个需要一定时间的磨练。
也有人经常问Oracle和MySQL到底有啥区别，其实MySQL数据库上手很简单，难的是后期架构的设计与维护。老张三部曲中第一部曲MHA希望对大家在线上部署方面有帮助。
今儿给大家介绍第二部曲，MM+keepalived的环境部署，我们会多种数据库的架构就可以灵活应用到我们的公司。根据公司业务的不同，选择合适的集群架构。
MM+keepalived
简介：
双主配合keepalived这种架构设计，也是基于主从复制的原理而搭建的。
使用MySQL主主复制技术+Keepalived是一种简单、便捷的解决方案，在高可用集群环境中，keepalived使用VIP，使用Keepalived自带的服务监控功能和自定义脚本来实现MySQL故障时自动切换，非常灵活。
应用范围：
一般中小型公司都使用这种架构，搭建比较方便简单；
可以采用主从或者主主模式，在 master 节点发生故障后，利用 keepalived 高可用机制实现快速切换到 slave 节点。原来的从库变成新的主库。
个人建议：
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一定要完善好切换脚本，keepalived 的切换机制要合理，避免切换不成功的现象发生。
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从库的配置尽快要与主库一致，不能太次；避免主库宕机发生切换，新的主库（原来的从库）影响线上业务进行。
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对于延迟的问题，在这套架构中，也不能避免。可以使用 mysql 5.7 中增强半同步完成。也可以改变架构使用 PXC，完成时时同步功能，基本上没有延迟；
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keepalived 无法解决脑裂的问题，因此在进行服务异常判断时，可以修改我们的判断脚本，通过对第三方节点补充检测来决定是否进行切换，可降低脑裂问题产生的风险。
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采用 keepalived 这个架构，在设置两节点状态时，都要设置成不抢占模式，都是 backup 状态，通过优先级，来决定谁是主库。避免脑裂，冲突现象发生。
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安装好 mysql 需要的一些依赖包；建议配置好 yum 源，用 yum 安装 keepalived 即可。
搭建架构之前理清思路：
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首先需要装有两台mysql的数据库服务器，两者之间互为主从模式，都可读写。其实就只有一台服务器A负责数据的写入工作，而另一台服务器B作为我们的备用数据库；
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安装keepalived的软件包，个人建议使用yum安装就可以，很方便。当然我们要知道yum安装之后的软件路径在什么位置。
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整理好keepalived的配置文件，理清keepalived的三种状态信息。还要准备一个监控MySQL的脚本，便于检测到宕机顺利发生切换的过程。
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所有提供服务的从服务器与备用服务器B进行主从同步。----双主从库模式
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在两台服务器A和B，当配置keepalived的参数文件中，要注意两台机器都要采用backup这种状态，就是nopreempt这种非抢占模式，避免出现冲突，发生脑裂现象。
架构图展示：
实验部署环境介绍：
192.168.56.100 主 ---master1
192.168.56.101 备库---master2
都是干净环境没有任何数据
VIP：192.168.56.111
MySQL数据库版本5.7.14，采用GTID模式搭建主从环境
注意事项：
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两台机器的防火墙必须是关闭状态。
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两台MySQL数据库配置文件中server-id绝对不能一样，要不会报1593这个主从同步的错误，导致搭建不成功。
实战开始：
首先先要搭建两台MySQL数据库为互为主从的架构模式。
添加主从同步账号：
在192.168.56.100：
grant replication slave on *.* to 'bak'@'192.168.56.%' identified by '123456';
flush privileges;
在192.168.56.101：
grant replication slave on *.* to 'bak'@'192.168.56.%' identified by '123456';
flush privileges;
配置同步信息：
先在192.168.56.101上：
CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.56.100',MASTER_USER='bak',MASTER_PASSWORD='123456',master_auto_position=1;
打开主从同步开关：
start slave；
查看主从同步状态：
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root@db 10:49: [(none)]> show slave statusG;*************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 192.168.56.100 Master_User: bak Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: mybinlog.000005 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 234 Relay_Log_File: node2-relay-bin.000010 Relay_Log_Pos: 365 Relay_Master_Log_File: mybinlog.000005 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 0 Last_Error: Skip_Counter: 0 Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 234 Relay_Log_Space: 572 Until_Condition: None Until_Log_File: Until_Log_Pos: 0 Master_SSL_Allowed: No Master_SSL_CA_File: Master_SSL_CA_Path: Master_SSL_Cert: Master_SSL_Cipher: Master_SSL_Key: Seconds_Behind_Master: 0Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No Last_IO_Errno: 0 Last_IO_Error: Last_SQL_Errno: 0 Last_SQL_Error: Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: Master_Server_Id: 3306100 Master_UUID: 913cc1d6-771a-11e7-8fe1-080027f1fd08 Master_Info_File: mysql.slave_master_info SQL_Delay: 0 SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates Master_Retry_Count: 86400 Master_Bind: Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: Master_SSL_Crl: Master_SSL_Crlpath: Retrieved_Gtid_Set: Executed_Gtid_Set: 5a668126-771d-11e7-b14c-08002783b39d:1-2,913cc1d6-771a-11e7-8fe1-080027f1fd08:1-13 Auto_Position: 1 Replicate_Rewrite_DB: Channel_Name: Master_TLS_Version: 1 row in set (0.00 sec) |
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从库两个工作的线程：IO，SQL都为yes，代表同步搭建成功Slave_IO_Running: YesSlave_SQL_Running: Yes |
再在192.168.56.100上：
配置主从同步信息：
CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='192.168.56.101',MASTER_USER='bak',MASTER_PASSWORD='123456',master_auto_position=1;
开启主从开关：
start slave；
查看主从同步状态：
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root@db 10:49: [(none)]> show slave statusG;*************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 192.168.56.101 Master_User: bak Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: mybinlog.000005 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 234 Relay_Log_File: node1-relay-bin.000008 Relay_Log_Pos: 365 Relay_Master_Log_File: mybinlog.000005 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 0 Last_Error: Skip_Counter: 0 Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 234 Relay_Log_Space: 572 Until_Condition: None Until_Log_File: Until_Log_Pos: 0 Master_SSL_Allowed: No Master_SSL_CA_File: Master_SSL_CA_Path: Master_SSL_Cert: Master_SSL_Cipher: Master_SSL_Key: Seconds_Behind_Master: 0Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No Last_IO_Errno: 0 Last_IO_Error: Last_SQL_Errno: 0 Last_SQL_Error: Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: Master_Server_Id: 3306101 Master_UUID: 5a668126-771d-11e7-b14c-08002783b39d Master_Info_File: mysql.slave_master_info SQL_Delay: 0 SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates Master_Retry_Count: 86400 Master_Bind: Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: Master_SSL_Crl: Master_SSL_Crlpath: Retrieved_Gtid_Set: Executed_Gtid_Set: 5a668126-771d-11e7-b14c-08002783b39d:1-2,913cc1d6-771a-11e7-8fe1-080027f1fd08:1-13 Auto_Position: 1 Replicate_Rewrite_DB: Channel_Name: Master_TLS_Version: 1 row in set (0.00 sec) |
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同理Slave_IO_Running: YesSlave_SQL_Running: Yes从库两个工作的线程：IO，SQL都为yes，代表同步搭建成功。 |
分别两台机器上安装keepalived的软件包，可以使用yum安装方式
yum -y install keepalived;
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Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, securityLoading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * c6-media: file:///media/CentOS/repodata/repomd.xml: [Errno 14] Could not open/read file:///media/CentOS/repodata/repomd.xmlTrying other mirror.file:///media/cdrecorder/repodata/repomd.xml: [Errno 14] Could not open/read file:///media/cdrecorder/repodata/repomd.xmlTrying other mirror.c6-media | 4.0 kB 00:00 ... Setting up Install ProcessResolving Dependencies--> Running transaction check---> Package keepalived.x86_64 0:1.2.7-3.el6 will be installed--> Finished Dependency ResolutionDependencies Resolved====================================================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size======================================================================================================================================Installing: keepalived x86_64 1.2.7-3.el6 c6-media 174 kTransaction Summary======================================================================================================================================Install 1 Package(s)Total download size: 174 kInstalled size: 526 kDownloading Packages:Running rpm_check_debugRunning Transaction TestTransaction Test SucceededRunning Transaction Installing : keepalived-1.2.7-3.el6.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : keepalived-1.2.7-3.el6.x86_64 1/1 Installed: keepalived.x86_64 0:1.2.7-3.el6 Complete! |
证明keepalived软件已经存在：
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rpm -qa|grep keepalivedkeepalived-1.2.7-3.el6.x86_64 |
在两台机器上分别配置检测MySQL数据库的脚本：
首先进入到yum安装后的软件目录下：
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cd /etc/keepalivedvim check_mysql.py |
脚本通过查看MySQL进程的存在，和是否可以连接，来判断MySQL的状态 板面的做法和配料
（这里只展现了脚本中判断的一部分）
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def existMySQL(self): cmd="ps -ef | egrep -i "mysqld" | grep %s | egrep -iv "mysqld_safe" | grep -v grep | wc -l" % self.dbport mysqldNum = os.popen(cmd).read() cmd ="netstat -tunlp | grep ":%s" | wc -l" % self.dbport mysqlPortNum= os.popen(cmd).read() #print mysqldNum, mysqlPortNum if ( int(mysqldNum) <= 0): print "error" return 1 if ( int(mysqldNum) > 0 and mysqlPortNum <= 0): return 1 return 0 def connect(self): # print "in db conn"# print "host : %s, port: %d, user: %s, password: %s" % (self.dbhost, self.dbport, self.dbuser, self.dbpassword) try: self.conn=MySQLdb.connect(host="%s"%self.dbhost, port=self.dbport,user="%s"%dbuser, passwd="%s"%self.dbpassword) except Exception, e:# print " Error" print e return 1 return 0 def disconnect(self): if (self.conn): self.conn.close() self.conn = None |
在两台机器上修改keepalived的配置文件：
192.168.56.100上面
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vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf |
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vrrp_instance VI_100 { state BACKUP nopreempt interface eth0 virtual_router_id 100 priority 100 advert_int 5 authentication { auth_type PASS auth_pass 1111 } track_script { vs_mysql_100 } virtual_ipaddress { 192.168.56.111 }} |
192.168.56.101上面：
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vrrp_instance VI_101 { state BACKUP nopreempt interface eth0 virtual_router_id 100 priority 90 advert_int 5 authentication { auth_type PASS auth_pass 1111 } track_script { vs_mysql_101 } virtual_ipaddress { 192.168.56.111 }} |
总结：可以看到两台机器的state都是backup并且都是非抢占模式nopreempt，通过优先级的高低来决定谁是主库。（这里192.168.56.100是主）还有注意virtual_router_id(虚拟路由id）要保持一致。
接下来可以启动两台机器的keepalived进程：
192.168.56.100：
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[root@node1 keepalived]# /etc/init.d/keepalived startStarting keepalived: [ OK ] |
观察日志中信息的变化：
cat /var/log/messages
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Aug 3 10:52:17 node1 Keepalived_vrrp[6760]: Opening file '/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf'.Aug 3 10:52:17 node1 Keepalived_vrrp[6760]: Configuration is using : 62711 BytesAug 3 10:52:17 node1 Keepalived_vrrp[6760]: Using LinkWatch kernel netlink reflector...Aug 3 10:52:17 node1 Keepalived_vrrp[6760]: VRRP_Instance(VI_100) Entering BACKUP STATEAug 3 10:52:17 node1 Keepalived_vrrp[6760]: VRRP sockpool: [ifindex(2), proto(112), fd(11,12)]Aug 3 10:52:17 node1 Keepalived_healthcheckers[6759]: Opening file '/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf'.Aug 3 10:52:17 node1 Keepalived_healthcheckers[6759]: Configuration is using : 4431 BytesAug 3 10:52:17 node1 Keepalived_healthcheckers[6759]: Using LinkWatch kernel netlink reflector...Aug 3 10:52:18 node1 Keepalived_vrrp[6760]: VRRP_Script(vs_mysql_100) succeededAug 3 10:52:33 node1 Keepalived_vrrp[6760]: VRRP_Instance(VI_100) Transition to MASTER STATEAug 3 10:52:38 node1 Keepalived_vrrp[6760]: VRRP_Instance(VI_100) Entering MASTER STATEAug 3 10:52:38 node1 Keepalived_vrrp[6760]: VRRP_Instance(VI_100) setting protocol VIPs.Aug 3 10:52:38 node1 Keepalived_vrrp[6760]: VRRP_Instance(VI_100) Sending gratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 192.168.56.111Aug 3 10:52:38 node1 Keepalived_healthcheckers[6759]: Netlink reflector reports IP 192.168.56.111 addedAug 3 10:52:43 node1 Keepalived_vrrp[6760]: VRRP_Instance(VI_100) Sending gratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 192.168.56.111 |
可以看到它从backup状态切换到master的状态了，并且发送了一个广播协议，证明192.168.56.111已经在本台机器上面，其他机器不要再使用了。
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[root@node1 keepalived]# ip addr show1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 link/ether 08:00:27:f1:fd:08 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 192.168.56.100/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global eth0 inet 192.168.56.111/32 scope global eth0 inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fef1:fd08/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever |
192.168.56.101:
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[root@node2 ~]# /etc/init.d/keepalived startStarting keepalived: [ OK ] |
cat /var/log/messages
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Aug 3 10:53:28 node2 Keepalived_healthcheckers[8111]: Interface queue is emptyAug 3 10:53:28 node2 Keepalived_healthcheckers[8111]: Netlink reflector reports IP 192.168.56.101 addedAug 3 10:53:28 node2 Keepalived_healthcheckers[8111]: Netlink reflector reports IP fe80::a00:27ff:fe83:b39d addedAug 3 10:53:28 node2 Keepalived_healthcheckers[8111]: Registering Kernel netlink reflectorAug 3 10:53:28 node2 Keepalived_healthcheckers[8111]: Registering Kernel netlink command channelAug 3 10:53:28 node2 Keepalived_healthcheckers[8111]: Opening file '/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf'.Aug 3 10:53:28 node2 Keepalived_healthcheckers[8111]: Configuration is using : 4561 BytesAug 3 10:53:28 node2 Keepalived_healthcheckers[8111]: Using LinkWatch kernel netlink reflector...Aug 3 10:53:28 node2 Keepalived_vrrp[8112]: Opening file '/etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf'.Aug 3 10:53:28 node2 Keepalived_vrrp[8112]: Configuration is using : 62577 BytesAug 3 10:53:28 node2 Keepalived_vrrp[8112]: Using LinkWatch kernel netlink reflector...Aug 3 10:53:28 node2 Keepalived_vrrp[8112]: VRRP_Instance(VI_101) Entering BACKUP STATEAug 3 10:53:28 node2 Keepalived_vrrp[8112]: VRRP sockpool: [ifindex(2), proto(112), fd(12,13)]Aug 3 10:53:28 node2 Keepalived_vrrp[8112]: VRRP_Script(vs_mysql_101) succeeded |
这台服务器就是正常的backup状态，时刻准备着接管主库的服务。
模拟一下主库宕机的故障切换：
主库192.168.56.100上面执行关闭MySQL服务操作：
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mysqladmin -uroot -proot123 shutdown |
这时再查看一下keepalived日志的情况：
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cat /var/log/messagesAug 3 11:04:17 node1 Keepalived_vrrp[6760]: VRRP_Script(vs_mysql_100) failedAug 3 11:04:18 node1 Keepalived_vrrp[6760]: VRRP_Instance(VI_100) Entering FAULT STATEAug 3 11:04:18 node1 Keepalived_vrrp[6760]: VRRP_Instance(VI_100) removing protocol VIPs.Aug 3 11:04:18 node1 Keepalived_healthcheckers[6759]: Netlink reflector reports IP 192.168.56.111 removedAug 3 11:04:18 node1 Keepalived_vrrp[6760]: VRRP_Instance(VI_100) Now in FAULT state |
已经把vip removed了，并且keepalived的状态变成了fault
在备库192.168.56.101上面查看日志：
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cat /var/log/messagesAug 3 11:04:29 node2 Keepalived_vrrp[8112]: VRRP_Instance(VI_101) Transition to MASTER STATEAug 3 11:04:34 node2 Keepalived_vrrp[8112]: VRRP_Instance(VI_101) Entering MASTER STATEAug 3 11:04:34 node2 Keepalived_vrrp[8112]: VRRP_Instance(VI_101) setting protocol VIPs.Aug 3 11:04:34 node2 Keepalived_vrrp[8112]: VRRP_Instance(VI_101) Sending gratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 192.168.56.111Aug 3 11:04:34 node2 Keepalived_healthcheckers[8111]: Netlink reflector reports IP 192.168.56.111 addedAug 3 11:04:39 node2 Keepalived_vrrp[8112]: VRRP_Instance(VI_101) Sending gratuitous ARPs on eth0 for 192.168.56.111 |
备库已经从backup状态切换成master状态了。并且VIP（192.168.56.111）已经切换过来。
查看ip地址：
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[root@node2 ~]# ip addr show1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 link/ether 08:00:27:83:b3:9d brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 192.168.56.101/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global eth0 inet 192.168.56.111/32 scope global eth0 inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe83:b39d/64 scope link valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever |
主备库切换成功。
实战演练过程结束，希望对大家学习MySQL高可用集群有帮助。
今后我们可能还会遇到其他的MySQL高可用架构，学习它的时候，先不要忙于搭建，要先弄清原理，整理好实验过程的思路，遇到报错，一步步地去排查。自己的水平也会在这个历练的过程中，得到提升。
今后我们可以一起讨论，在写博的过程中难免可能会有一些笔误，或是想不周全的地方，希望大家谅解。有不对的地方欢迎各位老铁指定。