SQLAlchemy
SQLAlchemy是一个基于Python实现的ORM框架。该框架建立在 DB API之上,使用关系对象映射进行数据库操作,也就是:将类和对象转换成SQL,然后使用数据API执行SQL并获取执行结果。
pip3 install sqlalchemy
组成部分:
Engine,框架的引擎
Connection Pooling ,数据库连接池
Dialect,选择连接数据库的DB API种类
Schema/Types,架构和类型
SQL Exprression Language,SQL表达式语言
Dialect用于和数据API进行交流,根据配置文件的不同调用不同的数据库API,从而实现对数据库的操作
MySQL-Python
mysql+mysqldb://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
pymysql
mysql+pymysql://<username>:<password>@<host>/<dbname>[?<options>]
MySQL-Connector
mysql+mysqlconnector://<user>:<password>@<host>[:<port>]/<dbname>
cx_Oracle
oracle+cx_oracle://user:pass@host:port/dbname[?key=value&key=value...]
例如:
'mysql://root:@localhost:3306/mysqltest?charset=utf8' --- 指定字符编码
SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = 'mysql://root:@127.0.0.1:3306/dbname'
创建表:(如何创建联合唯一)
import datetime
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, Text, ForeignKey, DateTime, UniqueConstraint, Index
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
Base = declarative_base()
# ##################### 单表示例 #########################
class Users(Base):
__tablename__ = 'users'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True)
age = Column(Integer, default=18)
email = Column(String(32), unique=True)
ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)
extra = Column(Text, nullable=True)
# 类似于django 中的 class meta
# 指定表的其他属性,联合主键,联合索引等等
__table_args__ = (
# UniqueConstraint('id', 'name', name='uix_id_name'),
# Index('ix_id_name', 'name', 'extra'),
)
class Hosts(Base):
__tablename__ = 'hosts'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True)
ctime = Column(DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)
# ##################### 一对多示例 #########################
class Hobby(Base):
__tablename__ = 'hobby'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
caption = Column(String(50), default='篮球')
class Person(Base):
__tablename__ = 'person'
nid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(32), index=True, nullable=True)
hobby_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("hobby.id"))
# 与生成表结构无关,仅用于查询方便
hobby = relationship("Hobby", backref='pers')
# ##################### 多对多示例 #########################
class Server2Group(Base):
__tablename__ = 'server2group'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
server_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('server.id'))
group_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('group.id'))
class Group(Base):
__tablename__ = 'group'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
name = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
# 与生成表结构无关,仅用于查询方便
servers = relationship('Server', secondary='server2group', backref='groups')
class Server(Base):
__tablename__ = 'server'
id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
hostname = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
def init_db():
"""
根据类创建数据库表
:return:
"""
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5, # 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
)
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
def drop_db():
"""
根据类删除数据库表
:return:
"""
engine = create_engine(
"mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/s6?charset=utf8",
max_overflow=0, # 超过连接池大小外最多创建的连接
pool_size=5, # 连接池大小
pool_timeout=30, # 池中没有线程最多等待的时间,否则报错
pool_recycle=-1 # 多久之后对线程池中的线程进行一次连接的回收(重置)
)
Base.metadata.drop_all(engine)
if __name__ == '__main__':
drop_db()
init_db()
flask_sqlalchemy的使用:
app/init
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
db = SQLAlchemy(app)
models
from app import db
class Comment(db.Model):
__tablename__ = 'comment'
id = db.Column(db.Integer,primary_key=True)
content = db.Column(db.Text)
movie_id = db.Column(db.Integer,db.ForeignKey('movie.id'))
user_id = db.Column(db.Integer,db.ForeignKey('user.id'))
addtime = db.Column(db.DateTime,index=True,default=datetime.datetime.utcnow)
def __repr__(self):
return "<Comment %r>"%self.id
def get_user(self):
user = User.query.get_or_404(self.user_id)
return user
def get_movie(self):
return Movie.query.get_or_404(self.movie_id)
views
# 1 修改密码
user = User.query.filter_by(name=session['user']).first()
user.pwd = generate_password_hash(data['repwd'])
db.session.add(user)
db.session.commit() # 提交修改
# 2 添加用户
data = register_form.data
user = User(
name = data['name'],
email = data['email'],
mobile = data['mobile'],
pwd = generate_password_hash(data['pwd']),
uuid = uuid4().hex
)
db.session.add(user)
db.session.commit()
# 3 查询
user = User.query.filter_by(name=session['user']).first_or_404()
moviecol_data = MovieCol.query.join(Movie).filter(Movie.id == MovieCol.movie_id,
MovieCol.user_id == user.id).order_by(MovieCol.addtime.desc()).paginate(page=page,per_page=5)
# 4 删除
tag = Tag.query.filter_by(id=id).first_or_404()
db.session.delete(tag)
db.session.commit()
r
补充
如何批量插入大批数据?
可以使用非 ORM 的方式:
session.execute(
User.__table__.insert(),
[{'name': `randint(1, 100)`,'age': randint(1, 100)} for i in xrange(10000)]
)
session.commit()
如何指定使用 InnoDB,以及使用 UTF-8 编码?
最简单的方式就是修改数据库的默认配置。如果非要在代码里指定的话,可以这样:
class User(BaseModel):
__table_args__ = {
'mysql_engine': 'InnoDB',
'mysql_charset': 'utf8'
}